فهرست مطالب بیژن خیام باشی

Budgets are approved for paving the way for new research projects in R&D centers. The basis for allocation of the budget needs to be analyzed regarding of organizations’ criteria. One of these criteria can be the performance of research groups and research centers in past projects. It is also necessary that those which fit well the goals and strategies of the organization projects be supported. In this paper, a robust mathematical model is presented on the basis of the Bertsimas and Sim method for the allocation of the budget to the research groups with higher priorities. The results of solving and simulation of the model indicate that along with the increase in uncertainty of model parameters such as estimated project costs, and increasing the level of protection, the degree of deviation from the ideal have been correctly measured. This is an indication of the capabilities of the designed model, and decision-makers can make use of it for better decisions by considering the level of risks and the degree of deviation from the ideal situation. For testing the validity of the model, the budget approved by a defensive research center was examined by it. The results certified the effectiveness of the model from the viewpoint of the managers of the research groups and the research center.

This article presents an integrated production-distribution plan in a reverse supply chain via multi objective mathematical modeling in a high-tech environment. The objectives of the proposed model include 1) minimizing total costs including production, maintenance, inventory and manpower costs, 2) maximizing customer and supplier satisfaction, and 3) maximizing the quality of manufactured products. The supply chain consists of several suppliers, a producer, customers, a repair center to repair the customer's goods and a repair and maintenance center for repairing or disposing products that have passed their warranty period. Among the contributions of this research, we can consider such issues as considering the quality of products manufactured, returned or supplied from suppliers in order to realize the win-win relationship with suppliers, using the maximum capacity of suppliers and supply of parts by each reconstruction center. In order to validate the model, it is solved for some examples using Lingo software and LP metric method.  In reverse supply chain, what is addressed is recycling and reconstructing the products which are spending final stage of their life cycle. In this regard, after gathering and inspecting the returned products, they are partitioned in to recyclable and non-recyclable (scrap) products (Mirzapour et. al, 2013). Aggregate production planning is a process that determines the optimal level of production and stock inventory to meet the demands for the product in a long term period which considering the capacity limitation of the means and resources (Gholamian et al, 2015).
In this research, investigation is regarding designing and solving a mathematics model for aggregate production planning in reverse supply chain in a high-tech industry. High-tech products are usually made up of chemical, mechanical, and electronic components. Inspection of the products in the supply chain of latter industry is of demolition type, that is, in case where the quality of the products is not confirmed by the customer, they are in masse retuned to the supplier. The returned products are either demolished in the re-construction units or delivered to the producer after re-construction. Also, in case of the non-usage of the products by the customer after technical warranty expiration, they are dispatched to the repair and maintenance unit and after undergoing correctional measures, they are re-dispatched to the customer or producer.
The aim of the present research is to conduct an investigation into the performance manner of the producer in making decision regarding producing the afore-mentioned products. In order to achieve objectives, the producer can manufacture the required products on his/her own plant. Accordingly, he/she should decide on considering the capacity of available means and facilities, production expenditures, and the quality of the produced commodity, what measure of products to produce at regular working hours, and what amount to produce at non-regular (over-time) working hours. In his/her aggregate production planning, he/she might also decide on out-sourcing the production of a portion of his/her required products to outside suppliers. Such planning becomes of utmost importance since he/she should decide- while considering such requisite indices and criteria as expenditure, quality level, and priority- what percentage of the products to delegate to what supplier. Along this line in the proposed model, a win-win relation with the suppliers is deemed essential. Thus, in the model offered here, the optimization of the customer’s satisfaction is taken into account so that- by considering customer’s prioritization- the shortage rate of the unmet demands on the part of the supplier is kept at minimum. The supply chain of the proposed model contains three levels of suppliers, producer, consumers and a center for reconstruction, repair and maintenance. In this chain, a producer starts out by sending several merchandise to customers. The process is carried out in a way that part of customers’ needs are produced by the producer himself/herself at regular and overtime workhouse. Another portion of the producer’s needs are met by different suppliers, which are shipped to the producer who sends them to the customers. Eventually the goods delivered to the customers, in case they are defective, are returned by customers to the reconstruction center, where, after undergoing correctional actions, are sent again to the producer, so in later cycles, they are re-sent to the customers. Additionally, when the expiry data of the product’s warranty arrives, it is shipped to the reconstruction center by the customers, and if possible, after receiving necessary repairs and corrections, are re-sent to the customers; otherwise, the product is de-assembled and returned to the producer.
Hence, in the design of the applied-extended model proposed in this research study, such cases as determining the contribution of the suppliers, reconstruction centers, repair and maintenance, production at regular hours, and overtime manufacture of each of the products as well as the amount of dispatched products to each of the customers are among decisions considered in the latter model. Moreover, such objectives as minimizing producer’s cost including production expenditures, cost of retaining and inventory deficit, costs related to supplying products through outsourcing, maximizing the quality of the manufactured products at regular time, overtime, and production by suppliers or procuring products from repair, maintenance and reconstruction centers, where each one has a distinct quality are among parameters considered in the propounded model. Also, special attention is paid to the assessment of suppliers and customers so that optimum satisfaction of the latter two groups is provided.
Thus, the proposed model contains 4 objective functions and about 20 constraints. The objective functions are minimizing total costs including production, maintenance, inventory and manpower costs, maximizing customer and supplier satisfaction and maximizing the quality of manufactured products. The constraints are such as inventory balance, capacity for holding, firing and hiring of force work, over time and regular time limit and so on. Finally the proposed model has been solved for the case study and one numerical example using Lingo software and LP metric method.  The developed model has been solved by L-P metric method for case study and numerical example from the literature (Mirzapour et al, 2011). In each case, by changing P and weight of objectives (wi), the Pareto optimal solutions (POS) have been delivered. In the case study for two values of P, some Pareto optimal solutions (Zi) have been shown in Table 1. In the article, for more value of P and wi the model has been solved and more POSs have been delivered. For each POS, the optimum value of decision variables from can be determined as the outputs of the model. In this article, a multi objective model for aggregate planning in a reverse supply chain for a high-tech industry has been developed. The proposed model contains four objective functions and 20 constraints. The model has been solved by L-P metric method via LINGO software for the case study and a numerical example from the literature. For future research, uncertainty conditions can be considered in the model.

