فهرست مطالب عبدالرضا کاظمی نیا

The main objective of this study is to analyze optimum locations to create green space by designing a geometric network of urban roads to determine the nearest green space and the best route to access the area in the district one of the Kerman city. Four descriptive qualitative matrices of suitability, adaptability, capacity, and dependence (multi-criteria-decision-making methods) were used for analyzing and spatial distribution of green spaces in the area of study. These criteria were ranked based on hierarchical reversal analysis method and then modeled in the GIS environment. Analytical functions were used by which suitable locations were determined to create green areas in district one of the Kerman city. Our results show the total area of existing green spaces in district one of the Kerman city is about 54 hectares that is insignificant compared with the district one whole area. Based on quadratic quality matrices method, we propose suitable locations to create new green spaces at about 106 hectares. Broadly speaking, the spatial analysis of green space using the method of quadratic quality matrices and hierarchical reversal analysis shows 28.7% very suitable location, 53.4% suitable location, and 17.9% unsuitable location.

This paper with the selection of regional in the western part of the country (the border of the Iraqi state), seeks to examine the role of soil and vegetation degradation in the emergence of dusts. That way, by using satellite imagery and topographic maps, geology and soil ecology, along with field visits and sampling, vegetation maps (canopy percentages, drought resistance, soil protection against degradation And fire authority), soil resources maps (erosion, drainage of soil, maternal materials, soil depth, soil gradient, percentage of gravel, permeability and texture). Then each of the maps was weighted according to the MEDALUS model and in the GIS software, it was prepared as a raster structure and finally by using the fuzzy logic operators, the zoning map of the land degradation scale was prepared on a scale of 0 to 1.The results show that the area can be classified into four very high, medium, low, and very small classes. The area that is in high class has the largest role in the production of dusts in the country, which should focus on deterrence and management in this area.

Reducing the vulnerability of cities to natural disasters such as earthquakes is considered as one of the main goals of urban and urban planning. Hence, the first step is to identify the safe areas of the city for the construction of a shelter against earthquakes. This research aims to identify and zonate safe areas of the Kerman city during earthquakes and to manage the crisis using spatial information systems. Because the safety of urban areas depends on several criteria, the model of the research is a multi-criteria model and according to the spatial nature of the criteria, implementation of the model was done in the GIS environment. Safety criteria of urban areas were determined by the Delphi method and preparing questionnaires from urban planners, constructors, architects and studying past works. These criteria areutility matrix (ground resistance) criteria, criteria of adaptation matrix (1- neighborhood to compatible uses: parks and green space, and distance from health centers & urgent cares 2- Non-adherence to incompatible uses: major explosive industries such as gas-petrol stations and military centers) and the matrix of capacity (population density). Each of these criteria was ranked according to the inverse hierarchical analysis method and then modeled in the GIS environment. Finally, by using analytical functions maps of safe shelters in Kerman were prepared. Our results indicate that the mostsuitable places for the construction of shelters are in regions 2 & 3 in the Kerman city, which should be prioritized in the city plans. Finally, after the definition of the land reference database for urban routes, the geometric network of the distances of the area was designed to react more quickly to shelters to provide services to injured people after the crisis. By designing the geometric network of passages and defining the limits for each path, such as the length of the route and the presence of the traffic lights, it is possible to determine the best route to the closest shelter by using network analysis at the time it is needed.

