مجله دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد
سال شصت و ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 190، مهر و آبان 1402)

The precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of hypertension is not yet fully understood. However, higher production of organic acids and unmeasured anions has been suggested to increase the anionic gap and lead to the progression of hypertension. Limited investigations have been performed to clarify the association of hypertension with the anionic gap. In this study, we determined the relationship between the anionic gap and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

In this cross sectional study, blood pressure of 88 hypertensive patients was measured by the standard method and the anionic gap was then calculated by measuring the serum sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate levels.

The mean age of patients was 62.68 ± 13.14 years old, and 53 patients (61.1%) were female. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) were 141.87 and 83.54 mmHg, respectively. The mean anionic gap (AG) was 9.18. There was a direct and significant association between anionic gaps and SBP (P= 0.0001, r= 0.62), DBP (P= 0.01, r= 0.26) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (P= 0.001, r= 0.49). The multivariate regression analysis showed that sodium levels and AG significantly predicted SBP, DBP and MAP.

Our findings indicates that increasing the production of endogenous organic acids and unmeasured anions might lead to increased AG, and consequently, increase in the rate of hypertension.

Since Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen of Staphylococcus and causes various hospital-acquired infections including urinary tract infections, it is of value to examine resistance patterns of this organism, methicillin-resistance in particular. This study was aimed to examine the antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus strains separated from urine samples of apparently healthy dogs in Isfahan.

200 urine samples (20 ml) were taken from apparently healthy dogs in different clinics and kennels of Isfahan, collected in sterile urine containers and examined through microbial and molecular cultures. After the isolates were molecularly approved, the simple disk diffusion test and PCR were used to determine antibiotic resistance patterns, and cassette chromosomes of mecA genes, respectively.

Among the samples, 23 (11.5%) were infected with Staphylococcus aureus and exhibited 16srRNA genes in PCR. Their antibiotic resistance patterns were detected by CLSI based antibiogram. All the examined isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance, among which penicillin (95.65%) and tetracyclin (91.30%) were the highest; whereas, the lowest resistance related to nitrofurantoin (34.78%). 73.91% of the isolates included mecA genes, with Sccmec III being the most frequent cassette chromosome, in methicillin-resistant isolates (47.05%).

The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus strains, resistant to a broad spectrum of first-choice and second-choice antibiotics, indicates the spread of these strains in dog population. Therefore, the treatment of choice should be selected based on antibiogram results.

Endoplasmic reticulum plays an essential role in many cellular pathways. Exercise and fasting can lead to liver health by activating mechanisms such as reticulophagy. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to  investigate the effect of fasting and aerobic exercise on atherogenic indicators, body mass and ATF6 gene expression in the endoplasmic reticulum of healthy liver of Wistar rats.

In this experimental research, 30 18-week-old Wistar rats with a weight range of 330.40 ± 25.34 grams were selected and divided into six groups: 1) control, 2) starvation, 3) 3-day training, 44) 5-day training, 5) starvation + 3-day training, 6) starvation + 5-day training were divided. The rats in the training group performed exercise on a treadmill for one month, 3 and 5 sessions per week for one hour. Starvation was done continuously for 14 hours when the rats were awake and for one month. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD statistical tests in SPSS version 23 software. A significance level of P≥0.05 was considered.

Data analysis showed a significant decrease in BMI, LDL/HDL, CHOL/HDL, TAG/HDL and a significant increase in ATF6 gene expression (P≥0.05).

Aerobic training with starvation led to liver health by reducing atherogenic indicators. Also, increasing the expression of ATF6 gene in the liver through exercise and starvation can lead to the regulation of reticulophagia and liver health.

Background and Object: 

Women make up half of the population of any society and their physical and mental health is directly related to family functioning. Given the importance of the role of women in the family as mothers and their pivotal emotional and psychological role in the family, reducing menopausal complications and problems is important for them and will have a direct impact on the family and reciprocally on society. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the mental health of postmenopausal women in Ghaemshahr.

This study was a randomized experimental with pretest-posttest. Among postmenopausal women referred to Ghaemshahr medical centers, 40 people were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy during 8 sessions. The GHQ-28 General Health Questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and univariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a significant effect on the overall score of mental health (p˂0.05), also had a significant effect on the dimensions of mental health and physical, dysfunction, anxiety and depression (p˂0 / 05).

