فهرست مطالب babak andalibi

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is among the most influential cereals, and a wide range of populations in several regions of the world (Sallam et al., 2019). However, there are some restrictions for accomplishment to the potential production, which the most consequential one among them, water shortage, a drastic obstacle in many regions of the world, in particular in arid and semi-arid areas. Water scarcity, results in plenty of disturbances in plant functions like cell division and elongation, water and nutrients relations, photosynthesis, enzymes activity, stomata movement, assimilate partitioning, respiration, oxidative damage, growth, and productivity, as several types of researches show that water shortage in the soil cause many disorders in plant tissues, which in turn leads to a punctual diminish in the photosynthesis rate (Todorova et al., 2022). Under circumstances of water shortage, the electron transport through PSII is prohibited, and the oxygen-evolving complex of PSII is damaged (Georgieva et al., 2005). In repercussion, depends on the times, duration of facing, and stress intensity, developmental stage, and kind of tissue, plant defenses against it differently.

An experiment as a factorial in a completely randomized block design in five replications at the experimental greenhouse of the University of Zanjan was carried out in two years 2021 and 2022. In this study two regimes of irrigation (D0, regular irrigation as the control, D1, Water Deficit for two weeks immediately after flowering), four levels of biochar (zero% as the control treatment, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 percent of soil weight) and three levels of spraying Methyl Jasmonate (zero μmol as the control treatment, 50 and 100 μmol) at the same time with flowering stage and starting withholding water, were executed.

Results demonstrated that utilized treatments had significant effects on studied parameters. Results illustrated that, despite the fact that proline content, carbohydrate and quantity of electrolyte leakage were elevated as a result of drought stress, and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments were dwindled, however, application of biochar in the soil and foliar spraying of methyl Jasmonate caused modulating the effects of drought stress. Lack of water can reduce the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, mainly chlorophylls and carotenoids, as it causes oxidation which leads to diminishing the biosynthesis of pigments (Pandey et al., 2012). It is claimed that using biochar ameliorates the reduction of pigments in stressed plants as a result of better surface area, higher water holding capacity, more cation exchange capacity, and useful absorptive features of biochar (Ibrahim et al., 2020). Moreover, the drought stress resulted in a substantial elevation in the concentration of proline (PC) which might be as a result of devastating impacts of drought on the performance of plasma membrane as well as the process which leads to dehydration of cytoplasm, which in turn results in boosting proline concentration in Barley plants under drought situation (Hafez et al., 2020). It is said that biochar reduces proline content, because of its impact on maintenance of plasma membrane in a stable situation, modulating the pressure of water in cell, and enhancing the ability of plants in conserving relative water content (Ahmed et al., 2016). Furthermore, methyl Jasmonate (MJ) may facilitate the strengthening of cell walls and effectively neutralize excessive increase in the level of ROS during further exposure to the stress factor, thereby preventing the damage of cellular membrane structures and changes in their permeability under stress conditions (Hayat and Ahmad., 2007).

The current study represents that Barley can tolerate drought stress through several mechanisms such as modulating some biochemical compounds. In this study drought was shown to have negative impacts on some of the studied physiological and biochemical parameters. Results demonstrated that the use of biochar and Methyl Jasmonate can improve the adaptation ability of Barley plants to water shortage, associated with enhancement in morpho-physiological and biochemical traits. Soil content of biochar at 0.25% w/w and Methyl Jasmonate leaf applies at 50 micro moles protected plants against drought stress. Importantly higher doses of biochar and Methyl Jasmonate had negative impacts, highlighting the need to better understand optimal doses, and mechanisms of action of these amendments.

Genetic diversity of coriander is very important for future breeding programs and genetic resource conservation. To evaluate genetic diversity and population structures, 20 populations of coriander collected from different regions of Iran were assessed using 10 ISSR markers. The markers generated a total of 111 bands in the studied populations of which 80 bands were polymorphic. The average polymorphism ranged from 0.2 to 0.35 per primer. To determine the efficiency of ISSR markers, their polymorphic information content (PIC) and polymorphic percentage were calculated. The average polymorphism was 72.2 percent among the assessed population. Primers P2 showed the best marker parameters and were identified as the most effective primers for assessing genetic diversity in Iranian coriander populations. Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard coefficient by UPGMA classified populations into three groups. According to the results, there is a high genetic diversity among Iranian coriander and ISSR can effectively differentiate the populations. This genetic diversity could be employed by the plant breeders in further breeding programs to introduce new varieties and improve conservation strategies as well.