Given that, the tourism industry can play a significant role in the economy of any country, therefore, it can multiply the income generated by this industry through planning and providing tourists and travellers with easy access to tourist sites and service locations in any region or country. The necessity of paying attention to tourism and using modern technologies to expand it, and utilizing its numerous economic benefits for countries, research on the relationship between the expansion of information and communication technologieshasmadethe development of tourism necessary. Using the technology ofWeb GIS eliminates constraints such as the lack of sharing of data and different information between centers, the lack of easy access to the information needed at different times and locations, and the problems associated with updating them in the database. This researchhas investigated the role of GIS and the use of its Web environments (Web GIS) for wider, faster, cheaper access of tourists and guiding them to tourism and service information in the city of Kerman. To inform tourists and respond to their different needs such as informing about recreational places, ancient sites, cultural and service centers of the city of Kerman, roads (streets), as well as the implementation of the analytical functions required by any user on the city’s tourism map, such as searching for a place, question and answer from the related map (query), determining the best path, turning layerson and off, identifying the features, selecting, storing and printing parts of the map, in cooperation with the Statistics and Information technologyOrganizationofKermanmunicipality, designing and execution of WEB GIS system of tourism in the city of Kerman was carried out. The stages of performing this research for implementing and operating such system are as follows:1. Collection, compilation and providing data, hardware and software required
2. Creating a GIS database
3. Drawing and preparing the required maps in GIS
4. Correction of maps using aerial photos, satellite images of the study area and GPS
5. Preparing and completing the description table of the required maps
6. Hyperlinking of data with relevant features
7. Drawing the final tourism map of Kerman city
8. Uploading the tourism map of Kerman city on the web and determining the access level of each user In this research, the existing maps, corrected aerial photographs with the scale of 1:5000 related to the year 2013, and satellite images and GPS were used to collect the recreational, historical, cultural, religious, service and the roads of Kerman city. After collectingthe tourism features and identifying the type of GIS software (Arc GIS10.2), the required tourism data with an appropriate format for storing and designing the land-referenced database using the ArcSDE software was entered from the GIS environment into the created spatial database of SQL Server. After designing the database, maps of the features related to tourism of the study area were prepared and drawn in the GIS environment. In the tourist map, for better guidance of travelers and tourists, for all related features, an image of them in the GIS environment was attached to the related feature which is referred to as the Hyperlink. By moving the mouse over the features, and by clicking on the feature’s area, the appendix which is attached will openon the map.To facilitate the arrival of tourists and travelers to their destinations by the network analyses map, the streets map was edited first and then, the topology was determined for them and finally, the geometric network of the streets of Kerman was designed. Every tourist or traveler can, by specifying his/her origin and destination on the map, determine the route of reaching his/her destination with respect to the parameters such as traffic, the type of the street, etc., and chooses the shortest access path in terms of time on the map.Finally, to load the tourism map of Kerman city on the Web, the required software and hardware wereprepared. With regard to the hardware,an appropriate server device and high-speed Internet lines were taken into consideration. Regarding the software, ArcGIS Server 9.3.1 and ARC GIS Desktop 10.2 were selected. The most practical capabilities of the WebGIS in tourism that will cause the tourism development and more revenue for Kerman are the users’ access to the spatial and descriptive information of the cultural heritage sites, optimal routing for visiting places, planning and proposing the best tourism tour in a given time, searchingbased on the descriptions and finding the nearest tourism facilities, connection to documents and management capabilities.The most important issues that led to the implementation of Kerman’s tourism map Web GIS are the goals, the use and response to different requests of several users simultaneously. Presenting information in this way can provide a solution for distributing and disseminating data required on the Web and for public use. The advantages of using the Web GIS include online and updated access to maps and data via Internet connection, the possibilityof printing maps of a location, and more.

Rate of change and the destruction of resources of previous years and the feasibility and predict changes of future could be an important step in planning and optimum use of resources and control of non-normative changes for the future. In the last few years due to vegetation changes in the country's western regions fine dusts entry has created many problems for residents in western and central. For this reason, this work focuses on the westernmost region of the country. We apply ETM Landsat satellite images of 2002 and 2012 to predict vegetation changes. Vegetation changes zoning map of the area of study was prepared after geometric correction and radiometric images through combining comparison of images classifications of every two years Using matrix multiplication applications method and appropriate vegetation indices. Our results show among vegetation indices, the SAVI index has the highest correlation coefficient between the quantitative data of canopy cover and its numerical values based on which this index was used to investigating the region vegetation coverage. The vegetation coverage can be categorized in three classes of poor, medium, and fine. In the period of 2002-2012, area of the poor and fine vegetation coverage classes has increased whereas that of the medium class has decreased. The greatest reduction has been occurred in the medium class where the area of coverage decreased from 304 km2 to 173 km2 and the reason for this is the conversion of vegetation areas to desserts. Areas with poor vegetation are the source of fine dusts to the country that require attentions to prevent their extension.