Based on the findings of the present study, the use of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is suggested as an effective psychological intervention to improve mental health in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a course dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) training program on balance and ankle proprioception in female patients with MS.

For this study, 24 people were selected who were divided into control (Number: 12 people, Age: 45.50 ± 3.06 years, Height: 1.66 ± 0.02 m, Weight: 58.08 ± 3.05 kg, BMI: 20.99 ± 1.04 Kg/m2, EDSS: 2.05 ± 0.75) and training (Number: 12 people, Age: 43.91 ± 2.84 years, Height: 1.65 ± 0.03 m, Weight: 56.91 ± 4.73 kg, BMI: 20.75 ± 1.17 Kg/m2, EDSS: 1.91 ± 0.51) groups. In this study, static balance was evaluated by Sharpen Romberg test and dynamic balance was evaluated by Timed Up and Go test. Also, ankle proprioception was evaluated in two positions dorsiflexion and plantar-flexion with a goniometer. At the end of the evaluations, the training group performed the exercises for 6 weeks (3 sessions per week). The control group also engaged in their daily activities during this period. Assessments were performed again after the exercises. In this study, Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data. Analysis of covariance and paired t-test, Yu Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon were also used to analyze the effect of exercise on variables and differences between groups. SPSS24 software was also used to analyze the data in this study.

The results of this study showed that the dynamic neuromuscular stabilization exercise program had a significant effect on improving static balance with open eyes (P=0.001) and (P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001) and proprioception the foot is in dorsiflexion (P=0.01) and plantar flexion position (P=0.001). Also, the results of comparison between the two groups showed a significant difference between the two groups (P≤0.05).

Based on the results of using this exercise program, it is recommended to the therapists involved with these patients.

Marital satisfaction is one of the concepts that creates sexual health in a person and one of the most important influencing factors in the family is having marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate marital satisfaction in pregnant women during the outbreak of Covid-19 in Jahrom city.

The present study is a descriptive and analytical type that was conducted in 1400 with the participation of 287 women referring to women's clinic in Jahrom city using easy and accessible sampling. The data collection tool was personal and social characteristics and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire.

The results showed that the average marital satisfaction of women participating in the study was 175.59±25.38. The level of marital satisfaction of the majority of women was high (56.6%). With increasing age, women's marital satisfaction decreases; But with the improvement of the economic situation, women's marital satisfaction has increased. Also, the results of the t-test showed that there is no relationship between women's marital satisfaction and its components with covid-19.

Based on the results of the present study, the marital satisfaction of the majority of pregnant women was reported at a high level during the Corona period. Marital satisfaction of women has been influenced by various factors such as age and economic status. By knowing more about the effective components in improving marital satisfaction, effective steps can be taken to improve it.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive intervention based on mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing the negative symptoms of substance-induced psychosis patients.

The method of this research was semi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test design was used along with a control group of three groups. In order to be more sure for the current research, 15 people are selected in each group. From the mentioned statistical population, in order to select the participants, volunteers who have the criteria to enter the research were selected and after the pre-test stage in a common meeting, they were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people for experiment 1 (mindfulness therapy), experiment 2 (cognitive-behavioral therapy) and the control group were replaced. The tool for collecting information was the scale of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia by Kay, Fisbein and Oppler (1986) and the protocol of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness was the protocol of cognitive behavioral therapy.

It shows that these variables have a significant effect on the average score of negative symptoms. That is, the average score of negative symptoms in the control group and the first and second experiments in the post-test phase after removing the previous effects has a significant difference.

The results showed that both methods are effective in reducing the negative symptoms of drug-induced psychosis patients, so these methods can be used to reduce negative symptoms.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between psychological capital and the turnover Intention, considering the mediating role of preventive and promotive psychological ownership and the moderating role of work experience in the nurses of Tamin Ejtemaei Hospital in Bojnord.

