فهرست مطالب عزت ملا إبراهیمی

Riffateree's semiotic approach is one of the approaches of contemporary literary criticism that provides a coherent framework for criticism and analysis of poetry. The basis of this theory is the discovery of the semantic network of the poem based on interpretation, the literary ability of the reader, and presenting a systematic method of reading the text so that the origin of the text or the main meaning of the poem can be obtained by passing from exploratory reading to retroactive reading. The current research, relying on the semiotic approach of Riffateree, aims to investigate the processes of symbolization in the ritual thoughts of Jassim al-Sahih. In this way, one can reach the most important ideology and position of the poet and present a precise and deep reading of the hidden layers of the poem. From the research findings, it can be concluded that the signs of Ashurai culture are abundantly found in this ode. However since the nature of the poem is ungrammatical, these signs must be understood through several readings and by discovering the meanings among the signs. Among the signs of the Ashura culture that are found in the ode of Zikraka Fuwahah al-Thawrat, we can mention the permanence of the memory of Imam Hussain (AS), his tragic martyrdom, and the expression of the man-building teachings of the Ashura culture

Certain 20th-century linguistic approaches affected literary criticism, among them the critical discourse analysis framework developed by Norman Fairclough. In this framework, underlying structures of texts and their intertextual elements are analyzed with a view to their contexts of situation and their relation to power structure. Taking the epic poems of Hz. Abbas on Ashura as the data, the rhetorical elements utilized reveal the profound influence of the Holy Quran and those of the imamate principle on their contents. The dominant ideology discernible in the poems stands in contrast to the then prevailing Umayyad hegemony. In contrast, they try to convince the opponents that power should have been laid in the rightful house of the Prophet Muhammad, a fact for which all struggles in the cause of Allah are well justified and explainable.

Erich Fromm was a German psychologist who, like most psychologists, offers an organized and integrated definition of human beings. According to him, human personality is influenced by social and cultural forces that affect him within the scope of culture, as well as the general forces that have affected humanity throughout history. Therefore, mankind has been wandering between the two forces of good and evil, which Fromm refers to as growth and decay; two forces that are involved in determining the nature of human personality. The Holy Qurʾān also specifically tells the history of people who have been overcome by the power of good in addition to those whose will and actions have been dominated by the power of evil, in order to serve as a lesson for the future generations. Therefore, this descriptive-analytical research, using Erich From's theory of growth and decay, tries to investigate the mental and behavioral states of the personality of Prophet Musa (AS) and Pharaoh, in order to find the internal and external characteristics that show the path of the exaltation of Prophet Musa (AS) and the destruction of Pharaoh. It is inferred from the findings of this research that the signs of growth and decay in the personality of these people have crystallized in different ways. The components of growth in the personality of Prophet Musa (AS) are summed up in his biophilia, freedom from his mother figure, and love for humans. However, among the diseases of Erich Fromm's theory, necrophilia, incestuous symbiosis, and severe narcissism can be seen in Pharaoh, which is reflected in his life in different ways, such as dramatic violence and vengeful violence.

The study of music condition in poem “in the memory of Hossein” from Sheikh Ahmad Al- WaeliAbstract:Sheikh Ahmad al-Waeli is one of Iraq's contemporary poets and he is one of the lovers of Ahl al-Bayt. He has written a significant portion of his poems in praise of them and he has tried to alive the spirit of awakening and resistance among the people of his country through religious poems and Hosseini's pillars, People who dominated by colonialists. one of his religious traditions, which was written in the exhortation of Imam Hossein is verse “in the memory of Hossein” and cites in it to greatness and famine and some of his tragedies. given the particular place of music in this verse, we decided to investigate the status of its music and on this path, were examined exterior music, side music and internal music in it. The results of this review which is done in a descriptive-analytical manne show internal music of words and coherence and harmony, when it comes along with the proper measure that the poet chose it, has provided a good opportunity for the poet to raise meaning. Moreover, the position of side and internal music in this poem is better than exterior music in it.Key words: Ahmad Al-Waeli, Exterior music, Side music, Internal music, Imam Hossein.