Historical textures have become one of the most vulnerable urban textures during the crisis due to the severe physical decay, structural instability, and lack of proper accessibility; therefore, site selection of the crisis management bases is essential for these textures. In this research, site selection of crisis management bases in the historical texture of Shiraz city is investigated. In this applied and descriptive-analytical research, the combination of GIS and FAHP model, the paired comparison of the criteria, the determination of the weight of the criteria, and the provision of the information layers maps has been used for site selection of the bases. In addition, Gogos and Boucher's method have been used in order to calculate the consistency rate in the judgments. Findings: Four criteria were identified as the effective factors in site selection of crisis management bases including physical desirability (grain, stability, land use), accessibility (closeness, straightness, gravity, betweenness and reach/access), adjacency to compatible land uses (green space, health centers, police stations, fire stations) and finally non-adjacency with incompatible land uses (hazardous installations, high-rise buildings). Physical desirability and adjacency with incompatible land uses criteria with the weight of 0/356; then, accessibility measures with the weight of 0/195 and adjacency to compatible land uses with the weight of 0/114 had respectively the most importance in the site selection of the crises management bases. The results showed that because of the lack of desirable accessibility, it is appropriate to consider the accessibility criteria for the site selection of the crisis management bases in the historical textures. After overlaying the maps of the information layers, two options such as the library of Holy Shrine of Shahecheragh and Pars Museum were introduced as the location of crisis management bases in the historical texture of Shiraz.

According to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in terms of economic, social, and environmental in many countries. In this study, by using a MEDALUS model the severity of land desertification in the western regions of Ahvaz was evaluated. Climate, vegetation, soil, and land use data are used as effective criteria in determining the severity of desertification. According to the MEDALUS model, each criterion entered the GIS environment as an information layer and after the data is processed, these criteria are weighted. By combining these criteria in raster formats, using geometric averaging, the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index (ESAI) of the area is obtained. The results show that based on the MEDALUS model the area of the study contains four divisions; (C1) low, (C2) moderate, (C3) high, and (C4) very high critical. The results also showed that 11% of the area was in a low critical class, 30% in the moderate, 25% in high, and 29% of the very high critical class. A climate criterion with the index value of 2.6 has the greatest impact, which is due to strong winds and increasing number of storms and dusty days. Land use criterion with the index value of 1.5 has the minimal impact, which is due to inappropriate land use and implementation of desertification projects in the region.

One of the main aims of physical planning is reducing the vulnerability of cities against natural disasters such as earthquake. So the first step is identifying the vulnerability of urban areas against this Natural disaster in city planning. This study seeks to identify and to zone the vulnerable areas in Kerman. Since its vulnerability depende on several criteria, the used model is a type of multi-criteria models; furthermore, on account of the nature of place of standards, the model has been implemented in GIS. Delphi method and questionnaires from experts in various fields was applied to obtain the criteria of vulnerability. These indexes include: characteristics of buildings (dates, number of floors or height, land use type buildings and population density), Distance from vulnerable urban infrastructure (gas station) and related tectonic features. Earth resistance criteria is relatively new also they is used in the research for the first time. Each of these indicators are ranked based on IHWP and modeling in GIS modeling And finally by applying analytic functions vulnerability map of buildings was prepared. The results of modeling standards that achieved from Delphi method with the reverse Analytic Hierarchy Process (IHWP) indicate that About 42% of buildings are less vulnerable, 35% of them are moderate vulnerable, and About 23% of them are high vulnerable. This factor shows the necessity of radical measures with crisis management approach to reduce vulnerability. Vulnerability of buildings in areas 1 and 4 of Kerman are more than other areas that should be prioritized in programs.

