نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 28، بهار و تابستان 1402)

The purpose of this article is to study the impact of rural initiatives and developments on the occupational mobility of villagers in selected villages in the city of Marand. It was assumed that the rural reforms of the government after the revolution, which was primarily influenced by populist and egalitarian ideology, would have an effect on the social mobility of the target population.To investigate the impact of rural reform on rural mobility, the ex-post-facto comparative method was utilized in three groups of matched villages, based on development potentials and the number of rural programs or actions implemented, and random sampling was used to collect research data.Mobility is greater in villages with more development measures, indicating that rural initiatives have had effects. However, the nature of mobility revealed that both upward and downward moves occurred predominantly within short-range adjacent occupations; consequently, movements were uncommon at the top of the job structure continuum.In summary, the study concludes that although it is possible to conduct research on social mobility at the micro level and in a smaller community such as a village, the study of occupational mobility at the village level cannot be classified according to the standard that will be applied to the larger society. In addition, since rural society is experiencing the phenomenon of migration, the findings cannot necessarily reflect the job mobility of those who were promoted and took advantage of new opportunities, but did not reside in the village during the field research.

Land reforms can be regarded as the most significant event of the past century in Iranian agrarian society, which is debated from a variety of expert perspectives. One of the complementary policies of land reforms was the unsuccessful establishment of communal exploitation units such as agricultural joint-stock companies.This qualitative study investigates the process of agricultural joint-stock company exploitation systems disintegrating. The data was gathered through open and semi-structured interviews with 15 members, shareholders, and involved individuals of the Rudpish agricultural joint-stock company in Fuman, and then analyzed and described using the method of theme analysis.Prior to their establishment, companies faced sociocultural, economic, subsistence, and legal issues encompassing ignorance, involuntary (forced) participation, unknown benefits and profits, and ownership, according to the findings of this study. Socio-cultural, technical, legal, and organizational issues including social rejection, inflexibility, managers’ lack of interaction with people, shareholders’ feeling of powerlessness, failure in stabilization of modern techniques, changing contracts of companies and farmers multiple times, a sense of dispossession, a lack of an effective reward and punishment system, unskilled managers and employees, and a lack of an effective trustee system plagued the companies after their establishment.The current study demonstrates that disregarding the cultural conditions and experiences of local people, disregarding their ownership, and failing to plan to obtain social trust – which is essential to the social capital required for the success of any local development plan – will result in the failure of efforts to create new exploitation systems.

According to the “confronting” approach, urbanizing rural areas is one of the new phenomena that have emerged in Iran over the last few decades as a consequence of unbalanced development and rising migrations. These regions' characteristics reflect both pastoral and urban issues. Due to the disproportionate number of female immigrants in these regions, gender has become a major research topic. Consequently, women in rural-urban areas confront numerous development-related obstacles, as traditional rural values and norms continue to predominate. Moreover, urbanization has presented new challenges, especially in terms of development. This study seeks to investigate the access of women to social, economic, and cultural resources, which are essential for social development. Additionally, it seeks to investigate the opportunities and obstacles women face in Mohammadshahr’s social development process.Observations and interviews with women were used to collect data for a qualitative analysis.  32 women were interviewed individually, and three groups of women, each with 16, 8, and 5 participants, were also interviewed using the technique of purposive sampling.The study’s findings indicate that women face a variety of obstacles that can be classified into four distinct domains: economic, social, political, and environmental. In the realm of the economy, women encounter obstacles such as a dearth of suitable employment opportunities, restricted access to resources, and a lack of practical skills. In the social realm, inadequate public awareness and inadequate practical training contribute to the difficulties women confront. Political factors include the absence of regional development communities and the dearth of managerial and leadership opportunities for women.  As a final environmental factor, inadequate security measures for women are present.The findings of this study emphasize the significant role that legal, cultural, social, and political factors play in contributing to women’s overall lack of empowerment. It is evident that women’s limited participation in social development is a result of the region's enduring cultural traditions. Additionally, it is essential to acknowledge that women's challenges and opportunities in the context of social development in Iran’s urbanizing rural areas are influenced by the broader process of women's development and cannot be examined separately