The research's statistical population is 110 nurses working in TAMIN EJTEMAIE Hospital in Bojnord in 1401, and using Morgan's formula, a sample of 86 people was selected from among them by simple random method. To measure the variables of the research, Luthans et al.'s psychological capital questionnaires (2007), Oi et al.'s (2009) psychological ownership, and Kim and Long's (2007) Turnover Intention were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha method and its validity was confirmed using convergent validity. Data analysis was done using the structural equation modeling method and SPSS 24 and SMAR-PLS 4 software.

The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between psychological capital and turnover Intention (p<0.05), on the other hand, there is a positive and significant relationship between psychological capital and promotive psychological ownership (p<0.05) and There is a negative and significant relationship between psychological capital and preventive psychological ownership (p<0.05). d.

According to the results of this study, the attention of managers towards making decisions to increase the psychological capital of nurses by emphasizing on promotive and preventive psychological ownership can provide the basis for reducing the Turnover Intention of nurses.

abstract

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of teaching parenting techniques and life skills on the quality of life of mothers with children with ADHD.

For this purpose, 45 children from 6 to 12 years of age who were diagnosed with ADHD using the Connors scale (parent form) were referred to psychological clinics in Tehran and were selected by available sampling and divided into three groups of 15. They were divided. First, the quality of life questionnaire was implemented on three groups. Then the mothers of one group were trained in parenting techniques, the mothers of another group were trained in life skills, and the mothers of the last group were trained in combined training (parenting techniques and life skills). Finally, this questionnaire was re-administered for all three groups and the results were analyzed.

The results of covariance analysis showed that the quality of life of the three groups had a significant difference, that is, the quality of life of the people who were trained in life skills was significantly higher than those who were trained in parenting techniques or combined.

In order to improve the quality of life of mothers with children with ADHD, it is suggested to use life skills training.

The emergence of COVID-19 as a global epidemic has disrupted the daily lives of children, adolescents and families around the world, and its effects are immediate and possibly long-lasting. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic survey to investigate violence and its effects on children's mental and physical health during the corona pandemic.

A literature search was conducted based on systematic review guidelines and PRISMA guidelines. The present study includes all the studies that were published in English in national and international journals on violence against children and adolescents during the COVID-19 epidemic from December 2019 to 03/24/2021.
 Articles were extracted from five scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The title and summary of the article were reviewed according to the eligibility criteria.

A total of 1,348 articles were initially retrieved from selected databases after consultation. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of articles, 56 articles were initially submitted according to predetermined eligibility criteria. After a more detailed analysis, only 12 scientific articles remain in our selection.

The results of the study show that the impact of the widespread coronavirus disease on the mental health of children and adolescents is inevitable. There may be a relationship between economic factors, school closure, and violence among children and adolescents. Therefore, government planning and policies should focus on cohesive educational programs, monitoring the mental health status of children and adolescents, planning to improve mental health outcomes, ensuring fair access to distance learning materials, and implementing centralized economic programs.

Mortality caused by the epidemic of the Covid-19 virus disease and facing one of the certain facts of existence, i.e. death, increased the prevalence of existential depression. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of existential psychotherapy on existential loneliness and attitude towards death in clients with existential depression.

The current research was in the applied research group in terms of its purpose and in terms of methodology, it was a semi-experimental type of pre-test - post-test - 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all women and men with existential depression who had referred to counseling centers and psychological services in Isfahan city in the first 6 months of 2022. 24 references (13 women and 11 men) were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental (12 people) and control (12 people) groups. May and Yalom's (1989) existential psychotherapy protocol was performed only for the experimental group during 10 weekly sessions of 120 minutes, and the control group was placed on the waiting list and received free psychological counseling sessions after the end of the research. Subjects were evaluated in 3 stages (pre-test, post-test and 3-month follow-up) with the existential loneliness questionnaire by Myers, Kho and Swatberg (2002) and the revised version of the death attitude profile questionnaire by Wong, Picker and Geisser (1994). Data analysis was done with repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS-28 software.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and emotion focused therapy on alexithymia of people suffering from marital conflict.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. From the statistical population of women referring to the clinics of the 1st district of Tehran, 45 people were selected using the available method and replaced in three groups using a random method. The research tool was emotional ataxia (Begby et al., 1994). First, the pre-test of alexithymia was performed for all three groups, then schema therapy and emotion-focused therapy were performed for the experimental groups, but no intervention was applied for the control group; Finally, the post-test and the follow-up test were performed for all three groups.