On account of assessing the intensity and rating of risky urban areas, it is essential to provide vulnerability mapping and location data in connection with land use, population, roads, municipal facilities. One of public spaces, services and strategic location in the city are streets and public ways that must be properly designed and planned. Vulnerability of public ways in a town effectively increase the vulnerability of it. In the phase of returning city to normal situation, communication network has an essential role in the travel and transportation between the residence and workhouse, Transportation of cargo and accelerating the normalization of activities. A crisis management strategies to deal with the damage caused by natural disasters in cities is consideration of transportation network. Hence, this study evaluates the vulnerability of the communication network against earthquake, in zone 1 of Kerman. After that by designing the geometric network of the roads and Considering the vulnerability of each roads, the best roads is determined to rescue victims of the crisis via analysis of geometric network of the roads in the environment of geographic information system or GIS.
The purpose of this study is identification and separation of affecting factors on vulnerability urban streets and quantify the effect of each factor on the level of roads vulnerability. In this research, the ratio of vulnerability in the format of urbanism criteria is evaluated according to previous studies and a list of vulnerable elements of urban communication network is provided. Then the final list is completed and developed by using the Delphi method. Delphi method is used with survey of familiar experts with the issue. Based on the list of vulnerable elements in the format of three main criteria (Table 1) were prepared and after binary comparison with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and by using software Expert Choice, The importance (Weight) of each criterion were determined and map of vulnerable roads of study area in GIS environment were prepared by overlapping the (geometric mean) vulnerable layers. Finally, with designing of geometric network of urban streets vulnerability of them in Kerman during and after the crisis occurrence were obtained in communication network analysis to rescue and to transfer victims.
1.Mapping the vulnerability of street network
Model of Kerman communication network vulnerability that was used in this study consists of three phases: awareness, design and selection.
Awareness Phase
In awareness phase, modeling of the vulnerability Region 1 Kerman, and identifying of criteria of vulnerability way in the earthquake were performed via Delphi technique.
Design Phase: production of decision options
In this study, urban street network in Region 1 Kerman town are decision-making options, which have been provided by maps to a scale of 1: 2000 and have been prepared by applying Aerial Mapping methods (photogrammetry) with land surveying.
Optional phase: evaluating of options for decision-making (mapping any of the criteria of vulnerability)
After extracting the indices of vulnerability and production options, the final vulnerability of the options must be calculated. The streets network vulnerability of this region of study is dependent to several indices which one of them has a relative importance in comparison with other indices. It is obvious that to calculate the final vulnerability of each way must be determined firstly the weight of indices. Then vulnerability of each way is calculated by calculating the weighted average for each vulnerability index. What is performed at this stage is calculating the weight of indexes and the weighted average vulnerability of each option by using the AHP method.
2.Vulnerability map
Considering the vulnerability is dependent on several parameters that tailoring to each index can be produced the vulnerability map. Finally with overlapping or combination of vulnerability maps can be reached to final vulnerability map. So in the end, the weight of all indices calculating in Expert choice and Excel software, are entered in ArcGIS and by using analytic functions (the intention of using analytic functions were functions overlapping (overlay) that the ARCGIS software was used weighting overlay tools). All maps of vulnerability criteria streets (before phase) are multiplied and combined in their weights. Thus, the final vulnerabilities map of communication network Region 1 Kerman was obtained.
3.Design and construction of roads in the study area
After determining the vulnerability of streets network for emergency services and conveing victims faster during and after the crisis, a geo-referenced database was designed to ways of Region 1 Kerman. At first, a database site called Kerman.mdb created and then three feature classes of data was made that within the database for each dataset were included in it. Then relationships between classes which there are in the real world were modeled at the Geodatabase by the classes of relationship. Topology rules are defined To find errors in input data and avoid false edit data in future. At first, the ways of the region based on the type and length were classified into three groups of the alley, side street and main street. Then in urban thoroughfares Layer Descriptor tables, fields of ways streets vulnerability with fields of name, ID, commute time, unilateral and bilateral street, classification and length of streets and the relevant descriptive information have been filled.
The results showed that according to the old texture Area 5 of Region 1 Kerman and low indexes of urbanization in the area, poor condition of buildings in terms of quality and date of their construction, high density constructions and residential buildings, the vulnerability of the network in the area is high. The map also indicates, due to high density building and being too vulnerable infrastructure in the area, vulnerability is about 90 percent of the ways in zone 1. As well as vulnerabilities is more in old parts and less width roads and ways. On the contrary, in regions 2,3 and 4 on account the relatively new buildings and more appropriate urban indicators, wider roads network and relatively more open spaces, the streets network has less than 35 per cent vulnerability. This highlights implies the need to revise laws and regulations to determine the density and maximum building height (by taking the width of the adjacent street) and the need to emphasis on the quality of urban construction than ever before. Determining the relative importance (weight) criteria by AHP hierarchical process showed that proximity to vulnerable equipment, such as a gas station or gas plant and the width of roads and ways have utmost importance. Criteria Slope and curvature streets and kind of using of buildings and the number of crossing roads and ways have the least important factors to determine the level of roads vulnerability. It can be concluded that the vulnerability of urban roads and paths in approach of earthquake disaster, do not caused by a particular vulnerability criteria but the outcome of the factors and criteria that together provide vulnerability analysis paths.