In an era when both Arabic and non-Arabic literature lacked narratives in their modern sense, the Holy Quran suddenly introduced stories in a novel format and structure. The narratives in the Quran are highly vivid and tangible, and one of the most important and imagery-evoking narrative elements in Quranic stories is the dialogue and character elements. These elements play a significant role in depicting the events of the story, as the narrative cannot be imagined without characters, and characters cannot be fully understood without dialogue. Throughout history, there has always been interaction between prophets and disbelievers, and their discourse with ordinary people has never been devoid of these elements. Therefore, in this article, the author endeavors to examine the two elements of dialogue and character in the story of Prophet Moses using a descriptive-analytical method and elucidate its aesthetic dimensions. The findings of such research reveal that one of the manifestations of the miraculous nature of the Holy Quran stems from the unity and coherence among its verses, and this harmony among various narrative elements is clearly observable. This unity is aimed at achieving religious objectives throughout the Quranic stories, so much so that all elements together form a cohesive and harmonious structure

The history of language and gender studies goes back the 19th century. When the first currents under the title of "feminism" were formed in the West. Based on the opinions that consider the speaking and writing styles of women and men to be different from each other, language can be the place where gender elements appear. Based on these opinions, the present research, which is provided in a descriptive-analytical way, with a comparative approach, examines the gender indicators of language at both intellectual and linguistic levels in the poems of Tahereh Saffarzadeh  and  Fadwa Tuqan. is to answer these questions that, firstly, how and at what level the gender  indicators are reflected in the poetic language of these poets, and secondly, to what extent  the presence of common metatextual factors in the poetry of these two could have a similar result in the research achievements. The findings of the research show that common factors such as femininity, the influence of both of these poets on the social and political developments of their time, living in a single period of contemporary history, and the influence of their poetry on the literary teachings of romanticism and realism, cause the formation of gender behaviors. It is similar in their poetic language.

Intertextuality or Taāṣ is one of the linguistic techniques that examines the relationship and interaction between various literary works in prose and poetry, and presents in different forms in the works of authors. Ma’d al-Jubūrī’s poems, a contemporary Iraqi poet, are no exception to this rule. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to identify the most important objectives and semantic implications of the Quranic heritage in Ma’d al-Jubūrī’s poetry. The research findings indicate that the signs of Quranic Intertextuality have been reflected in various forms in Intertextuality. The deep connection of the poet with the Quran has allowed him to incorporate Quranic images and stories into his creative text according to the context. Drawing on Quranic concepts and foundations, al-Jubūrī can eloquently explain the plight of the oppressed people in the Arab world, especially in Iraq, with a rich poetic sensibility and elegant expression.

The employment of myth and traditional heritage is a significant aspect of modern Arabic poetry. Contemporary poets utilize myth to convey their intended ideas indirectly and by deviating from conventional language norms, enabling them to express their contemporary experiences. Maad Jabouri, a contemporary Iraqi poet, has also been influenced by mythological heritage to enhance his poetry and articulate his thoughts, representing the aspirations and concerns of the people of Iraq and the Arab world. The poet recognizes the delicate atmosphere of the era and endeavors to inform the Muslim nations so they can address these concerns. The authors of the present study, employing an analytical-descriptive method with the intention of expressing the poet's concerns in the political and social realms, aim to identify the most crucial semantic implications of myth in Maad Jabouri's poetry. The study's findings suggest that Jabouri, inspired by the mythological legacy, has employed diverse non-conventional myths to create meaning and accentuate the text. These myths illustrate the poet's desires, passions, and concerns in various ways. In Jabouri's poetry, all mythological characters embody political and social concerns and lament a shared suffering. Additionally, they yearn for Iraq's independence and political freedom, as well as the establishment of social justice within the country.

The story can play an influential role in conveying various political, social, cultural, economic concepts. Contemplation in stories and accuracy in the sequence of events in it helps the audience to better understand its concepts. Examining the narrative structure of the short story will reveal the hidden relationships in its infrastructure and reveal the structure and form of the story better. One of the prominent methods of examining fictional texts is the analysis of the structure of stories from the morphological point of view of Vladimir Propp - a famous Russian anthropologist and linguist. Although Propp has defined certain functions for fairy tales, this model can be adapted to other types of stories. What, Propp's systematic mind was constantly seeking to structure the stories and put them in a certain framework. The current research aims to evaluate and analyze and explain the short story.

