فصلنامه کومش
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 56، تابستان 1394)

Obsessive:compulsive disorder (OCD) is the fourth common disorder. It is accompanied with repetitive thoughts or behaviors, or even both that can impair personal and social life. Until recent years, it was very difficult and often unsuccessful and has been associated with recurrence. In the past, there was no precise understanding of the pathophysiology of mental diseases until recent years, using advanced molecular techniques such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Great transformation in the understanding of this type of disease is ongoing. This article presents a mini-review on obsessive-compulsive disorder and related aspects to provide a better understanding of this complex disease.More than 100 scientific articles from different sources including Science Direct, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Springer and Pubmed were chosen from 1984 to 2015 for this aim. Studies have been shown that the cause of this disease is multi-factorial. Variety of genes and environmental factors play significant role. In fact, dopamine, serotonin and glutarmatic pathway genes are closely related to these phenotypes. In addition, environmental factors can be refers to teratogenic factors during fetal development or soon after birth, or even certain bacterial infections and brain injury. Either medication or behavior therapy and sometimes both are the options for OCD treatment. The WHO has named it as the tenth paralyzing anxiety disease.

Metabolic syndrome includes a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease that affects about a third of the general population. Studies have been conducted on the relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome that have had conflicting results. The purpose of this study was a meta-analysis of studies that have examined the relationship between these two variables. In this study, all full text papers published from 2000 to 2014 on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and depression were considered. 17 papers were obtained from SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Data from selected studies using meta-analysis, random effects models were analyzed. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I2. Data were analyzed using STATA software package version 11.2. Analysis by the type of studies show that the relationship between two variables in the Cross-sectional studies (OR=1.51, CI 95%=1.36-1.68) and Cohort studies (OR=1.6, CI 95%=1.23-2.08) is significant. In general, Heterogeneity test among the studies was not significant (P for Heterogeneity = 0.08, I2 = 39.8%). There is a relationship between metabolic syndrome and depression. In medical evaluation of patients with depression considering the metabolic syndrome and its components appear to be necessary, and vice versa.

Low back pain (LBP) is a very common disorder and also costly for a society. Some evidence has demonstrated that unstable training is an effective intervention in the field of LBP treatment. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of exercise therapy in an unstable surface on pain, disability and muscle activity pattern in patients with low back pain. A data base search within the period of 2000-2014 was performed, using PubMed, Google scholar, Science Direct, OVID, PEDro, Cochrane library and CINAHL systems. Studies investigating the effect of exercise therapy in an unstable surface compared to a stable surface on pain and disability, trunk muscles activity pattern in patients with LBP were included. PEDro quality scale was used for the assessment of included studies. Seven out of 110 relevant articles had our search entrance criterions, which were chosen for this review. There was a large difference between various studies base on their methodology, outcome measures, sample size, procedure, etc. However, results from studies have verified that unstable training has been more effective than stable training in reducing pain and disability, improving the spinal stabilization muscles activity pattern and flexion- relaxation responses, although it did not show any significant improvement in muscle endurance and fatigue. It is likely that exercise therapy in an unstable surface compared to stable surface is acting more effectively in rehabilitating programs of patients with low back pain. Exercises in an unstable surface, by facilitating the neuromuscular junctions, have considerable effects on improving the spinal stabilization muscles activity pattern, flexion- relaxation responses and reducing pain and disability.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a group of adult stem cells naturally found in the body. These cells were reported from many sources. Bone marrow and adipose tissue are two main sources of human MSCs. MSCs have attracted considerable attention in the fields of cell and gene therapy due to their intrinsic characteristics and ability to differentiate into multiple lineages. In this study MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue and the harvested cells were characterized, using minimal criteria defined by International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) for human MSCs. Adipose tissue derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) were adherent to plastic surface of culture flask. In the culture with defined differentiation condition, these cells differentiated to adipocyts and osteoblasts. Also immunophenotyping using flow cytometry showed CD90 (96.3%), CD73 (97.7%) positive and CD34 (0.99%), CD45 (0.34%), CD31 (0.41%) negative cells. Adipose tissue due to its easy accessibility and less aggressiveness in compare to other organs, such as bone marrow, seems to be an ideal source for human MSCs. Besides, frequency of MSCs in adipose tissue is higher than bone marrow and adipose-MSCs can easily be isolated by tissue digestion. It is anticipated that adipose tissue would become a popular source for MSC studies in future.

