فهرست مطالب زهرا آقایی

Human development indicators are one of the most important criteria for the development of societies. Since women make up half of the population of any society, their participation in development is very important. One of the most important fields of women's participation is economic participation. The current research has analyzed the policies of women's employment in Scandinavian countries (Sweden and Norway), Muslim countries (Turkey and Iran) and its consequences with a comparative policy research approach. The results show the greater participation of women in the economy of the Scandinavian countries, despite challenges such as the weakening of the family system in Sweden and the existence of restrictions such as the glass ceiling in Norway. The participation rate of women in the economy of Islamic countries is lower than that of Scandinavian countries. The important issue in Turkey is the high rate of people who are neither students nor employed (the highest rate among OECD countries). The rate of economic participation of educated women in Turkey (year 2018) is reported as 71% and for men as 89%, which shows the gender gap in this index. In Iran, higher education is one of the factors that facilitate the entry of women into the labor market and has led to a decrease in unemployment among urban women (3%) compared to rural women (1398). In Islamic countries, women's economic participation has been neglected; Therefore, the policies adopted in this field in Iran need to be reviewed.

The population decline crisis in Iran is an important and significant issue. This research has been done in order to find policy solutions to achieve proportionate growth in field of fertility. In this regard, current research has studied the possibilities of facilitating childbearing with two methodological approaches of policy research and comparative study; Policy research is process of conducting research on an important social problem or analyzing it, in order to provide practical recommendations to policy makers to solve problems. For this purpose, fertility status of women in two Islamic countries (Iran,Turkey) and two Scandinavian countries (Sweden,Norway) has been analyzed and compared. Results show that policy of Scandinavian governments has been able to encourage women to have more children. Study of Turkey shows population crisis in this country; Turkish government is trying to encourage families to have children by applying incentive policies. Iran is also moving toward aging in terms of demographics, and so far no serious action has been taken to encourage families to have children, although there is hope with adoption of Youth Population Law. It is suggested that while solving economic problems in this regard, attention should be paid to creating more job security for women, including allocating a quota to them in the board of directors of companies. It is also possible to use political experience of Scandinavian countries, of course, we must keep in mind that along with growth in these countries, there are also damages that must be considered in finding an Islamic-Iranian model.

Salvia belongs to the mint family and is one of the medicinal plants that has proven its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-malarial properties for the essential oils and extracts of these plants based on recent research. In the present thesis, the aerial part of seven plant species of Salvia including Salvia sharifii, S. aegyptiaca, S. santolinifolia, S. compressa, S. eremophila, S. macilenta, S. macrosiphon in the spring of 2020, in the stage of full flowering by natural habitat different from Hormozgan province were collected. The study of volatile compounds of these species by GC / MS method led to the identification and determination of compounds such as α –Pinene, Linalool, Limonene, (E)-Caryophyllene, Caryophyllene oxide, Geraniol, Borneol, Menthol and p-Cymene. DPPH method evaluated the antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts of seven species of Salvia. The highest IC50 belonged to S. aegyptiaca and santolinifolia and there was no significant difference with each other and the lowest IC50 belonged to S. macilenta. The highest percentage of free radical scavenging belonged to S. macilenta at a concentration of 1600 μg / ml. HPLC was used to measure the polyphenolic compounds of methanolic extracts of Salvia species. A total of 17 compounds were identified in methanolic extracts, of which only were detected Hesperetin, Rosmarinic acid, Trans-ferulic acid, Eugenol, Hesperedin, Carvacrol, Coumarin, Quercetin and Catechin. The results of this study showed that the amount of total phenol in S. eremophila species was the highest and was significantly different from other species.

Honry-scaled Agama (Trapelus ruderatus) is widely distributed throughout northwest to southeast of Iran. In the present research, we studied its sexual size dimorphism along with reproductive activities of some populations. To perform these tasks 21 specimens of this taxon (including 11 females and 10 males) were collected during two seasons of spring and summer from their natural habitat in Dorood, Aligodars and Azna towns. Later their sexuality was determined and then to assess the sexual dimorphism 15 metric and meristic characters were measured. The provided data were then analyzed using SPSS 19 and statistical tests. Afterwards some specimens were dissected and gonads used for anatomical and histological examinations. The results of univariate analysis showed that there were three metric characters Snout-vent length, Gular fold to vent length and Forelimb-hindlimb length that can be used for discrimination of sexual differences as the values of these character were larger in female than males. Moreover, the anatomical and histological findings demonstrated that in spring the males have large testes while an active spermatogenesis process is happening in the thick epithelium of seminiferous tubules. On the contrary, the testes were smaller in summer and the seminiferous epithelium is thin with a few sperms in the lumens of the tubules. Similarly, in females large ovaries with mature follicles were observed in spring but in summer ovaries were small with many arthritic follicles. Overall, the results showed that in this taxon, females have a lager trunk for spacing the eggs, also in both sexes the maximum gametogenesis activity occurs in spring.