Coriander is one of the important medicinal plants in the world which has been used widely in medicinal, cosmetic and health care industries.

In order to investigate the genetic diversity of this plant in Iran, 20 Coriander populations were collected from different parts of the country and evaluated out using randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj Vegetable Research Center of Horticultural Sciences Research Institute in 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 crop years. During the growth period, the phenological, morphological and physiological characteristics were recorded. Days to generation, Largest basal leaf length, Basal leaf number, Days to full flowering, Days to Maturity, Plant height, Umbel number per plant, Fertile umbel number per plant, Unfertile umbel number per plant, Umbellate number per umbel, Seed number per umbel, thousand seed weight, Grain yeild per plant, Biomass per plant, Harvest index per plant, Grain yield, Biomass and Harvest index traits were investigated. Data were analyzed using SAS and SPSS software and for Grouping of the population, the cluster analysis was performed by Ward’s method and factor analysis was done using the Variomax rotation method.

According to the results of analysis of variance, there were significant differences between the studied populations in terms of most traits include the largest basal leaf length, basal leaf number, plant height, umbel number per plant, fertile umbel number per plant, unfertile umbel number per plant, umbellate number per umbel, grain number per umbel, 1000-seed weight, seed weight per plant, biomass per plant, harvest index per plant, grain yield, biomass and harvest index. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were high for most of the traits which indicated the high diversity of these traits in the studied populations. The heritability in broad-sense of the traits largest basal leaf length, basal leaf number, plant height, umbel number per plant, fertile umbel number per plant, umbellate number per umbel, seed number per umbel, 1000-seed weight, seed weight per plant, biomass per plant, harvest index per plant, grain yield, biomass and harvest index were high, which makes the response to the selection of these traits expected in breeding programs. Cluster analysis classified 20 studied populations into five groups.

According to the results, the Kermanshah population had the highest grain yield in two years. The higher yield of this populaion was due to having the highest number of umbels per plant, number of fertile umbels, number of umbels per umbel and weight of 1000 seeds. Also, the traits of the length of the longest basal leaf, the number of basal leaves, the number of umbels per plant, the number of fertile umbels per plant, the number of umbels per umbel, the number of seeds per umbel, the weight of 1000 seeds, the yield of seeds per plant, the biomass of a single plant, the harvest index of a single plant, seed yield, biomass and harvest index had high heritability, which indicates the high role of genetic factors and the low influence of environmental factors on the control of these traits.

Barley (Hordeum  vulgare L.) is among the most important cereal crops and  large portions of human  populations in many  parts of the world depend on them  as a source of food and animal feed. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses which affects yield and yield components of plants significantly which plants respond and adapt to drought stress by means of various morphological, biochemical and physiological changes. Nowadays Biochar has been employed for scientific and commercial usage as a soil amendment for improving the productivity of crops. Results of researchs showes that Biochar makes a great contribution in crop plant's growth. For instance investigations showed that drought stressed chickpea plants exhibited considerable reduction in uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous which was ameliorated by Biochar treatments. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are important cellular regulators involved in many growth, developmental and physiological processes. It was found that exogenous application of MeJA improved tolerance to drought, salinity, chilling (Rehman et al., 2018) and heavy metal  stresses in different plant species.

In order to investigation of the impacts of different levels of mineral biochar and methyl Jasmonate on growth, yield and yield components of spring barley under different levels of drought stress a factorial experiment in  randomized complete block design in pots in 5 replications was done in 2019-2020 at the experimental field of university of Zanjan. Reviewed factors included in three levels of drought stress (100% FC as the none stressed, 60% FC as the mild stress and 30% FC as the severe stress), biochar application before cultivation in three levels (without biochar, 1.5% and 3% of the soil weight) and foliar spraying of methyl Jasmonate in three levels (0, 75 and 150 μmol per liter Studied factors included  electrolyte leakage, proline and photosynthetic pigments concentration, water use efficiency, relative water content and economical yield.