Influenza viruses cause a variety of infections from high to low pathogenicity in hosts. Influenza virus Ais divided into subtypes based on two surface glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N). Avian flu viruses do not normally infect humans, although, some sporadic human infections have been reported. The aim of this study was to identify and sequence the neuraminidase gene of Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 virus isolated from recent outbreaks in Iran and comparative analyzing it with strains from other countries. Influenza viruses were passaged in embryonated eggs, and RNA extracted by RNX. TM kit. Using RT- PCR technique, cDNA preparation and amplification of N gene were done. The product was then assessed by electrophoresis and observed with UV, purified and sequenced. Neuraminidase gene nucleotide sequence from six isolates from different parts of Iran were identified and recorded at the GenBank. Comparative analysis with reference strains carried out for these sequences. No mutation had been observed in cytoplasmic domain, however, four mutations had been occurred at transmembrane domain, which two of them were silent and two were actually substitution of hydrophobic amino acids with similar ones. Nucleotide and amino acid analysis for the neuraminidase gene of H9N2 influenza virus of isolates obtained from different parts of Iran revealed similarities to other strains described from neighboring countries, such as Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. It seems like that they have common source with the same lineages.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are considered as a unique source of adult stem cells which are usually accessible with minimum ethical concerns. MSCs can be used in stem cell biology, different to other cells, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and future of cancer treatment researches. The aim of the present study was to isolate dental pulp derived stem cells (DPSCs), characterizing them with common techniques and determining neural crest gene s expression profile. After collecting the teeth, the pulp chamber exposed and the pulp tissue digested with collagenase IV. Dental pulp derived cells were resuspended and incubated in alpha modified minimum essential medium eagle (αMEM) supplemented with 15 % fetal bovine serum at 37°C temperature, 95% humidity and 5% CO2. The osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potentials for dental pulp derived cells were assessed in appropriate conditions. Flow-cytometry analyses were utilized to evaluate the percentage of CD90 and CD45 positive markers within isolated cells. The expression of p75ngfr, slug and sox10 genes was measured via RT-PCR. Dental pulp derived cells were appropriately attached to the culture vessels and showed high proliferation rate on culture medium. Cells could also differentiate to osteogenic and adipose cells; displayed by Alizarin red and Oil red staining. Higher percentage of pulp derived cells were CD90 positive, while the percentage of CD45 expression, as a marker of hematopoietic cells, was negligible. Furthermore, the RT-PCR also revealed the expression of p75ngfr, slug and sox10 in the MSCs isolated from the dental pulps. Dental pulp derived cell have the mesenchymal stem cells characteristics and at least a portion of them have neural crest origin and identity

HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 alleles are important genetic factors in development of celiac disease. There are many molecular techniques available to determine these alleles, but they are very complicated to perform and also cost highly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to set up a simple and quick real-time PCR based SYBR ® Green method to determine HLA-DQ alleles in patients with celiac disease. To determine HLA-DQ alleles and evaluate Real-time PCR using SYBR ® Green method for our aim, first, DNA extraction was performed for patients with celiac disease, whose diagnosis was confirmed by using serology and pathology tests. Later, the specific primers for detecting HLA-DQA1*05, HLA-DQB1*02 and HLA-DQB1*0302 alleles were used. Finally the results were compared with commercially available kits. Presence of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 alleles were determined by using this method with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Also, in comparison with low resolution commercially available kits, the results of this method were more efficient. Real-time PCR using SYBR® Green method with melting curve analysis is a well efficient method to identify the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 alleles. Also, in compararison with conventional HLA-typing techniques in Iran, this method was faster and easier to performe and displayed higher sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing the alleles.