Due to the importance of reptiles in life networks and terrestrial ecosystems we planned to investigate about reptilian fauna of eastern Lorestan. To perform this task, several field trips were conduvted to the study area including Dorood, Azna and Aligodarz towns and during these trips the reptile specimens were captured by various tools. Afterwards, in the laboratory the specimens were fixed and identified according to their biometric and morphological characters. In general, in this research 14 species belonging to different groups of reptiles were collected and identified. These species were as follows; from suborder of Sauria we collected five species including Trapelus lessonae, Ophisops elegans, Lacerta media, Cyrtopodion scabrum and Laudakia nupta, from suborder of Ophidia we identified seven species including: Natrix tessellata, Malpolon monspessulanus, Telescopus tessellates, Typhlops vermicularis, Coronella austriaca, Eirenis collaris and Dolichophis jugularis, and from order Chelonia we collected two species of Mauremys caspica and Testudo graeca. Regarding the fact that the study area is mountainous and out of reach, we highly expect that there are also other species which were not identified in this survey.

Geostatistical modeling, in recent years, has been widely and increasingly used in analyzing underground structures. Using the combination of uncertainty reduction techniques and modeling processes could increase the identification accuracy of underground structure models. In this study, Indicator Kriging (IK) method is employed to model four geological units comprising leached, oxidized, supergene and hypogene zones. The aforementioned units are all located within Miduk Copper Deposit. To evaluate the uncertainty index based on the modelled geological structure, Bernoulli variance is employed. In order to reduce the uncertainty amount of the executed geological model, post-processing procedure is performed using resampling of the interpolated model. This procedure is reiterated as many times as possible until a geological model with an acceptable uncertainty amount is acquired. At the final step, blast holes data is used in order for the validation of the results. The yielded results indicate that the amount of uncertainty dropped from 5.87% to 2.98% after implementing the post-processing procedure.

Brachytherapy is a kind of cancer treatment in  which radiation sources are implanted inside or close to the cancerous tissue. ‎The purpose of this research is to calculate the absorbed dose uncertainty of prostate tissue, due to its swelling, ‎displacement of the implanted seed sources and also, to address the effect of these factors simultaneously, in brachytherapy of prostate. ‎In this research, MCNPX2.6 code, the TG-43U1 protocol and ORNL body phantom were used to simulate the brachytherapy ‎of prostate using iodine-125 seed sources. In the first study, 84 sources of iodine with the  shapes of seed and then points  were ‎implanted inside the prostate with the volume of 38.01 cm3. The radiation absorbed dose was found to be 110.59 and ‎‎110.57 Gy, respectively. Considering the 50% prostate inflation after implantation, the radiation absorbed doses of prostate ‎showed a reduction of  more than of 17%. In the second therapeutic plan, by using 76 seed sources of I-125, considering 12% ‎swelling of prostate and applying the  displacement of seed sources in three directions: left–right (1.8mm), front-back (2.1mm) and top–‎down (3.4mm)),  the radiation dose amount of the cancerous tissue was reduced about 21%. So, the results ‎of seed and point sources of brachytherapy were very close to each other. Therefore, in simulation studies, point sources can be used ‎instead of seed sources to  reduce the computational complexity. Also,  this research showed the effects of swelling and ‎displacement of brachytherapy sources on  the amount of  the absorbed dose of prostate and its treatment were‎ noteworthy.

Brachytherapy, is a method to treat prostate cancer in which a radiation source is placed inside or next to the cancer affected tissues. Purpose of this article is to determine the uncertainty level of received dose in prostate tissue due to the relocation of the placed radiation sources and inflation in prostate after positioning the radiation seeds. To simulate the model 6711 Amersham (activity level equal to 0.5 mCi) iodine-125 brachytherapy source, we used MCNPX 2.6 code and TG-43U1 protocol, and we used ORNL phantom. Treatment plan included 76 sources consisting iodine-125 radioactive, once placed in the form of seeds and once applied in the form of beads in three initial volume: 30.02, 38.01 and 52.01 cm3 and three different time steps were placed in prostate phantom. Three-time steps were investigated, including the moment after placing, the zero days and thirty days after placing. In the first step, the obtained dose of radiation in three different prostate volumes, for both seed distribution and bead distribution in healthy and cancerous tissue, was calculated. In the second step, position of the sources was relocated from the assumption, and causes a change in dose distribution. Considering the movements in 3 directions of left-to-right (1.8 mm), intra-exterior (2.1 mm), up-down (3.4 mm) after implantation the equivalent dose was calculated. The maximum uncertainty of received dose in a prostate with seed implanted sources and the volume of 52.01 cm3 and it was reported as +20%. At the third step, in addition to the change in the location of sources, inflation rate of 12% was observed in comparison with the primary volume at the first step of treatment process which resulted in a smaller dose rather than the previous stage.In this treatment plan, relocating of the sources and 12% inflation of the tumor were analyzed. Uncertainty of source relocating was calculated as ±20% in zero-day of positioning. Also, 12% inflation of the tumor and source relocation after 30 days, in a prostate with the volume of 58.25 cm3 curing by point sources, shown 21.04% reduction in received dose for healthy and cancer tissues since the moment of placing. The maximum error of MCNPX code was calculated 0.03%.

Despite many advances have been made in the assisted reproduction techniques (ART), implantation rate after embryo transfer has not increased significantly. This study aims to determine the factors involved in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) following ART.