The results of the repeated measurement test showed that both schema therapy and emotion-oriented groups are effective in reducing alexithymia (p>0.01). Bon Feroni's post hoc test showed that emotional therapy is more effective than schema therapy (p>0.01).

it is suggested to use emotion-focused therapy to improve the alexithymia of people with marital conflict.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of neurofeedback (NF) and transcranial direct electrical stimulation (tDCS) on reducing the level of depression, anxiety and stress of patients referred to comprehensive health service centers in Zahedan.

The research design was pre-test-post-test with test groups (transcranial direct electrical stimulation (tDCS) and neurofeedback (NF)) and control group. The statistical population consisted of all patients with three disorders of depression, anxiety, and stress who referred to mental health experts in comprehensive health service centers in Zahedan city, from which a sample of 45 people was selected by simple random sampling method, so 30 people in the groups In the experiment, the first intervention group received 10 sessions of transcranial direct electrical stimulation (tDCS), the second group received 12 sessions of neurofeedback (NF), while 15 people in the control group were not given any training. After completing the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire, data was collected and then analyzed using SPSS version 23 software.

The results of the multivariate covariance analysis showed that the average scores of depression, anxiety and stress between the pre- and post-test scores of the treatment groups were significantly reduced. The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that transcranial direct electrical stimulation (TDCS) is lower than neurofeedback (NF) in reducing depression, anxiety and stress

Researchers have investigated different treatment approaches in order to reduce the psychological effects of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the cognitive approach based on mindfulness and Emotion Focused Therapy on distress tolerance and post-traumatic growth of breast cancer survivors.

In a research of the type of experimental studies with a semi-experimental design, 45 women who recovered from breast cancer in Tehran were present, and they were assigned to three groups. Emotion Focused therapy was implemented during 10 sessions and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness during 8 sessions on women with cancer, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were collected through the post-traumatic growth questionnaire (Tadeschi and Calhoun, 1996) and the disturbance tolerance scale (Simmons and Ghahir, 2005) and were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and spss22 software.

The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the average of the experimental and control groups in the variable of distress tolerance and post-traumatic growth (P<0.05), so that both treatments have an effect on distress tolerance and post-traumatic growth. The accident has a significant effect (P<0.05), but none of the treatments is superior to the other treatment (P<0.05).

According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that both the cognitive approach based on the conscious mindfulness and emotion focused therapy can be effective in improving the psychological condition of women with cancer.

Substance abuse is one of the most common and costly health problems in the world today. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and schema therapy in reducing depressive symptoms in people with drug abuse.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the people who were suffering from substance abuse and went to government addiction treatment centers in the 5th district of Tehran for the treatment of their addiction within three months (December 2021 to March 2021). 45 subjects were selected and randomly replaced in three equal groups of 15 people. 12 sessions of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (Frey, 2005) and 15 sessions of schema therapy (Yang, 2003) were performed. Beck's depression questionnaire (1987) was used to collect information.

The results of the research showed that the cognitive-behavioral therapy compared to the control group has created a significant difference in the post-test and follow-up stage in the depression variable (p ≥ 0.01), but the schema therapy intervention in the post-test and follow-up stage in The general variable of depression did not make a significant difference compared to the control group (p≥0.01).

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective than schema therapy. Therefore, cognitive-behavioral therapy can be a treatment of choice to reduce depression in people with drug abuse.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of family-focused Therapy on family functioning, psychological capital and social adjustment of patients with schizophrenia referred to Emma Hosseini hospital in 2022.

The present study is a semi-experimental type that pretest-posttest plan with control and follow-up group was used. The statistical population includes all patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who referred to Emmam Hossein Hospital and their main caregivers. 30 people were selected through available sampling and randomly divided in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was performed intervention include family focused therapy for twelve 60-minute sessions one day a week. The samples answered family function (FAD-I), psychological capital) PCQ) and Bell’s social adjustment questionnaires before and after 12 weeks. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical tests of repeated analysis of variance and paired and independent t-tests.

The results showed that there was no difference between the two intervention and control groups in terms of the distribution of background variables. But the average variables before and after the intervention in the experimental and control groups had a significant difference, and the difference in the follow-up of the sample group.