Impaired postural control affects the safety and quality of movements during daily life activities and physical exercises. One of the effective factors on postural control is the muscle flexibility. Despite the relative high incidence of hamstring shortness, no study has yet evaluated the relationship between hamstring shortness and dynamic and static balances. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between hamstring shortness and dynamic and static balances in young healthy individuals. This cross sectional study was carried on 40 healthy young subjects (20 cases with and 20 cases without the shortness of hamstring as control). The 90-90 test was used to measure the hamstring length. To evaluate the quality of balance control, subjects stood on a force plate and Biodex system on one foot and level of displacement of centre of pressure was used as an index of static and dynamic balances, with and without external perturbation. The comparison of mean and standard deviation of the center of pressure displacement with and without external perturbation, showed no significant difference between the two experimental and control groups. The results of present study showed that the hamstring shortness does not significantly affect the static and dynamic postural balance control.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of substance abuse and its relationship to cigarette smoking in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences students, using Hidden Sensitivity model of study. In this cross-sectional study, 1512 students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, who were concerned for cigarette smoking and drug abuse, were participated at Hidden Sensitivity Model survey. R and Excel software was used for analyzing the data. The lifetime prevalence of drug abuse in 6.67% (95% CI 5.41-7.92) of students was various sorts of substance abuse and in 8.39% (6.99-9.78) of them was opium. Opium consumption was more prevalence in men than women. The prevalence of substance abuse and opium consumption were 4.49% (3.44-5.53) and 6.61% (5.35-7.86), respectively during previous month. The prevalence of substance abuse and opium consumption during lifetime and previous month were associated with cigarette smoking (P<0.05). In comparison with the previous studies, substance abuse in cigarette smoker students in this study had higher prevalence. That might be due to student's confidence in their data collection method. It would be also necessary to invent planning and strategies to better intervene with students’ smoking problems and therefore, their future involvement with other sorts of drug abuse.

Identifying the dimensions of infertility experience in postmenopausal women, would help determining the woman's needs and may lead to appropriate design of intervening strategies in order to improve the quality of their lives. Therefore, this phenomenological study was aimed to evaluate the experience of infertility in postmenopausal women. in this phenomenological study, 8 postmenopausal infertile women were evaluated. The inclusion criteria at the time of study were: termination of menstruation for at least one year and have never been pregnant before. Women who were menopause with surgical or medical interventions were excluded. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Purposeful sampling was continued until data saturation. Data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection. To ensure the accuracy of data interpretation, other colleagues also reviewed the data. To determine the validity of the findings, results were returned to some of the participants for further evaluation. According to the codes and categories obtained in this study a main concept of experiences named the mother concept and other eight sub-concepts including the social relations, insecurity, resourcefulness, culture, spirit, cause of infertility, beliefs and barriers to treatment, were extracted. Infertility is a very important and crucial concept in the life of most women. Infertility affects many aspects of the women’s life. This situation is more obvious at the end of the child bearing years and beginning of menopause. Studying the dimensions and importance of infertility for postmenopausal women would lead us to the identification of the perspectives and needs of infertile women.

Studies have shown that there is relationship between movement control dysfunction and pain in patients with chronic low back pain. The aim of present study was to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of sensorimotor training on movement control in patients with chronic non specific low back pain (CNSLBP). 53 patients with CNSLBP were selected by using Roland Morrice questionnaires and assigned into two experimental (N=27) and control (N=26) groups (mean age: 36.86±7.16 years in experimental group and 38.25±6.19 years in control group). Experimental group underwent 5 weeks (2 x30 min sessions each week) of sensorimotor training using Huber spine force. The Luomajoki movement control battery tests and visual analogue scale were used for assessment of movement control and low back pain, respectively. Significant improvement was seen in movement control of sensorimotor training group (P=0.001). Also There was a significant reduction in the pain scores of subjects with CNSLBP (P= 0.001), whereas these changes were not significant in control group. These results suggest that sensorimotor training program can be effective in improving movement control and pain relief in patients with CNSLBP. It may be warrant for prospective studies to consider the long term impacts of the sensorimotor training program on treatment of patients with CNSLBP within a large population size.