Results showed a significant impact of used treats on most of the characteristics. All studied factors in this experiment including WUE, RWC, proline, EL, photosynthetic pigments and yield were affected by drought stress but 1.5% biochar  and 75 μmole per liter methyl Jasmonate resulted in enhancement of studied factors of stressed plants both in 60% of FC and in 30% of FC in comparison to untreated plants. But increasing in usage of these materials  didn’t have any positive impact on studied plants. The highest economical yield was obtained in normal irrigation circumstance with foliage application of 75 μmole per liter of methyl jasmonate and using 1.5% of biochar per soil weight and the lowest yield was obtained when we used 30% of field capacity in irrigation without using methyl jasmonate.

We can find out from these results that as a whole drought in middle and severe levels can be disastrous for both morphological and physiological characteristics of every plant which results in reduction in economical yield. But it's necessary to mention this point that using stress moderator  materials whether materials which are used in soil like Biochar or plant growth regulators like methyl Jasmonate which are known as the anti stress substances cause moderation in the catastrophic effects of drought stress which through enhancing some indexes like the relative water content and ameliorating of water use efficiency in comparison to untreated plants with these materials can diminish the severe impacts of stress and eventually through boosting economical yield can dwindle damages of drought. Nevertheless it's absolutely comprehensible from the results of the experiment that using too much of these materials not only do not have any positive effect on growth, physiological or biochemical indicators under drought stress but also can reduce these characteristics even to lower than their quantity in untreated plants.

In the last two decades, soil contamination with heavy metals has increased in many agricultural areas. Therefore, in order to investigate the interaction of mycorrhiza and putrescine on physiological characteristics, lead content, and yield of Lallemantia iberica under lead (Pb) stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in the Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan in 2018. Experiment consisted of Pb in four levels (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg Pb/kg soil) from the source of Pb(NO3)2, mycorrhiza at three levels (no inoculation, Funneliformis mosseae, and Rhizophagus intraradices), and putrescine in three levels (0, 0.5, and 1 mM). The results showed that among the Pb levels, 900 mg/kg caused the greatest decrease in the greenness index, relative water content, height, plant dry weight, root length, and grain yield, and increased electrolyte leakage, plant Pb concentration, colonization, and proline content. At all Pb levels, both fungi, especially F. mosseae, increased greenness index, relative water content, height, plant dry weight, root length, and yield, and decreased plant Pb concentration. At all Pb levels, the concentration of 0.5 mM putrescine decreased electrolyte leakage and plant Pb concentration, and increased proline content, plant dry weight, yield, and colonization. In all traits, putrescine had a synergistic effect with F. mosseae, but only 0.5 mM putrescine had a synergistic effect with R. intraradices. In general, the interaction of 0.5 mM putrescine with F. mosseae had an additive effect on plant growth, especially under Pb stress conditions.

In the last two decades, soil contamination with heavy metals, including lead (Pb), has been increasing. Pb is the most important heavy metal that has polluted the environment and caused symptoms of plant toxicity such as limiting root and shoot growth, blackening of the root system and decreasing photosynthesis and the quantity and quality of yield. In many agricultural areas of Iran, including Zanjan, the presence of heavy metals, especially Pb, is always associated with the growth stages of plants, including medicinal plants. Native medicinal plants of Iran, including Lallemantia iberica have an important role in the treatment and prevention of diseases. The seeds of this plant are reconstituent, stimulant, diuretic, and expectorant and have a high content of oil and omega-3 fatty acid alpha linolenic acid. The use of polyamines such as putrescine (Put) is one of the new strategies to reduce the harmful effects of environmental stresses such as heavy metals. Polyamines, as plant growth regulators, have a protective role against membrane damage and lipid peroxidation and are involved in regulating processes such as cell division, enzyme activity, vascular differentiation, flowering, fruit ripening, and root growth. Due to the contamination of agricultural soils near the industrial areas with heavy metals and the need for medicinal plants in the country, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of Put spraying on the growth and tolerance of L. iberica to Pb stress.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with six replications (three replications for grain yield and three replications for other traits) at the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Zanjan in February 2018. The experimental factors were Pb stress in four levels (control, 300, 600 and 900 mg Pb/kg soil) from the source of Pb(NO3)2 and Put in two levels (0, and 0.5 mM). The Pb amount in the test soil was measured at the beginning of the experiment and considered as control. The Put spraying was performed before flowering begins (with the observation of the first flower bud) during 2 steps (half concentration at the 10-leaf stage and the other half 7 days later to prevent Put accumulation). Greenness index, proline content, leaf area, leaf, stem, and capsule dry weight, total shoot dry weight, root length and dry weight, and tolerance index at the flowering stage and grain yield at the harvest stage were measured. Analysis of variance was done by using SAS (9.1) software. Mean comparison was performed by Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability level.