According to the obtained results, it can be said that family-focused therapy is effective on family functioning, psychological capital and social adjustment of schizophrenic patients.

People with type 2 diabetes are facing a serious problem of non-compliance with treatment and self-care, which causes irreparable problems for the individual and the society. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating factors related to adherence to treatment and self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this qualitative research, data collection was done by a semi-structured interview. The number of interviewees was 17 patients with type 2 diabetes, and the number of these people was determined based on reaching theoretical saturation. Data analysis has also been done using the Grounded theory method.

Causal conditions with subsets of executive ease and individual conditions; Background conditions with sub-sets of environmental status and social status, which are called motivating factors for compliance with treatment and self-care. Also, the intervening conditions with subsets of factors affecting acceptance, attitude and treatment were also obtained, which can facilitate or hinder the implementation of treatment orders. Strategies under the title of actions that can lead the way in compliance with treatment and self-care from the perspective of patients, and outcomes, which are the expected results due to the implementation of strategies, were obtained as other components of this model.

Finding obstacles and motivational factors from the point of view of the affected person can be provided to researchers and therapists as a practical guide for treatment planning.

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), as a neurodevelopmental disorder, accompanied not only with some special behavioral symptoms, the present study was conducted in order to test the effectiveness of the RayanehYar family-oriented program on the information processing speed of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

This research was a semi-experimental research with a pre-test-posttest design with a control group. Audio-visual performance test was used to measure the variables. The statistical population of the research included all 6-9-year-old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who referred to Hasti and Parsa medical clinics in 1401-1402. The statistical sample of this research was made up of 30 of these children who were selected by available sampling and were assigned to two experimental and control groups and were subjected to intervention. The results were analyzed using covariance method.

The findings showed that RayanehYar’s comprehensive familyoriented program was effective on information processing speed in two components of visual and auditory performance (P≥0.05).

Considering the effectiveness of the comprehensive familycentered program of RayanehYar on improving the speed of information processing, it can be said that this program is valid and can be used to increase the cognitive abilities and executive functions of these children.

Cancer patients experience a lot of physical, mental, economic and family pressures, which in most cases cause them to lose resilience and feel despair, and as a result, their mental and physical health deteriorates. For this reason, the aim of the current research was to compare the effectiveness of positive group psychotherapy and psychodrama group psychotherapy on the resilience of women with breast cancer in order to find useful ways to increase resilience in these patients.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The research population included all women in the age group of 25 to 45 years old and suffering from breast cancer referring to a clinic in Gandhi Street, Tehran, and 45 of them were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method. These people were replaced in three groups: psychodemonstrating, positive psychotherapy and control group (15 people in each group). The participants answered the resilience scale (Connor and Davidson, 2003) during three stages of assessment in the form of pre-test, post-test and follow-up.

The results of the multivariate repeated measurement analysis of variance test showed that the resilience scores of the positive therapy group and the psychodemonstrating group increased significantly (p≤0/01) from the pre-test to the post-test and returned with a gentle slope in the follow-up phase.

According to the findings of the research, group positive psychotherapy and psychodrama therapy are both useful treatments for increasing resilience in women with breast cancer, but positive therapy is a more effective treatment in this population.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectivness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the family function and satisfaction of the marital life of the couples with marital conflicts. The research method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. The follow-up period was administered in two months. The statistical population of the present study included the couples with marital conflicts who referred to consultation and wellbeing centers in zone two of Mashhad in the spring and summer of 2021. 20 couples (40 people) were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (10 couples in the experimental group and 10 in the control group). The experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy (10 sessions) during ten weeks. The applied questionnaires in this study included marital life questionnaire (Barati and Sanaei, 1996), family function questionnaire (Epstein, Baldwin, Bishop, 1983) and marital life satisfaction (OLson, 1996). The data taken from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni follow-up test via SPSS23 software. The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective on the family function (F=49.91; Eta=0.57; P<0001,) and marital life satisfaction (F=64.01; Eta=0.62; p<0001) of the couples with marital conflicts. According to the findings of the present study, acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an efficient approach to improve family function and marital life satisfaction of the couples with marital conflicts through forming psychological felexiability and making mental acceptance.