Anemia is considered to be one of the major public health problems, due to its effects on quality of life. Women at reproductive ages are among the risk groups who develop this condition. In postpartum, in opposite to the pregnancy, women have the lowest risk for iron deficiency. However, the observed prevalence of anemia in postpartum is higher than expected. Determining the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and postpartum iron deficiency anemia can help identifying the public health situation and adequacy of health care services. In this cross-sectional study, 207 women (Semnan, Iran) within 90 ± 20 days of postpartum were assessed. The hemoglobin (Hb< 12 gr/dl) indicated as anemia and serum ferritin (< 20 µg/l) as iron deficiency, while both of the two markers combined with other hematology indices such as MCHC<31%, MCH < 27, MCV < 80 were defined as iron deficiency anemia. Three months after delivery, the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia were 6.3%, 8.2 % and 1.0 %, respectively. The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia had no significant relationship with age, type and frequency of deliveries and status of iron supplementation. However, there was a significant relationship between prevalence of iron deficiency and iron supplement reception (OR = 5.0, 95% CI: 1.1-23.5, P= 0.040), in the way that women who were not consuming iron pills were 5 times more at risk of developing iron deficiency in compare to those who were receiving them regularly. The results showed that the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, 3 months after delivery are all in normal range in Semnan. Regarding the fact that lack of iron supplementation will increase the risk of iron deficiency, it is necessary to raise the community awareness about receiving iron supplements after delivery at the hospital and during regular follow ups at the health care centers.

The domestic violence against women has always been the serious cause of disability and even death among women. The coping behaviors with violence affect mental and physical health and are influenced by contextual factors. Identifying the contextual factors can facilitate designing context-based interventions. This study was conducted to identify contextual factors affecting women’s coping strategies with domestic violence. The study was conducted using qualitative research approach. The participants were 24 married women were selected from parks, health centers and universities of Tehran, using purposive sampling method. Data were gathered from semi-structured interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis approach. The participants were between 22-72 years of age. The duration of their marriage ranged from 3 to 58 years. The participants’ levels of education were ranged from literate without a high school diploma certificate (12 participants) and with high school certificate (7 participants) to bachelor’s degree or higher (5 participants). All but six were housewives. The majority of participants had 1-2 children. The participants economic status was reported as; appropriate (8 participants), fairly appropriate (12 participants) or poor (4 participants).The contextual factors emerged from data analysis were included availability of resources, fears and worries, marital relationships, and being impressed by the environment. These factors were not only directing the coping strategies, also, were related to each other and changing with time. The women coping strategies against domestic violence are influenced by the contextual factors. Therefore, changes in the contextual factors consequently were changing the way they were coping with domestic violence. Thus considering specific contextual factors would be helpful in designing proper interventions and supportive programs for victims of domestic violence.

The identifying incidence rate trend of disease and its changes lead to update response of surveillance system. Syndromic surveillance system is based on the suspected cases, so it has high speed in detecting outbreaks. This study aimed to evaluate trend of fever and rash incidence rates and detect affecting factors.

This study was a retrospective cohort study and the data included the suspected measles cases in provinces of Iran in 1977-2012, which extracted from surveillance system of vaccine preventable diseases. We fitted Poisson and Negative-Binomial regression models with random effect. Modeling and inferences were based on a Bayesian algorithm. We used R and OpenBUGS software. The fitted models were compared based on Deviance and Chi-square goodness of fit statistics.

Interaction effect between year and immunization campaign was statistically significant (95% CrI:1.083,1.737), after immunization campaign, trend was increasing. The variance of random component in model was statistically significant (95% CrI: 0.219,0.430). On the other hand, province-specific characterizes found affecting factor on suspected incidence rate.