The main effects of Pb stress and Put spraying on all the traits were significant. The interaction effect between them on greenness index, proline content, leaf, stem, and capsule dry weight, total shoot dry weight, root length, tolerance index, and grain yield was significant while its effect on leaf area and root dry weight was not. Pb stress, especially at 900 mg concentrations, decreased leaf area, greenness index, leaf, stem, and capsule dry weight, total shoot dry weight, root length and dry weight, tolerance index, and grain yield and increased proline content. The highest grain yield and tolerance index was obtained in the non-added Pb. Within each four Pb levels, Put spraying had the maximum amount of measured traits than the non-Put. Growth restriction and improper development of the root system under Pb stress reduced water and nutrient uptake and subsequently affected chlorophyll and photosynthesis, thereby reducing leaf area, shoot growth and plant yield, which the positive and significant correlation of root length with total shoot dry weight, leaf area, and greenness index (r=0.87***, r=0.61**, and r=0.9***, respectively) confirms the above content. The positive role of the Put can be due to its effect on increasing cell division, which ultimately improves plant growth. Positive and high correlations of leaf area with grain yield (r=0.69***) and greenness index with grain yield (r=0.87***) confirm that any factor which increases leaf area enhances producing and storing assimilate in the plant, leading to increased grain yield.

Overall, measured traits affected by increasing Pb concentration in the soil, however, Put spraying had improvement effects on these traits and with an increasing root length, greenness index and leaf dry weight led to an increase in the tolerance index of L. iberica under Pb stress. Also, the highest grain yield was found in Put spraying under control. Therefore, given the crisis of the increasing concentration of heavy metals, especially Pb in the agricultural soils, Put application can be suggested to increase Pb tolerance in L. iberica and to use this plant in Pb-contaminated areas to restore lost vegetation.

In order to investigate of the effects of topic and granstar herbicides with codacide adjuvant to weeds control of wheat fields an experiment was carried outwith 13 treatment and 4 replication  in 2012-2013, in Karaj. Experiment factor were granstar herbicide 3 dose (14,17,20 g/ha), granstar herbicide (14,17,20 g/ha+0.25% V/V Codacide) and topic herbicide(0.6,0.8,1 lit/ha) and topic herbicide (0.6,0.8, 1 lit/ ha+ 0.25% V/V codacide). These treatments were used in tillering time. The result of this experiment indicated that Granstar 17 gr/ha+ 0.25% herbicide had the best of effect on weed control.

Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that affects the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of the plant and it has a major impact on agricultural production. The Moldavian balm is herbaceous that originated in middle Asia and about 66 compound are identified in this plant. Application of growth regulator lead to increases of plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stress and is involved as a strategy to prevents adverse effects of environmental stress. According to semi-sensitivity of dragonhead plant to drought condition, its medicinal importance as well as, its industrial widespread use, this study was conducted to evaluate dragonhead essential oil yield and its compound under drought condition and also, to evaluate physiological aspect of drought resistance. In order to investigate the effects of salicylic acid and cycocel on the gas exchange on Moldavian balm in drought stress condition research was conducted in the spring of 2014 and 2015 at research farm of agricultural college, Zanjan University. The experiment was laid out in split plot with two factors of moisture levels and growth regulators in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main factor is the moisture levels at two levels without stress (Complete irrigation until the end of the growth period), drought stress (Complete irrigation before start flowering and discontinuation of irrigation until the end of the growth period). Sub-substrate of different levels of salicylic acid (800 and 1600 μm), cycocel (600 and 1200 μm), and control (dissolve with distilled water), which applied for a single application before start flowering. The results of two-year combined analysis of variance showed that the interactions of the sampling stage in the year in moisture for leaf relative water content, canopy temperature, essential oil percent, essential oil yield, plant fresh weight and plant dry weight was significant at the 1% probability level. Mean interactions of growth regulator in during sampling stage showed the salicylic acid treatment (800 μM) at the end of flowering stage (H3B1) had the highest percentage of essential oil (0.37) and the lowest percentage of essential oil is related to the 600 micro molar (0.16) cycocel treatment at the flowering stage (H1B2). The percentage of essential oil in the start flowering stages, flowering and flowering ends is increasing, so that the highest percentage of essential oil is associated with the flowering ends stage. Under stress conditions, the essential oil yield is reduced. Cycocel treatments 1200 micro molar it was caused by increased root growth and increased water absorption from the depths of the soil the plant has more essential oil than other treatments. In drought stress conditions, essential oil yield decreased and essential oil percentage increased. Also, by applying drought stress, the water status of the plant changes significantly and the relative water content of the leaves decreases. According to the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that drought stress reduced the yield and essential oil percentage of the Moldavian balm.The use of salicylic acid in conditions of drought stress compared to cycocel increases the yield and essential oil percentage.