Peace is the main essence of all religions and pacifism is the goal that all religions have offered solutions for. In Razavi culture, based on principles such as justice, intellectual and social development, tolerance and forgiveness, peace is considered one of the most fundamental principles in international relations. Creating peace, before it is a material act, is a spiritual matter that relies on honoring the real human rights; and unlike the international legal literature, which is equivalent to a negative concept; it is not limited to the absence of war, rather, beyond that, it is a positive concept that means peaceful coexistence with the preservation of human dignity. This research, which was carried out in a descriptive and analytical way, indicates that in Razavi culture, contrary to the unrealistic and ethnocentric view of some western orientalists such as Bernard Lewis, Huntington, etc., who present Islam as a religion incompatible with peace and democracy and a source of violence and terrorism, Islam is the messenger of peace and friendship, and it has the ability to present a new and comprehensive theory compared to other theories and theoretical paradigms in the field of international relations; because the realm of implementing peace in Razavi culture includes peace in a general sense in addition to peace in a specific sense. In this culture, contrary to what is mentioned in the literature of the law of armed conflicts, there is no preemptive legal defense, because peace is a sacred thing and Jihād is a humanitarian action in the direction of spreading peace and security in the light of divine sovereignty, negation of tyranny, defense of the oppressed, and fight against injustice.

Mahmoud Shukair is considered one of the most prominent writers affiliated with realism, especially when the local conditions in Palestinian society matured, which led to the dominance of the realist trend in the Palestinian novel. These political circumstances and events did not leave a trace of romance in literature, but rather imposed positive realism on literature, so Mahmoud Shukair turned to his society, and the concerns and pain of his people’s children became one of his active themes and the main themes of his ideas. His writing became an objective extension of the real-life story, in its connection with the Palestinian child's concerns and suffering. Some of his novels were a reality full of creativity, such as "I and Jumana," "Maryam's Words" and "Dreams of the Skinny Boy". That made us trace three types of realism in it, most notably documentary realism, which tends to convey reality as it is, and realism and the symbol that came to a realistic necessity, which prompted the writer to use it as a means to express his views, as a result of the suppression of freedom of expression, and the imposition of cultural siege. The third form in the stories is "fantasy," which is represented in the way the writer seeks to stimulate and stimulate the imagination of the child and is embodied in the child's dream of transcending the time and spatial limits… to fly into a new reality. We have come to the conclusion that his fictional production depicts reality, and conveys it faithfully, to expose it and then to change it with his new means, such as fantasy and symbol. This is what distinguishes Shukair in his narrative construction. We have sensed solutions and proposals that call for changing the reality; this in itself is positive in the narrative construction, and is in harmony with the realists’ positions, values and calls to criticize and change reality.

Stylistics is one of the branches of literary critique that use linguistic and rhetoric in text analysis, and in the critical and literary examination, it relies on the three main elements of the text, the author, and the audience. This research that based on structuralist stylistics, seeks to discover the Hidden Angles of Sheikh Ahmad Waeli's Religious Poems and from this point of view, his poems have been explored in linguistic, literary, and intellectual levels in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results of this study show that the poet's social and political ideas are reflected in his religious poems and the poet makes political and social use of the Ahlul-Bayt (pbuh) and especially the Prophet (pbuh). He is a poet of content and concept and has used simple, yet elusive words and phrases to interpret his beliefs and it rarely gets out of the poetry templates. He has a particular tendency to speak addressing and it has tried to serve its religious poetry to serve the needs and challenges of the Muslim world. He is aware of Quranic concepts and words and he has been able to add Qur'anic thought to his religious poetry.