In attention to increasing trend of this incidence in Iran, especially in recently years, and affecting of province-specific characterizes on suspected incidence rate, We found that more accurate control and improvement of quality vaccination is essential

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute supplementary consumption of coenzyme Q10 on serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after a session of resistance exercise in male college athletes. Twenty male college athletes (mean age: 21±1.2 yr, weight:72 ± 8.1 kg, height: 177 ± 7.3 cm, body mass index: 23 ± 2.1 kg/m2), with at least six months exercise training in advance), were divided randomly into 'Q10 supplementation' and 'placebo' groups, randomly. Subjects received either of the following regimens, 120min prior to exercise; coenzyme Q10 (200 mg) or placebo (flour). All subjects performed a circular resistance exercise with 75% of one maximum repetition. CK and LDH concentrations were measured before supplementation and before and immediately after 24 and 48 hours resistance exercise. Results showed that CK concentration in Q10 group was significantly lower in the 3rd (Р=0.006) and 4th (Р=0.036) measurements, in comparison to placebo, while; changes in LDH did not show any significancy in all the measurements between the two groups (Р≤0.05). In conclusion, acute supplementation of Q10 had beneficial reducing effects on the CK production and oxidative damage after resistance exercise in male college athletes.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of dementia. Studying the early stages of AD in human is not possible and thus, most studies are limited to post-mortem brain tissues. Therefore, studying the animal model of AD in order to understand the underlying mechanism and evaluate the molecular processes involved in human form of the disease is inevitable. In this study, with the help of proteomics and bioinformatics, we have studied the proteome of rat hippocampus after injection of Aβ(1-42) and analyzed the data with clustering method. Proteins were extracted from the normal (N) and AD (A) subjects, whom have been injected with Aβ(1-42). Proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Gels were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue to visualize the protein spots. Proteins in two group samples were analyzed with bioinformatics software's and identified with mass Spectrometry. Bioinformatic analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretic gels indicated on the presence of 111 specific proteins belong to group N and 67 newly expressed proteins induced by Aβ(1-42) injection. Changes at the molecular level were statistically analyzed by several variables analysis method, such as clustering and groups of proteins with altered expression were categorized in metabolic and regulatory clusters. identified proteins in rat hippocampus with AD were similar to human form of the disease. Despite the differences between the human and rat ADs, the study of AD can be established as a rat model of the disease. Injection of Aβ(1-42) had also reflected changes at the level of proteins, associated with changes in protein conformation occurring in the disease with some alteration in cellular mechanism.

Visual deprivation during critical period of brain development inhibits the GABAergic system growth and completion in visual cortex. Because parts of visual signals are transferred to hippocampus through the visual cortex, the aim of this experiment was to study the effects of visual deprivation during critical period of brain development on expression of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase enzyme in rats’ hippocampus.

This study was carried on 2 groups (n=36) of male rats kept in standard 12 hour light/dark cycle (Light reared, LR) or in complete darkness (Dark reared, DR). Each group, in turn, was divided into 3 aged-based subgroups of 2, 4 and 6 weeks old rats. Using RT-PCR and Western Blot techniques, expression of both isoforms of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase enzyme were investigated in hippocampus.

Relative expression of mRNA and protein of GAD65 and GAD67 enzymes increased in the LR animals, time dependently. However, although the expression of both enzymes increased in the DR animals by aging, but, the expression was much lower in compare to the LR rats.

Visual deprivation during critical period of brain development inhibits the expression of GAD65 and GAD67 enzymes in rat hippocampus and delays GABAergic system development.