The field of ballistic protection assessment is challenging due to the need of satisfying high precision requirements with a limited sample size. Identifying the probability of perforation at a specified projectile velocity is the most common way to quantify the ballistic resistance of a given protection structure. Recently several techniques have been developed for this purpose to assess perforation for all possible velocities. The main drawback of these techniques is the use of the normality assumption under which perforation velocities are expected to follow a Gaussian normal distribution where . Accordingly, any parameter of interest is estimated using the characteristic identified Gaussian distribution. In this work, Interior ballistic data obtained from real tests of intelligence mortar bomb and each selected life distributions applied to the external ballistic data, using the method of maximum likelihood to estimate the model parameters. Then, estimation results from the models compared and evaluated. Different criteria for assessing the goodness of each model investigated. The objective is to identify criteria that can distinguish which life distribution produces the best estimate of the performance of a particular armor model. Another objective of this work is to apply optimal model for obtaining different probabilities, investigating mission reliability, and studying hazard rate behavior of ballistic performance. Lifetime distributions are considered and the Mixture Normal distribution provided optimal results to assess and compare the estimations of ballistic performance data.

Disaster management system in Iran and Iran police should be set to an effective program for disaster management steps with using their past experiences and benefiting from successful experiences of the world and provide Specific strategies to manage police security and order in natural crisis. This research is written with using qualitative method, the technique of comparative studies, and using internal and external sources and documentation. In this paper, Canada, USA, Turkey, Pakistan, India and Japan stratified random sampling among the developed and developing countries countries in the world were selected. The main findings of this research is to determine the components of planning history, levels of planning, structure and status of the police crisis management centers in the target countries. Finally, the researchers presented their findings strategic structure of order and security management in natural disasters, based on the model of crisis management in target countries, and consists of four main dimensions (information management, communication management, logistics management and operations management). The main objective of this study is to analyze the components of planning history, levels of planning, structure and status of police in the studied countries so that they can achieve models or localized patterns of effective and successful models in the world, in order to reach Police and security management structure in natural crisis.