The Moldavian balm is herbaceous that originated in middle Asia and about 66 compound are identified in this plant. Application of growth regulator lead to increases of plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stress and is involved as a strategy to prevents adverse effects of environmental stress. According to semi-sensitivity of dragonhead plant to drought condition, its medicinal importance as well as, its industrial widespread use, this study was conducted to evaluate dragonhead essential oil yield and its compound under drought condition and also, to evaluate physiological aspect of drought resistance. In order to investigate the effects of salicylic acid and cycocel on the gas exchange on dragonhead in drought stress conditions a research was conducted in the spring of 2014 and 2015 at research farm of agricultural college, Zanjan University. The experiment was split plot with two factors of moisture levels and growth regulators in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main factor is the moisture levels at two levels without stress (Complete irrigation until the end of the growth period), drought stress (Complete irrigation before start flowering and discontinuation of irrigation until the end of the growth period). Sub-substrate of different levels of salicylic acid (800 and 1600 μm), cycocel (600 and 1200 μm), and control (dissolve with distilled water), which applied for a single application time for 10 days before start flowering. The results showed that the interactions of the sampling stage in the year in hormone in moisture for intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis water use efficiency at probability level of 1%, it was quite significant. Intercellular CO2 concentration at the start flowering, full flowering and the end of flowering has a growing trend. And the rate of transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and photosynthesis water use efficiency are decreasing. Cycocel treatment (600 μm) at the end of flowering stage increased intercellular CO2 concentration compared to other treatments. Salicylic acid (800 μm) treatment increased transpiration, stomatal conduction and photosynthesis compared to other treatments. The results of this study showed that with the application of drought stress, the gas exchange of the plant will change meaningfully. By closing the stomata, stomatal resistance increases and intercellular CO2 concentration increases and leads to a decrease in photosynthesis rate Reducing transpiration in drought stress is due to stomatal closure and stomatal conductance reduction. So that with intensity of draught stress, transpiration was decreased. The results showed that salicylic acid treatment can increase chlorophyll content by reducing the Chlorophyllase enzyme and increase the rate of photosynthesis and through increased stomatal conductance increases transpiration and it mitigates the negative effects of drought stress.The rate of photosynthesis had a decreasing trend from the start flowering, full flowering and flowering end. Salicylic acid treatment is likely to increase photosynthesis in the plant by increasing the leaf area, increasing chlorophyll content, preventing biosynthesis of ethylene and reducing the chlorophyllase enzyme. Cycocel treatments through increase stomatal resistance and stomatal conductance reduction, thereby reducing transpiration and decreasing the rate of photosynthesis, resulting in increased photosynthetic water use efficiency.