The context of situation has always been one of the main issues of rhetorical sciences.This issue at hand has four main component that include:required audience,appropriate words,appropriate environment,appropriate speaker.The focus of this research will be on the required audience.The appropriateness of the audience means to comply with the appropriateness of the word with its recipient. Undoubtedly, knowing the audience is the prelude to complying with this ratio. Based on this, the more accurate and complete the audience criteria are, the more correct the audience's requirements will be met.Audience analysis and knowing the audience in rhetorical books is limited to the knowledge and attention of the audience. The division of the audience into empty-minded, hesitant and negative is a confirmation of this article;While the characteristics of the audience are not summarized in science and attention, Rather, there are other elements in the perceptual and behavioral structure of humans, each of which leads the theologian to choose a specific way of speaking.Since the topic of the research was the investigation of the Quranic addresses of Prophet Moses to the Israelites, it became necessary to have a self-knowledge that is compatible with revealed anthropology.For this purpose,Sadra's anthropology, which is largely derived from the Qur'an and hadiths, was chosen for this purpose.In this way,Sadra's anthropology, which corresponds to ontology, was explained first, and the components of the human being's structure in two perceptual and behavioral areas were mentioned.Then, based on the context and meaning of each component, the relationship between that component of the human structure and the corresponding language structure was expressed. And in the final part, the desired verses were analyzed based on this corresponding structure.And the focus point of the discussion is to show linguistic audience in the example of Quranic verses addressed to Moses based on anthropology in Sadra's philosophical system.

One of the models for evaluating the translation of cultural elements in texts is the model proposed by Peter Newmark (1988). Using a descriptive-analytical method and based on Newmark's theory, this article examines and criticizes the method of translating cultural elements in the 192 sermon of Nahj al-Balaghah (Qasea sermon) in Ayati and Shahidi translations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the translatability of cultural elements from the source language (Arabic) to the target language (Persian) and its reflection in the translations. The results of this study show that in this sermon, the highest frequency of cultural elements such as “Organization, Customs”, “ecology” and “Material Culture”. The most common methods used to translate cultural concepts in both translations are “Transcribe” and “Cultural Equivalent”. Of course, it is worth mentioning that Shahidi has benefited a lot in his translation from the solution of “Couplet” -which is the result of the final comments of the book; a solution that has been neglected in the Ayati translation.

Critical discourse analysis is an important branch and approach of discourse analysis theory.  As an interdisciplinary trend, this approach goes beyond the level of sentences and words in examining texts and pays attention to the context of the situation in which the text was formed.  Norman Fairclough is one of the theorists of this field, Whose theory has three levels of description, interpretation and explanation.  This research tries to analyze the three Farklaf's critical discourse levels using the descriptive-analytical approach during the time of Lan Amut Sadi Jihad al-Rajbi to explain the author's ideology and speech.  The research.s conclusions indicate that Jihad al-Rajbi has been able to present his point of view by using the function of words and semantic relations between them, the use of different metaphors of news and positive verbs and the function of plural pronouns.  Also, by using intertextuality and invocation in Quranic texts and Islamic themes, he seeks to explain the situation governing Palestine. MR. Al-Rajbi expresses issues such as libertarianism, oppression and tyranny with a rhetorical discourse, and by strengthening the spirit of struggle, he seeks to acquire his own ideology and concepts such as gaining identity, freedom and fighting against the occupiers