The process of development and expansion of advanced industries with abundant industrial production in the current era reveals the necessity of the implementation of preventive methods in dealing with possible failures. This necessity becomes more evident in industries whose real value of produce encompasses a large volume of potential assets (e.g. the munitions industry). Reliability is one of the most important qualitative characteristics of components, products, and large, complex systems that play a crucial role in the performance of such equipment.
Modern engineered products, from each component to large systems, must be designed and produced in such a way as to have the necessary reliability. In every industry, especially the aerospace industry, it would be dangerous and harmful from different economic, human, and political aspects when a system fails or becomes dysfunctional. The current trends in various industries indicate that establishing a system capable of quickly referring the failure rate of a product, or estimating its reliability, is a requirement for each industry. The reliability of a system is the probability that the system will perform a given task under certain conditions and at certain time intervals.
According to this definition, it is obvious that reliability indicates the continuation of functionality without failure (e.g. in accomplishing a mission). Therefore, reliability is defined as the probability that a system or component remain functional without failure. Reliability is of crucial importance in the arms industry. One of the products of the arms industry is the anti-aircraft missile, which is used against enemy threats. If such a product is functional or becomes functional late, there will be irreparable damage, which itself adds to the importance of the product.
In this study, first FFBD and FBD are used in order to calculate reliability and improve the functionality of munitions and weapon systems. Then, higher levels of FTA are identified using a FBD. After that, RBD is prepared, and reliability is estimated using the Fuzzy-Bayesian technique. Finally, design errors are identified and improved using a Fuzzy FMEA.

An era that we live in, is the age of information and communication; In these days knowledge is a huge advantage and ignorance is an irreversible weakness. The development systems of knowledge-based, knowledge management is considered as a key component in the development strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement the indigenous pattern of knowledge, technology and innovation in the police, tailored to particular circumstances and capacities to build and strengthen the crisis management framework. Knowledge management and timely and reliable access to events with the support of new technologies, are the crisis management process requirements and with creation of nobility information, that is a process of knowledge management, it has a significant role in identifying threats, analyze problems, identify patterns, decision-making and effective measures by the authorities in planning and decision-making. The main purpose of this study is to provide a strategy model to explain the police knowledge management in managing the crisis and its impact based on knowledge so that by taking the advantage of reliable news and information, be able to achieve the appropriate level of situational awareness and of nobility information for the excellence of decision and creation of centralized management, operational guidance and effective control of the crisis on the basis of the mission. This article that is written base on review and integration of two orientation of management studies with a library and documentary method and taking advantage of the scientific and empirical evidence of upstream, explain four basic principles of knowledge management in crisis management, including the detection, analysis, insight and impact and so explains the various stages of the crisis on the basis of the proposed model in the security-disciplinary policies.

This study attempts to present the key factors for creating agile organization in automotive part industry of Mashhad in order of importance. In this regard, factors and sub-factors of organizational agility in the industry were recognized and the importance of them was determined using fuzzy AHP group method. This is an application study using litrature review for determining the factors and sub-factors. Afterward in order to fit and creating the hierarchical structure, a questionnaire was made to gather the expert viewpoint.The content validity of the questionnaire confirmed using literature review, Supervisor, Co-Supervisor and the other experts . For reliability, Cronbach’s alpha value was calculated and obtained 0.7 for all dimenstion of questionnaire and indicates the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Then exploratory factor analysis was conducted and fifteen sub-factors was categorized in the four main components named technology, workers, organization and systems and strategies. In the next section, using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and contributing group of industry experts, the weight of each factors and sub-factors were determined. Inconsistency rates for all tables, were calculated and less than 0.1 obtained. Finally the priorities of factors and sub-factors were determined. According to the findings, between the factors technology has the first rank and between the sub-factor hardware, software and virtual organization has the first to third rank.

In today's competitive world, customers want a faster response, higher reliability and greater flexibility in changing needs. These factors require manufacturers and service providers to find better ways to manage the flow of their organization, the progress and to maintain their survival. This paper investigated the problem of multi product multi-period in a two-level supply chain, including producers and distributors. Presented problem with the purpose of maximum profit of the whole chain and production quality has been modeled. As regards traditional optimization’s methods don’t provide possibility of considering more than one purpose easily in optimization, Instead, heuristic methods of usage tools of multi objective optimization provides easily with high quality also increase the speed of reaching to the optimization goal or near it. So a newmulti-objective optimization tool is presented based on differential evolution algorithm and optimal Pareto concepts for solving problems. The efficiency of this algorithm is demonstrated by comparing it’s numerical experiment results with those ofMODE algorithm and LINGO package. Computational results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance.