One of the common causes of recurrent spontaneous abortion is interference of immunological factors. Administration of cyclosporine, as an immunosuppressive drug, has reportedly reduc the rate of abortion in abortion-prone model of mice CBA/J mated DBA/2 male mice. On the other hand, asymmetric antibodies and TGF-β1 have been considered as an important factor in successful pregnancy outcomes. Intravaginal administration of TGF-β has also been reported to reduce the resorption rate in the same mouse model. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of cyclosporine on serum level of asymmetric antibodies (AAbs) and T cell growth factor beta (TGF-β1) were investigated. Female CBA/J mice were mated with male DBA/2. The pregnant females were divided into two groups: 1- test group; received intraperitoneal injection of 1mg/kg cyclosporine (n=7), 2- control group; received intraperitoneal injection of Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) (n=7). Both groups received treatments on the 5th day of pregnancy. Serum samples were collected on the 13.5th day of pregnancy, when the percentage of abortion was also calculated. The percentage of AAbs and abortion rate were significantly reduced in cyclosporine group (P<0.05, for both variables), while the serum levels of TGF-β1 did not show significant difference between groups (P>0.05). Our study showed that despite the significant reduction in percentage of AAbs and no significant difference in serum level of TGF-β1, the abortion rate was markedly reduced in cyclosporine group. So other mechanisms of immunomodulation and reduction of abortion rate except asymmetric antibodies and TGF-β1 should be involved in this mouse model following cyclosporine administration.

Viability of probiotic microorganisms in the final product is the most important qualitative parameter which is affected by many factors, including type of starter calture, pH, acidity, redox potential, incubation temperature and refrigerating temperature and time. In this study, the combined effects of three important factors including; type of starter calture, incubation temperature and final pH of fermentation on viability of two probiotic species; Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis and also the biochemical and sensory characteristics of their product, doogh, were investigated.

Different treatments of probiotic Doogh were prepared with yoghurt starter culture and two probiotic strains; Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 (A) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 (B) using reconstituted skim milk powder with 6% of nonfat solid milk by incubating at 38°C or 44°C until pH 4.0 or 4.5 and keeping in 4°C or 8°C storage temperature for 21 days. The count of probiotic bacteria and biochemical characteristics were performed during fermentation and over the refrigerating period. The sensory attributes of treatments were determined at the end of fermentation and refrigeration.

In general, the greatest drop in mean pH rate, increase in mean acidity rate, increase in mean redox potential rate and shortest incubation time were observed in treatments with incubation in 44°C and final pH of 4.5. Among the selected treatments regarding the taste acceptance, ABY3-38-4.5 treatment revealed the greatest viability of the two probiotic bacteria in both storage temperature of 4°C and 8°C. After 21 days of refrigeration, ABY1-38°C-4.0 and ABY2-38°C-4.0 achieved the highest and lowest total acceptance scores, respectively.

All of the variables in this research significantly affected the qualitative properties of probiotic yogurt. Either the fermentation temperature of 38°C (in spite of need for prolonged fermentation) or the final pH of 4.5 resulted in increased viability of the probiotics, although the final pH of 4 resulted in better sensory evaluation.

The over use of surfactants, detergents and their draining have always been a problem for preserving water resources. Surfactants’ physical and chemical properties, especially their poor biodegradability, made them resistant to biological treatments. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of titanium dioxide photocatalytic activity in removing anionic surfactant from the sewage water.

The research was performed using a Basic – applied method. The batch experiment was conducted by using a Photocatalytic reactor in the Environmental Health Research Center, Kerman University within the period of October – December 2013. The Performance of photo catalysis for the removal of anionic surfactant was assessed with variables such as, nano particles (0.25-1.5 g/L), PH (5-7-9), surfactant concentration, and UV irradiation time. Premiere experiments were conducted on synthetic wastewater and under the optimal condition they were continued with samples of real solutions. Surfactant was measured by spectrophotometer.

The maximum removal efficiency (95 %) was achieved with synthetic solution under the optimal conditions of pH =5, nano particle 0.75g/L, initial concentration of surfactant 100mg/L and 60min exposure time. The activity process followed Langmuir - Hinshelwood kinetics. The removal process with real solutions (wastewater beverage chime) failed to 74% under the optimal conditions.

Study showed the high efficiency of photocatalytic processing for the removal of soluble synthetic anionic surfactant under optimal conditions. The efficiency was much lower when used with real-solutions and high anionic surfactant concentrations