Neoliberal policies have changed the urban realities in the informal settlements of the impoverished in Iran, affecting the struggles of the lower classes to provide and improve housing. However, scholars in the great majority of urban studies, without considering the broader context of political economy, use conventional conceptual tools that are insufficient for comprehending the dynamic and complicated lives of the poor in these settlements.  These studies are largely silent on how the implementation of Structural Adjustment Programs via new urban policies such as privatization of public properties, price liberalization, and deregulation may result in significant changes in informal settlements and, as a result, in the housing practices of subaltern residents in these areas. This study, which focuses on one of the post-liberalization periods (2011-2013), addresses the central question of how the informal housing politics of Iran's urban poor have changed following the Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment. This research’s theoretical starting point is the quiet encroachment of the ordinary, which has been rethought in light of its findingsUsing a qualitative research design, the poor communities of the cities of Golestan and Nasim Shahr in the suburbs of Tehran are the primary focus of this study. Observation, personal interviews (with ordinary people, officials of urban organizations, and local informants), and document review (people’s letters to authorities, archives of local and national newspapers, administrative correspondence, official reports, and journals and books) were used to generate and collect data.The findings of this research indicate that the increasing marketization of the informal realms has significantly prevented the impoverished from illegally acquiring the resources, facilities, and opportunities necessary for constructing shelter or has made achieving this objective costly and difficult. The substantial shift in the disenfranchised’s strategy from horizontal encroachment on lands to vertical encroachment on homes, as well as the expansion of tenancy in the deprived and marginalized settlements, are indicative of this reality. Even in remote areas, the pervasive presence of market forces throughout the socio-spatial configuration may aid state surveillance apparatuses and prevent the occupation of uncontrolled holes by impoverished people. According to the evidence, there is a significant population of poor tenants in deprived villages, where it is easier to violate the law to seize land and construct housing.Under neoliberal policies, “informal” or marginal areas, which Bayat views as a potential alternative to enduring the hardships of the modern world, have increasingly become a battleground for the incursion of disempowering market forces.

Development programs rely on the exploitation of natural resources; consequently, the devastation of the natural world is inevitable. However, development can contribute to the preservation of the environment. In the context of social conditions, environmentally deleterious behaviors manifest as a manifestation of the disparity between development and degradation.Using qualitative research methods, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of social development on the environmental behaviors of the villagers in the province of Gilan.Purposive sampling was used to conduct semi-structured interviews with 42 villagers and experts, who comprise the study population. Using qualitative content analysis, Directed Deductive, and the concept of “objective indicators of advantaged social development” as a modified concept of Inglehart’s theory of material/post-material values, and by coding, categorizing, and identifying regular relationships between categories and concepts, the data was analyzed. The research’s credibility was attained through the use of two methods selective credibility and credibility evaluation via communication method.Objective and infrastructural indicators of development are prevalent in rural areas, but social development programs have not been effective in promoting the protection behaviors and environmental culturalization of villagers. The overall proposition derived from the findings is as follows: “in rural areas, environmental protection culture has not been institutionalized concurrently with social development programs.”Results indicate the underdevelopment and lack of institutionalization of environmental culture as the missing development link to safeguard the environment in the villages studied.

Smart specialization refers to national/regional research and innovation strategies in the field of integrated and location-based economic transformation programs that prioritize investing in regional priorities and difficulties. The objective of this study is to explain the characteristics of the social ecology of Bushehr province , walk through planning stages using the smart specialization methodology, and present a policy package for the development of indigenous technologies.This research method is qualitative, and data was collected through in-depth interviews with experts and library research; content analysis was used to analyze the data.According to the research participants, the characteristics of the social ecology of Bushehr province are explained by nine main characteristics of the relationship between Bushehr society and its environment, including economic-commercial effects, art and ritual, and the utility of local technology in the relationship field. According to the experts, this relationship has also been harmed by the ineffectiveness of promotional activity in the field of indigenous technology, environmental industrial damage, cultural-social damage, inadequate policy and management, the use of incompatible technologies, and political damage. Moreover, the perspective of Bushehr province in the area of indigenous technology development based on social ecology, four areas of excellence in the fields of culture and art, maritime trade, environmental protection, and productivity in the exploitation of the sea were outlined.In the final phase of policymaking based on clever specialization, policy instruments were formulated and presented. According to the opinion of specialists and their participation, a policy package comprising direct and indirect financial support was outlined.Two categories of direct and indirect support contain the most important political instruments for the development of indigenous technology based on social ecology and intelligent specialization. To establish a research center for indigenous technologies, establish and develop faculties of art and anthropology, establish a museum of the history of science and technology of the Persian Gulf, allocate funds for the development of biotechnology-based research, update active ports and transform them into smart ports, improve and restore old ports, the establishment of the International Center for Aquatic Trade, the establishment of the Academy of Native Arts, t o establish a museum of the history of science and assessment, the development of fishing technologies compatible with the technological ecosystem, clustering in the field of competitive advantages of the province such as biotechnology, etc., the development of fishing cooperatives, the development of local technology of the Persian Gulf. In the indirect support sector, tax exemptions and social security in the field of shipbuilding, shipbuilding equipment, and support are also included