Aviation transportation is considered as leading industry and impressive on promotion in each country and its situation is of the main indicators of country development. The present research is aimed at feasibility study and analysis on establishing low-cost Airlines in Iran. Rendering the services with low costs and good prices¡ the low-cost Airline tries to attract more customers in a fairly competitive market with open and activating regulations through different strategies and omission of extra costs. As the main topic of the research¡ the business models of servicing¡ low-cost and charter Airlines were investigated and explained. Based on the made investigation¡ three key factors of aviation transportation were regarded and questioned: service rendering system during flight¡ sale department and Airline structure. After preliminary studies and using the library resources¡ two researcher-made questionnaires were applied¡ one of which allocated to passengers and the other specialized for managers and experts. These forms were prepared in order to make the practical investigation and gather the required data. Based on the research findings¡ it is feasible to create the low-cost Airlines in Iran via structural changes and providing the appropriate culture. This will increase the flight routes and consequently more passengers will travel through Aviation transportation..

Due to the growing trend of use of the outsourcing approach in organizations, Gas Company of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, keep pace with developments in the outsourcing of Iran, implementing the most of their capital projects as the treaty. But according to the tenure of parts of operation service is still undertaking company and planning for outsourcing during the coming years in the agenda is located, in order to correct use of outsourcing approach and improvement of Performance Company’s project, correct evaluation of risks before the outsourcing seems necessary in this organization. The purpose of this study providing a useful framework for identifying risks in the company's outsourcing projects and prioritizing them uses FMEA technique. Therefore, investigating the studies conducted, major risks and their effective factors were identified and classified considering the parameters of quality, cost and delivery time. Then, using of FMEA technique and based on the priority level of acquired risk severity, occurrence and detection, attempting to quantify and prioritize identified factors and providing corrective actions to control and reduce the risks. In this study, using a questionnaire survey and interviews with seven of the top executives of companies that are directly related to the issue is performed. Based on acquiring results, structural defects, functional defects and delay in outsourcing project's implementation are more significant and currency exchange fluctuations factors, uncertainty of changing technology and customer requirements, lack of experience, expertise and knowledge in the field of outsourcing and lack of required skills for performance projects in high level and requires greater managerial control.

Technology and its various development has evolved rapidly the industries specifically in the field of aviation products during the last decade. Different aviation companies and manufacturing industries put up their efforts to utilize different implements، modern technologies and new organizational methologies to optimize their working process. They intend to fulfill the customers requirements in relation to their products. Naturally it will be achieved through the factors such as the cut in cost and time، enhancement of performance and applying the required and modern technologies. The main emphasis has been switched toward the customers point of view (such as delivery of the aircraft products per the appointed dates، quality and reliability and functional specifications). Providing the proper and quick supply of chain for provision process is as significance as production procedures and processes by incorporating the required Informatin Technology for the right product to deliver as per specified and promised date to the customer. This thesis attamps to recognize the basic provision criteria Informatin Technology alternatives along with their effective impacts in a company. In addition، it also determines the priorities of Informatin Technology influence on supply chain management which in turn optimize the research goals of the enterprise. For this purpose، the resrarch has been prepared with use of questionnaire and paired analogy in an aviation company. In this regard، experts and managers of commercial and supply division، planning and production control، computer (115 persons) were questioned during the second midyear of 1390 and first midyear of 1391. Finally it was revealed that all the known major measures of chain provision and information technology impact on each other and validated the conceptual model. Therefore trained human resourses on IT، support of senior executives، hardware and software substructures، commerce electronic and exchange of data with partners should be tacken into account as a model of optimization for application of IT in supply chain management.

The different model specifications have been proposed to estimate time-varying technical efficiency in the last two decades. These models have resulted different efficiency scores based on their built-in specifications. This study investigates the temporal pattern of technical efficiency based on Cornwell, Sickles, and Schmidt (CSS, 1990) as well as Lee and Schmidt (LS, 1993) models. In order to extend LS model, the assumption of identical temporal pattern for each individual is replaced by group-specific stochastic frontier model with a parametric function of temporal pattern. As empirical evidence, the observed data for the thirty three Cement planst in Iran during 1996-2005 are used. The cement plants have been divided into three different categories: More than 3000 tones per year, between 1000 to 3000 tones per year, and finally less than 1000 tones per year. The results indicate that significant differences between individual-specific (CSS and LS) models and group-specific (GS) model exist while the latter model has more sufficient explanatory specification. Since CSS and LS models specify the technical efficiency in aggregate forms, so the average efficiency scores in both models are estimeated as 0.76 and 0.84, respectively. While in GS model there are three different efficiency scores relevant to the above-mentioned three groups which are 0.81, 0.93, and 0.75, respectively. The similar outcome can be observed for input elasticities as well as scale elasticity.