The dragonhead plant is herbaceous that originated in middle Asia and about 66 compound are identified in this plant which the most important compounds are Geranyl acetate, Geranial, Geraniol and Nearl. Application of growth regulator lead to increases of plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stress and is involved as a strategy to prevents adverse effects of environmental stress. According to semi-sensitivity of dragonhead plant to drought condition, its medicinal importance as well as, its industrial widespread use, this study was conducted to evaluate dragonhead essential oil yield and its compound under drought condition and also, to evaluate physiological aspect of drought resistance.
Material and A split plot experiment with two factors moisture levels (normal and stress) and hormone treatment (control, 600 and 1200 µm cycocel and 800 and 1600 µm salicylic acid) was conducted in based of completely randomized block design with four repeats. Two moisture regimes (normal and drought stress) were main factors. In drought stress, plants were irrigated before flowering stage and after that irrigation was stopped in drought stress treatment until end of experiment. Different levels of salicylic acid (800 and 1600 µm) and cycocel (600 and 1200 µm) and control were sub factors which was applied once, two days before drought treatment.
Findings :Membrane stability was negatively correlated to essential oil yield and chlorophyll content index and positively correlated to proline content. In normal condition, there were differences between hormone levels and essential oil yield, so that treatment with salicylic acid 1600 µM lead to highest amount of essential oil yield and treatment with cycocel 1200 µM had no effects on essential oil yield in comparison with untreated plants, moreover treatment with salicylic acid 800 µM and cycocel 600 µM adversely affect essential oil yield than untreated plants. The analysis of essential oil under stress conditions showed that most of the decomposed compounds under these conditions were less than that control and none of the growth regulators have not been able to increase the amount of compounds that have been reduced in stress conditions. Unlike other compounds Geraniol Influenced by growth regulators in stress conditions there was a significant increase compared to the control and Geranyl acetate Was increased influenced by Cycocele 1200 µm and Salicylic acid 1600 µm. And for compounds Neral and Geranial in stress conditions for all levels of growth regulators observation was not found.Under drought condition, Geraniol was significantly increased by application of all hormones treatment than untreated plants while Geranyl acetate was significantly increased only by application of salicylic acid 1600 µM and cycocel 1200 µM.
The results of this research showed that by increasing the amount of proline, which is a positive reaction to drought stress the percentage of essential oil also increases. Correlation results revealed that Essential oil yield has a positive and significant relationship with chlorophyll content index and with membrane stability has a negative and significant relationship. This indicates that Essential oil yield has a positive relationship with the plant's greenness. That is, the plant has the more leaves and limiting conditions affect the plant less the plant will have a higher essential oil yield. Under stress conditions, there is no difference between levels of growth regulators but there are differences between levels of growth regulators in normal conditions for essential oil yield. So that salicylic acid 1600 had the highest essential oil yield. Analysis of essential oil under drought condition indicated that, the most of compounds had higher content under normal condition and any hormonal treatment compensated this decrease. In contrast, Geraniol significantly increased by hormonal treatments under drought than normal condition; thus it could by concluded that in drought condition, application of higher dose of hormones will increase essential oil compounds.

Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses which impact on morphological, physiological and biochemical process of plant and have major effects on agricultural productions. Application of plant growth regulators like salicylic acid as growth stimulator and cycocel as growth inhibitor effect on different growth process and influence on increases of drought tolerance. In order to study the effect of growth regulators, cycocel and salicylic acid on physiological changes and essential oil at dragonhead in drought stress condition in the research field of Zanjan University.
Material and A split plot experiment with two factors irrigation (normal and water stress) and growth regulators treatment (control, 600 and 1200 µm cycocel and 800 and 1600 µm salicylic acid) was conducted in based of completely randomized block design with four replications. Two moisture regimes (normal and drought stress) were main factors. In drought stress, plants were irrigated before flowering stage and after that irrigation was stopped in drought stress treatment until end of experiment. Different levels of salicylic acid (800 and 1600 µm) and cycocel (600 and 1200 µm) and control were sub factors which was applied once, two days before drought treatment.
Findings: Interaction of moisture in growth regulators in year for treats transpiration, stomatal conduct, photosynthesis, mesophyll conduct and photosynthesis water use efficiency was significant, but treats of relative water content, essential oil percent, essential oil yield and sub-stomatal CO2 concentration was not significant. Mean compression of interaction of growth regulators in moisture for essential oil yield indicated that there is no significant differences between growth regulators treatment in drought stress, but in normal condition it had significant impact, so that the highest essential oil yield obtained at 1600 µm salicylic acid. A negative and significant correlation between essential oil percent with transpiration, stomatal conduct and photosynthesis rate and also exist a positive and significant correlation with photosynthesis water use efficiency.
Results of this experiment showed that drought stress reduced physiological traits include, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and also it significantly changed plant water status and decreased relative water content. Drought stress decreased essential oil present and essential oil yield. So that even the use of growth regulators that used in this experiment were unable to compensate for this decrease. So it can be concluded that in drought stress conditions due to decreased chlorophyll and greenness plant and also reduced leaf area in dragonhead the essential oil is reduced