Because of its linguistic and literary precision, the translation of poem has atracted human's sensibility. Among them, in temporary poem, the translation of modern poem was experienced differently, since its form, stile and purporst are different from classic poem Mahtab Nima Yoshij's poetry, like many of her free and complete verses, is devoid of similes and poetic images in the ancient style and is formed in the form of codes and metaphors without parallels. In terms of content, the poem is very delicate and beautiful. It shows the poet's doubt, anxiety, worry, longing and sorrow at the threshold of the path he is hesitant to take or not, and in front of a collapsed palace and a sleepy and sad people give Undoubtedly, the translation of such poems will be successful if it is examined according to the context and intellectual atmosphere of the poet. beside of arab translators who tried to render persian poems into Arabic since recent decades, Persian translators have worked on this survey as well. The purpose of this research is to measure the performance of Arab and Iranian translators in the face of new poetry and its translation through the direct and indirect translation strategy of Vinny and Darbelneh. These strategies have seven procedures, the procedures of borrowing, extracting, and literal translation are related to direct translation, and the strategy of indirect translation covers the four procedures of displacement, balance, and modification. Following each of these procedures in the mentioned translations will determine the performance of the translators in providing an audience-oriented or text-oriented translation. The resultant of these endeavours is almost similar to prosaic texts, without paying attention to the poet's stylistics and his/her poems features. In this research, Mahtab poem of Nima Yooshij in Moosa Bidaj's translation Dr. Aref Alzoghlool and Hyyan Muhammad Alhasan have been investigated based on the theory of Viney & Darbelent. Results indicate that both arab translators tried to recreate poetic pictures of Nima for arab audience, by using substitution, regulation and balance processes in indirect translation. in contorary, the iranian translator presented a literal translation of Mahtab, tried to remain in Nima's style of using words and etc. By using the technique of lexical translation and, as a result, source-oriented translation, she tried to stick to Nima's style as much as possible in repeating certain words and inventing new ironies, and she turned to conceptual translation only when necessary. It seems that the translation of Nima's poems requires the use of both direct and indirect strategies in order to preserve his poetic style and to witness a translation that is suitable for the audience and worthy of the name with appropriate equivalence and not just expressing the meaning

Pragmatics is the meaning of speech in addition to the circumstances in which the speech was said. It also pays great attention to the addressee (creative) and the addressee and their psychological and social condition. Ahmed Al-Mufdi is considered a knowledgeable poet who tends to get rid of what a person neglects to remember God - the Most High. With this divine love, he gives an emotional space for expression through the Diwan “The Hood Al-Ashaq” and still goes out of the circle of time, place, and history to prove this love in all A homeland and a home, and this needs the deliberative method, which achieves the intent of indirect speech based on the descriptive-analytical way, and the nature of speech acts, which is one of the meditative methods; According to the vision of Austin and Jean Searle, it embodies what is in the Diwan of undeclared purposes and intentions that aim to burn and get drunk in the heart of love by leaving the world and its pleasures, All of this reveals through the features of alert and encouragement to the intended and the purpose of the linguistic ability of the poet in the Diwan, which is derived from the symbol and the pilgrims, which is one of the beautiful and unusual methods. The poet follows the shadows of the beloved inside of his poetry as he drowns in the sea of ​​love with heedlessness about the world and what is in it.

The Nahj al-Balāghah is a valuable work for which its analysis and interpretation from a formalist viewpoint reveals both its external and internal resplendency and elegance. The formalists examine the exterior and structural aspects of the work and inspect it while disregarding historical, social, psychological and marginal contexts surrounding it. This research, using the descriptive-analytical method, attempts to analyze and examine the 16th sermon of the Nahj al-Balāghah by relying on formalistic criteria. This goal has been achieved by examining and analyzing the texture of the literary work and its constituent elements, i.e. consonants and vowels, syllables, images, metaphors and more. The findings of the research point to the conclusion that Imam Ali (as) was as much attentive to the structure and form as he was towards context. Imam Ali (as) has created meanings beyond the words’ significance by embellishing the form of the work with all kinds of artistic and expressive techniques.

The Nahj al-Balāghah is a valuable work for which its analysis and interpretation from a formalist viewpoint reveals both its external and internal resplendency and elegance. The formalists examine the exterior and structural aspects of the work and inspect it while disregarding historical, social, psychological and marginal contexts surrounding it. This research, using the descriptive-analytical method, attempts to analyze and examine the 16th sermon of the Nahj al-Balāghah by relying on formalistic criteria. This goal has been achieved by examining and analyzing the texture of the literary work and its constituent elements, i.e. consonants and vowels, syllables, images, metaphors and more. The findings of the research point to the conclusion that Imam Ali (as) was as much attentive to the structure and form as he was towards context. Imam Ali (as) has created meanings beyond the words’ significance by embellishing the form of the work with all kinds of artistic and expressive techniques.