In the recent decades, the effect of dry climate of Iran is due to expanding desertification in this country. The countryside of Kerman has selected for this survey. For investigating of amount of deserts generation around this city after geometric and radiometric studying¡ the image of Landsat ETM 2009 and aerial photos at a scale of 1: 5000, preparing of basic maps of earth and vegetation covers maps. To estimate of the severity level of desertification in Kerman, The indicator of Urban and industrial development based on IMDPA , that including density of roads and mines, amount of green space and changing to pasture and forest land. After that giving score to this parameters did upon its affect for destroying and desertification.Finally, in GIS software, with using analytic functions required based on IMDPA. Land area were classified in terms of desertification. The results show that the effects of desertification land in Kerman city can be classified to three section¡ critical , medium and low.

Inappropriate distribution of urban usages and disregarding the spatial –location components of decision making, including the compatibility of urban land uses are of the main reasons for the loss of quality of life in urban contexts. Therefore, analysis of the arrangement of different uses together and study of their distribution pattern is essential. Therefore, this article tries to use the models which simultaneously able to integrate a great number of quantitative and qualitative criteria like Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) and their integration in the form of Geographic Information System(GIS) with the capability of location displaying of phenomenon evaluates the compatibility of the land of status quo in the form of GIS maps in the old texture of Kerman city and the final out put map of this model has been presented. Also, in order to evaluate the distribution of land uses in the study, the closest proximity (RN) has been used. The current study is a descriptive - analytical type and of field branch. The results indicate that the uses in the old texture of Kerman in the status quo in terms of compatibility, the system of distribution and proximity pattern, is not so compatible with the urban planning criteria and such issue has affected on the quality of urban life in the area. The most compatibility can be observed in the residential uses, so that 89% of residential uses are placed at fully compatible and relatively compatible with their neighborhoods. Also disorder and randomness of uses distribution can easily and much be seen in the old texture of Kerman city.

Evaluation of these and the threat، much reduces costs in the event of crisis and better life with safety and creates security for citizens. On this basis assessment of cities vulnerability during the battles and compile appropriate ways to reduce vulnerability and damages is essential. Therefore this study sought to assess and vulnerability zoning of Kerman city from the perspective of passive defense with an emphasis on land uses and vital infrastructures and possible threats city as well as three indicators of population density، quality of buildings and empty spaces. To achieve this objective the Delphi method and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used. Also using the ArcGIS software and it''s analyze، Vulnerability maps were developed. Finally، by combining the zoning map the vulnerability of vital infrastructures and population and physical indicators، the final zoning map vulnerabilities in Kerman is achieved. According to the plan a wide range of domestic and central city are as are vulnerable to high and medium. The most vulnerable areas is Zone 3 and Zone4 is the safest area of Kerman city.