In this retrospective study, 80 infertile patients with a history of at least 3 recurrent implantation failure (RIF) following assisted reproductive technology (ART) were referred to Fatemezahra Infertility Center in Babol from March 2006 to March 2013 were selected. The control group also included 80 women who became pregnant following the first IVF. Associated factors of infertility, endocrine disorder and endometriosis were recorded and their effect on RIF was assessed in both groups. P-value<0.05 was considered significant.

The mean BMI was 26.39±3.63 in the case group and 26.77±4.49 in the control group. Body mass index (BMI) >30 increased the risk of RIF significantly (P = 0.001). After adjusting for the effects of other possible confounding factors, the odds ratio of obesity on RIF was 1.09 (0.91-1.19) 95% CI which was not significant (P = 0.06). There were no significant differences among type and cause of infertility, endocrine abnormalities, uterine malformations, endometriosis and polycystic ovary with RIF.

According to our findings, BMI, type and cause of infertility, endocrine disorders, uterine abnormalities, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary were not effective on recurrent implantation failure. Future studies by eliminating the effect of more confounders may clarify our findings.

In this study, the nanofibers containing vanillin are introduced as the aromatic mats for food packaging. The cellulose acetate solutions were prepared at 10, 12, and 14% and the nanofibers were produced by means of the electrospinning method. Evaluation of the scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) images and the nanofibers diameter revealed that the 12% cellulose acetate is the optimized level of biopolymer concentration in the process. In the next step, 1% w/w vanillin was incorporated into the nanofibers and the aromatic acetate cellulose electrospuns were produced. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the vanillin leaching measurements were performed on the aromatic vanillin electrospuns. The results revealed that the vanillin has been entrapted into the nanofibers and its encapsulation efficiency was 85%. Moreover, the influence of the nanofiber diameter on the vanillin release kinetic using the pseudo- second order showed that increasing the nanofiber diameter dramatically decreases the vanillin release.

Saffron is an expensive spice in the world which is used in different industries. The most important post-harvest process of saffron is drying of its stigma. Therefore, in this study, the effect of Refractance Window drying (RWD), hot air drying of saffron in three temperatures (60, 70 and 80°C), and drying in room temperature (25°C) on physicochemical and sensory properties of saffron were investigated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan test (p

Microbial growth in food products decreases the food shelf life and increases the risk of foodborne diseases. There are various methods for monitoring the microbial growth and consequently the incidence of food spoilage; e.g. food spoilage monitoring sensors. In this research we aim to investigate the feasibility of producing the cellulose acetate (CA) film incorporated with bromothymol blue (BTB), as a kind of halochromic sensor. The 4% (w/w) cellulose acetate solution with 0.5, 1 and 1.5% bromothymol blue (wdye/wpolymer) and 0.5% glycerol (as plasticizer) was used to produce the pH sensitive films. The halochromic behavior of sensors in pH 5-9 buffer solutions were studied through the L*, a*, b*, and total color difference (ΔE*) measurements. The reaction of the produced films and the leakage of the dye at different pH values were also studied. The results showed the significant effect of dye and pH (P

Faculty members’ Knowledge of requirements about their effective motivational jobs for forecasting seems necessary. The purpose of this study was to survey of attitude of faculty members in Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences about effective motivational factors on educational performance. This research was a cross-sectional study. The population were all faculty members of this university (N=506). Samples of this study were 20 percent of the population size (102 persons) which selected by randomly classification. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire that prepared based on the Likert scale that consisted of 27 questions with 5 points about internal and external motivational factors. Finally data was analyzed by descriptive statistics by SPSS software. The results of this study showed the external factors "be respected in the workplace", "provided the necessary conditions for raising the level of knowledge", "having job security" and internal factors of "inherent interest to teaching", "individualism", "a’ feeling of adequacy, and competence in the work" had the highest importance. According to the results, both internal and external motivational factors are effective on faculty members’ function. Therefore, there fore, proposed factors should be measured to promote their motivation.

The subject of this research is about the studying of the influence of the mass media on feeling of social security. The study and the recognition of the influential factors on the feeling of social security could be beneficial for development of the feeling of security. On the other hand، study the influence balance of the mass media on audience indicates the necessity of teaching for audience in order to prevent them from the passive acceptance of message. The subject of study is explanatory in three macro viewpoints about the functionalism، criticism and sociological recognition. In order to study the influence of the mass media on the feeling of social security، we use bellowing criterions: The duration of using the mass media، the index of attention and choosing news and political programs، the balance of trust to the media and the kind of the media in use. We use these criteria for measuring the balance of taking influence from the media. And in order to measuring the feeling of social security، we measure social security in five dimensions: public، juridical، economical، political and cultural dimension in the for of Licret spectrum. And from the sum of individuals’ grades in five dimensions، we get the feeling of social security. The considerable point about the result of research is that the existence of correlation between dependent and independent variable is not necessarily mean the influence of the media on the feeling of security. But we could say individuals with different feeling of security have different tendency in choosing and trusting toward national and international media. In fact، the role of the media is just reinforcement of audiences’ previous idea.