In order to investigate the effect of codacide adjuvant on the efficacy of clodinafop propargyl and tribenuron methyl, a field experiment was carried out on wheat at the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection in Alborz province during 2013-2014 growing season. Treatments included tribenuron methyl at three doses (10.5, 12.75 and 15 g a.i. ha-1), tribenuron methyl at three doses (10.5, 12.75 and 15 g a.i. ha-1) 0.25% V/V codacide, clodinafop propargyl at three doses (0.048, 0.064 and 0.08 L a.i. ha-1), clodinafop propargyl at three doses (0.048, 0.064 and 0.08 L a.i. ha-1) 0.25% V/V codacide, and weed-free control. Herbicides were sprayed at tillering stage of wheat. Results showed that clodinafop propargyl at 0.08 L a.i. ha-1 performed better regarding grass weed control and application of codacide adjuvant with this herbicide increased its efficacy. Application of tribenuron methyl (12.75 g a.i. ha-1) codacide resulted in highest reductions in broad-leaved weed density and dry matter (95% and 93%, respectively), which was not significantly different with weed-free control. Wheat biological yield (3275 kg ha-1), grain yield (2200 kg ha-1) and the number of fertile spikelets/spike (6.26) were 22, 40 and 13% higher than the weed-infested control, respectively. The lowest yield among herbicide treatments belonged to tribenuron methyl (10.5 g a.i. ha-1) with harvest index of 34.04% and 36.50 fertile spikelets/spike.

Salinity is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and crop productivity. Therefore many studies had been done to minimize the stress effects caused by salinity in agriculture and plant physiology. To access the effect of methyl jasmonate and salinity on peppermint, experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete design (CRD) with three replications. In this research, methyl jasmonate sprayed at three levels including, 0 (without spraying or control treatment), 60 and 120 μM and also salt stress applied at four levels including 1.86, 5, 7.5 and 10 dS/m. The results showed that application of methyl jasmonate increased dry weights of roots and shoots, and thereby compensate weight loss induced by salt stress. Leaf chlorophyll (a, b and total chlorophylls) contents at salinity level of 5 dS/m significantly increased compared to control then decreased at higher levels of salinity. But application of 60 µM methyl jasmonate increased leaf chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll contents. Proline and soluble sugars contents in plant shoots increased under salt stress. Also, the concentration of 60 µM methyl jasmonate incremented shoot soluble sugars and proline contents in compared to controls.

The soil nitrogen content with impact on weed seed dormancy breaking can change their seedling emergence pattern. A trial was carried out in 2014 to predict seedling emergence of Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Echinocloa cruss-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus andConvolvulus arvensis, and to evaluate the impact of soil nitrogen content (Control with 0.07% nitrogen, adding 50 and 100 kg N.ha-1) on seedling emergence pattern in Moldavian balm. The experimental design was randomized complete block design. Weed seedlings were counted and removed on a weekly basis throughout the season. The data were converted to percent of cumulative emergence and percentage of cumulative emergence values was compared with thermal time using Gompertz modified functions. The all species showed different emergence patterns and thermal time required for the onset of emergence. The results also showed that the emergence patterns of Chenopodium and Convolvulus not affected by nitrogen treatments. However, soil nitrogen content significantly changed emergence patterns of A. retroflexus, E. cruss-galli and X. strumarium. According to our model, A. retroflexus, E. cruss-galli and X. strumarium emergence, respectively, started at 237, 96 and 63 TT with 50 kg additional nitrogen.ha-1, while the respective value in control were 340, 117 and 135, respectively. Due to influence of soil nitrogen on emergence pattern of A. retroflexus, E. cruss-galli and X. strumarium, soil nitrogen content should be considered as an important parameter in the modeling of these weed seedling emergence.