In fact, rent refers to any form of income without social investment or productive and mutual activity, and it is derived from the sale of gifts and natural resources that generate rent-related incomes. Now, Iran’s metropolitan areas, particularly Isfahan, are confronted with informal settlements, one of the primary causes of which is economic rents. In light of the recent increase in the annexation of rural areas in Isfahan’s 14th district, one of the causes of which is rent, this study endeavors to determine the role of the rent economy in the formation of informal settlements in the 14th district. Isfahan has played? In this regard, the question arose as to which elements of the rentier economy play a greater role in the formation of informal settlements in the study area. The research hypothesis indicated that economic factors, legal factors, political-management factors, and social factors are more influential in the expansion of informal settlements in Isfahan’s 14th district.This research employs the methods of collecting documentary and field data to extract rentier economy indicators and to convey the research literature gleaned from the documentary method and the field method in order to collect the data required to validate the indicators. Snowball sampling was used for the sample community of experts (faculty members and doctoral students with related dissertations) and experts, whereas simple random sampling was used for the sample community of city administrators.The results of Tukey’s post hoc test indicate that there is a significant difference between rentier economy indices and measures. In this regard, the indicators of refusal by middle and lower level managers to implement laws in order to create rent (legal factors), the indicator of increased income due to sales density (economic factors), functional and organizational interference (political-managerial factors), and the diminution of human characteristics are significant. In the development of non-toxic settlements in District 14 of Isfahan city, the axis of spaces (social factors) is of the utmost importance.The results demonstrated that, from the perspective of the rentier economy, the economic index is the most important factor affecting the expansion of informal settlements. Additionally, undesirable consequences such as profit-seeking by proprietors and builders contribute to the growth of informal settlements. Social ghettoization is one of the negative effects of the rentier economy’s legal, administrative, and social dimensions

In order to increase their efficiency and effectiveness and to play an appropriate role in the development of countries and societies, public institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) must utilize new skills and methods to maximize the capacity of social alliances. Therefore, achieving “strategies for the development of social partnerships in non-governmental organizations and charities” is viewed as the primary objective of this article.This investigation employs qualitative content analysis with an inductive methodology. The research data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 22 experts and managers active in the media and NGO fields, as well as through theoretical sampling. By analyzing the 839 conceptual codes resulting from these interviews and examining the concepts obtained, the final strategies were presented.The findings of this research include 10 programs that are separated and presented in two levels: “strategic programs”? and “operational and executive programs.” The first strategic plan includes measures such as preventing the nationalization of NGOs, providing stable sources of income and preventing financial dependence of NGOs, and the second strategic program also includes things such as strengthening the supervision and management of NGOs and charities, formulating upstream vision and laws, strengthening training and staffing, determining the structure and efficient organization includes the formulation of financial and tax regulations, the use of media and promotional approaches in the fields, the formulation of detailed plans to identify new capacities and the production of specialized knowledge in good affairs.According to the estimates derived from this study, two strategies are required for the development of social partnerships in public institutions and charitable institutions: “Efforts should be made to form NGOs and independent charities, in addition to strategic monitoring of the activities of charities and public institutions.” In the segment on research findings, the operational and implementation measures of these two strategies are also presented as 10 axes.