 Riffateree's theory is a semiotic theory that is considered to be in the field of structuralism. The basis of this theory is to discover the semantic network of poetry by relying on the reader's literary ability. The main goal of this theory is to reach the origin of the poem or the main concept of the poem by passing from the primary (exploratory) reading to the secondary (reactive) reading. Primary reading is based on linguistic ability and secondary reading is based on literary ability. If all the components of this theory are identified, then the origin of the poem, the main source on which the poem is based, is identified. In this article, all the components of Riffateree's theory are first defined, and then Al-Hossein fi Zaman al-Masrahiyat is analyzed according to it. The poetic origin of this ode is the false poets of nowadays. this ode represents Ashurai culture. 

Critical discourse analysis is one of the new critical approaches that is used by researchers to understand the goals of the author and to reveal the hidden ideologies of the text at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. Omar Aburisheh is one of the contemporary poets of Palestinian origin, whose concepts of aversion to oppression and anti-colonialism are widely expressed in his works. The themes of his poetry are often subject to the political and social conditions of the poet's time, and Al-Nasr's poem is no exception. In the present essay, the authors have analyzed and analyzed the ode of Elanser in a descriptive-analytical way based on the theory of Norman Fairclough. The results of the research indicate that the author was affected by the suffocating conditions prevailing in the society of Palestine and Syria at the level of description and used arrays such as similes and metaphors to create images. In this way, by drawing the current situation and expressing the lost glory of this land, he called his fellow countrymen to fight against the colonialists. At the level of interpretation, the situational and intertextual context of the ode and the influence of the author from different literary schools are important. At the level of explanation, the poet shows that he has taken a step in line with his campaign goals and in the direction of persuading and encouraging the readers by taking a stand against the colonial powers.

The word Semiology was first used by Ferdinand Saussure. He considers the sign as a concept that has two sides. Those two sides are the signifier and signified. This theory was then given another meaning by other linguists such as Peirce. Later on, the semiotics in poetry was used by Jacobsen for the First time as a method of analysis. Following Jacobsen, Riffattere's expanded semiotics in poetry. He goes so far that He criticized Jacobsen theory. Giving it a new prospect. Riffattere's theory of semiotics is one of the theories used in the analysis of poetry. According to this theory, poetry is a set of signs that can only make sense together. This theory was first proposed in the 20th century by Riffattere in his book Semiotics of Poetry. Since the arrangement of words in poetry, unlike ordinary speech, does not have special order and rules, and deeper concepts are hidden behind their surface, the theory of Riffattere first relies on linguistic ability to examine the interest between words then with the help of the literary ability, it clarifies the actual meaning behind the poetry. In this article, first, the basic concepts of Riffattere's theory are described, and then the theory is applied in Vatan Le Asma Mosharad. This study was conducted based on descriptive-analytical method using library resources.