In order to investigate the effective traits on yield of saffron ecotypes, a study was carried out as a split plot in time based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Zanjan University during the growing seasons of 2013-2015. Eighteen saffron ecotypes were studied in this experiment. The traits of number of flowers, fresh weight of flowers, fresh weight of stigma, dry weight of flowers, dry weight of stigma, stigma length and dry stigma yield of saffron were measured. The results indicated that there were significant differences among all studied traits of ecotypes except for stigma length. The correlation matrix revealed that the number of flower and dry weight of stigma had a positive and highly significant correlation with dry stigma yield (r= 0.99 and 0.70, respectively). Analysis of stepwise regression and path analysis showed that the traits of number of flowers, dry weight of stigma and dry weight of flowers were the most effective traits on dry stigma yield. Therefore, these traits can be used to achieve a higher stigma yield.

Drought stress is one of the most important and most common environmental stresses that limit plant growth. Photosynthesis is the main determinant of plant growth and its retention ability under environmental stress condition is important for preservation of growth stability. To study the effect of spraying CCC on photosynthesis activity and essential oil content on ''Foeniculum vulgare''، an experiment was done in split plot design based on complete block with four replications in research field of University of Zanjan in 2011. Levels of drought stress included، control، soft stress (when 30% of available water was out of soil)، severe stress (when 90% of available water was out of soil)، and three concentration of CCC 0، 1500 and 3000 mg/L. The results showed that between rates foliar application on physiologic characteristics as photosynthesis rate، transpiration severity، RWC and TΔ intercellular (Ci)، stomata conductivity، mesophyll conductivity and essential oil content was significant. By spraying 3000 mg/L CCC، balanced the plant position against drought stress and could reduce negative effect. Foliar application of CCC caused significant increase in photosynthesis rate، mesophyll conductivity and significant decrease stomata conductivity، transpiration severity under drought stress and could increase essential oil content under soft stress. In this study، foliar application of CCC to content 3000 mg/L had the highest effect on this characters.

Drought stress is one of the most important and most common environmental stresses that limit plant growth in the face. In this path، photosynthesis is main determinant for plant growth and retention ability at environmental stresses is important for preservation of growth stability. for study of the role of stomatal and nonstomatal factors on photosynthesis in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius cv. Sina) in Miyaneh region. A factorial experiment with randomized complete block design (RCDB) and three replications were applied. That at it foliar application of atrazine as a antitranspirant were at 3 phenological stage (steming، flowering and seed filling stages). The antitranspirant application rates were 0 (control)، 80، 120 and 160 gr. ha-1. By the results of analysis of varians (ANOVA) showed that between rates foliar application at all times on physiologic charactristics as photosynthesis rate، transpiration severity، intercellular (Ci)، stomata conductivity، mesophyll conductivity and relative water content (RWC) was significant. This in study foliar application of Atrazine to content 120 gr. ha-1 in flowering time had highest effect on this characters except RWC. The highest RWC were obtained at 120 (gr. ha-1) in steming time. Between rates foliar application of Atrazine than photosynthesis water use efficiency (PWUE) were significant as highest PWUE were obtained at 120 gr. ha-1. Evaluation of characteristic''s correlation showed that there were a positive and significant correlation was found between photosynthesis with characteristics such as transpirant rate، mesophyll conductivity، Ci and stomata conductivity.

In order to possibility of improving physiological traits, yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius cv. sina) by anti-transpiration application in rainfed condition, a research was carried out in factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCDB) with three replications in Miyaneh region (East Azarbaijan province - Iran) in 2011. The treatments antitranspirant rate were zero (control), 80, 120 and 160 g a.i.ha-1. The antitranspirant application time was at elongation, flowering and seed filling stages. The results showed that there were significant differences between treatments in all studied traits. Applying atrazine at 80 and 120 g a.i.ha-1 specially in flowering stage by providing plant favorite conditions such as reducing canopy temperature, increasing photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, improved yield and yield components comparing to rainfed stressed condition. Applying atrazine at 160 g a.i.ha-1 did not improve growth but acted as a growth inhibitor. The highest and lowest number of prolific capitol, number of seed in capitol and also grain yield were obtained at 120 g a.i.ha-1 in flowering time and 160 g a.i.ha-1 in elongation time, respectively.