 Since the advent of the genre of novel in the eighteenth century, the technical element of setting has been a component to determine the plot; however, its role has become much more important in modern novels, and it is not simply a field for the actions of the heroes and the occurrence of the events. Sometimes, with its usual function, this element has played an independent and effective role in the course of the events and the relationship among the characters. The novel of Alam bi-la Kharait is coauthored by two great Arab world novelists, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra and Abdolrahman Mounif. It reflects a social theme, and a picture of Arabic societies in 1979 has been displayed. Since the title of this novel implies the setting, it is absolutely important to investigate the element of setting in this novel and to discover its dimensions and functions. This essay, through a descriptive-analytic method, investigates and classifies the most important settings in the novel Alam bi-la Kharait jointly written by two famous Arab novelists, Abdul Rahman Munif and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. The procedure, in the first place, is to introduce and find examples of open and closed as well as private and public settings and then to investigate the bases of those examples and their technical functions. According to the results of the research, except the city of Amorium which plays the usual role of a setting and is symbolized as the main setting of the novel, the rest of the open and closed as well as public and private places, such as the multiple houses, villages, restaurant, sea and university, had often functioned as the tools of characterization. However, when these settings are described in detail, they can serve to make the events believable, create an emotional atmosphere, and convey the sentiments of the characters of the novel to the reader.  The denouement and even the discovery of the mysterious character of Najva, the heroine of this story, is only possible through the element of setting. Another notable point regarding Amorium is that, through a monologue and based on the psychological analysis of the women characters in communication, Aala calls them Amorium or Madineh, ranging from Naeleh, his teenage love, to Najva and then Mayadeh. The narrator wishes to make the reader understand the symbolic secret that Najva is his homeland which he has lost for many reasons and is now in the hands of strangers, and Aala, tired and wandering in search of another homeland, opens his heart to beautiful Mayadeh. So, he may replace his lost love with her love and affection. It is directly pointed that “Mayadeh is another Amorium of mine and I cannot lose her.” Mayadeh (the substituted homeland), although beautiful, never replaces Najva (the main homeland). So, he says “Mayadeh should forgive me forever, because Najva isn’t forgettable.” The mysterious presence of women characters in this novel not only provides an appropriate basis for expressing female emotions and a romantic content but also is mixed with the concept of the homeland (Amorium). These women characters appear in the novel as complicated and mysterious characters. Through analyzing these women characters, we can figure out the importance of the setting of “Amorium” and the deep relationship between them. In the end, with the mysterious murder of  Najva, the novel, just like postmodernist stories, comes to an open end, and the investigators of the truth steep themselves in the ambiguities of her case, just like Amorium which had vanished in the history. In the novel Alam bi-la Kharait, it is deduced that the setting of Amorium with all its symbols, such as streets, sidewalks, neighborhoods, and their houses, has at least two important functions. First, the technical functions of characterization have been selectively dealt with. Second, there is the symbolic function meaning that this place is the main setting of the events of the novel and is simultaneously the symbol of the whole Arab world due to its indeterminacy. So, two advantages can be gained. First, the discussed events and mental and social matters regarding that place can be generalized to the whole Arab world. Second, a wide range of readers from the Arab world can consider themselves as its direct addressees and have a deep communication with the content. Otherwise, if the setting had been determined to be Beirut or Baghdad instead of Amorium, the extent of the generalization of the discussed matters would have declined to be restricted to the same cities and their residents, and the number of the addressees would have declined too.

Linguistics in the 20th century has played an effective role in the new approaches of literary criticism. As a result, it has caused the growth of scientism in the field of text analysis and finally the emergence of new schools in stylistics, including discourse analysis. One of the most famous theories of critical discourse analysis is Norman Fairclough's theory. This theory examines the situational context and intertextual context of texts with a deep look that goes beyond the formulation of the text and expresses its impact on the institutions of society and the background knowledge of the audience and their relationship with the ruling power and ideology. In this article, the authors are trying to analyze the epic poems of Hazrat Abbas (PBUH) on the day of Ashura using the descriptive-analytical method and based on Farklough's critical discourse analysis theory. The results of the research show that the use of verbal styles and rhetorical elements in these poems is appropriate to the needs of the audience and in the service of inducing the author's intended meanings. The verses of the Quran have a visible effect on these verses, and the singer's belief in the intellectual system of the Shia Imamate clearly shows itself in these epic poems. The ruling ideology of the Rajas is in conflict with the ruling ideology of the majority of the society at that time. What, these poems seek to convince the audience that sovereignty is a divine right, the position of its establishment must be legitimate and in the House of Imamate, and one of the consequences of this legitimacy is striving in the way of God and creating epics.

Time is one of the elements that has a tremendous impact on the overall narrative space of stories. The French theorist Gerard Genet considers the element of time as one of the main components of the development of any narrative and divides it into two types of signifier time (the amount of time to read a text) and signified time (the amount of time of story events). Raises the frequency. The novel "The Immaculate Conception" is a joint production of two great novelists of the Arab world, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra and Abdul Rahman Manif, who presented a picture of Arab societies in 1979 with a social theme. One of the salient features of this novel is the use of the element of time with its different types and levels. The approach of this essay indicates that the narrative is narrated throughout the novel with its untimely course, in the manner of the narrator (Aladdin)'s reminiscences, but in the heart of these retrospectives, there are also futurisms that with a certain narrative complexity in the same retrospective format. It has been narrated. The most obvious foresight is the fortune-telling predictions of the sub-character of the story (Aunt Nusrat), which reveals the fate of the characters in the novel. The continuation of this 383-page novel, which includes a six-month calendar time, is accompanied by a negative acceleration of the whole text due to the use of many descriptive points.