chimeh

Pregnancy affects women’s sexual function. Although previous studies have introduced various factors affecting sexual function, but few studies have examined the prognostic factors on sexual dysfunction during pregnancy. These factors are influenced by cultural issues of each society. This study aimed to determine the prognostic factors of sexual dysfunction in selected pregnant women in Tehran City, Iran. This descriptive analytical study was conducted on 250 pregnant women in Tehran selected using convenience sampling method. The data collection instrument consisted of a questionnaire for individual and midwifery information, female sexual function index, Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire (short version), female sexual distress scale, and prenatal distress questionnaire. The data were analyzed via SPSS software using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and linear regression (Enter method) statistical tests. The significance level was considered to be less than 0.05. The mean (standard deviation) of sexual function score was 22.27 (9.73), and the majority of pregnant women (72%) had sexual dysfunction. Among the areas of sexual function, women had the highest rates of sexual dysfunction in the area of “pain”. The duration of marriage, prenatal distress, and sexual distress were significantly predictive factors of sexual dysfunction in pregnant women (P < 0.05). The duration of marriage, prenatal distress, and sexual distress significantly predicted sexual dysfunction in pregnant women. Knowing these factors is an important achievement for better prenatal care and designing interventional studies to improve sexual health during pregnancy.

Missed nursing care is a significant problem in care units in hospitals. Teamwork is an important element in assuring patient safety and quality of care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between missed nursing care and teamwork. This study includes 196 nurses from 11 care units, including intensive, general, rehabilitation, and medical-surgical care units in a military hospital in Tehran. Sampling was done using the census method. Data were collected using standard questionnaires formissed nursing care and teamwork. Regarding nurses, average teamwork among nurses and the average amount of missed nursing care is significantly different in intensive, general, rehabilitation, and medical-surgical care units (P < 0.05). The results of correlation analysis indicate that there is a reverse significant relationship among missed nursing care with teamwork and its subscales– including mutual trust, team orientation, backup, shared mental models, and team leadership (P < 0.05). The estimated regression, considering the personality traits of the nurses, indicates that in effective teamwork explains 12.6% of missed nursing care. Additionally, with more teamwork, the less missed nursing care is reported. The results of this study show that care units require investment to increase teamwork among nurses. When there is more teamwork, less missed nursing care has been reported.

Given the key role of adequate, skilled, well-trained, and motivated Human Resources for Health (HRH) in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC), this manuscript investigates the current situation of Iran HRH after the implementation of the recent Health Transformation Plan (HTP) in accordance with UHC analytical framework and by using four domains of availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality. We conclude that, Conflicts of interest and multiple interventions from different sectors have controversial and sometimes negative effects on the health workforce. In order to achieve the objectives of UHC from the perspective of human resources, Iran needs unified governance and comprehensive planning in this criterion. Also the effects of health system interventions on health workforce before implementation should be assessing.

The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of training of Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) to the mothers of autistic children on family functioning. Statistical popula-tion included all mothers of autistic children in Tehran.Twenty mothers selected as study sample by means of non-convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two control and experimental groups. Research design was pretest- post-test design with control group and follow-up. The experimental group was trained PRT for three months. Parents’ self-efficacy questionnaire, parental stress scale, family functioning and family satisfaction scale in this study were used as instruments for mea-suring family functioning. Results showed that training of PRT was significant to reduce maternal stress, increase self-efficacy and family func-tioning (p<0.05) and of no significant effect was observed in family satis-faction scale. PRT training was proved as effective in reducing stress and increasing self-efficacy and family functioning. It is recommended that this training, along with conventional methods in the field of autism benefited mothers because it could improvement family functioning.

In this paper the apparent velocity regulation system has been studied and simulated. The objective of this system is to adjust the missile’s fight velocity with the predetermined value, in specified time steps. In fact the apparent velocity regulation system calculates and changes the thrust of the engine (pressure of the combustion chamber) in order to accomplish the desired fight velocity. For this purpose, a dynamic simulation for the propulsion system and also the missile’s flight has been developed. After analyzing the results, it is revealed that using the apparent velocity regulation system; the flight’s range accuracy will be improved dramatically. Comparing two similar missiles, with a same disturbance; one equipped with the apparent velocity regulation system and the other not, revealed that using such a controlling system will keep the accuracy of the target hitting within 200 meters while in the absence of it, the error would be more than 1.5 kilometers.

The aim of this study is to compare family function and expressed emotion in families with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and schizophrenic patients. Statistical population is families of patients with RA and schizophrenia in Loghman and Taleghani hospitals in Tehran from June to November 2010.Samples were selected through ac-cessible sampling and consist of 82 families with RA patients and 80 families with schizophrenic patients. In order to assess family function and expressed emotion, caregivers were asked to complete the Family Asse-ssment Device (FAD) and the Family Questionnaire (FQ). One sample t-test, independent-sample t-test and MA-NOVA were applied to analyze the collected data. Results show that family function and expressed emo-tion were significantly different in families of RA and schizophrenic patients. General family function, pro-blem solving, emotional responsiven-ess and emotional over-involvement had higher means in schizophrenic patient's families than RA patient's families. But differences in commu-nication, roles and behavior control were not significant. Also means of expressed emotion in criticism and emotional over-involvement dime-nsions are higher in families with schizophrenic patients than families with RA patients. Family functions in both groups of families were inefficient. Families with schizoph-renic patients indicate more dysfu-nctions and problems in domains of problem solving, emotional respo-nsiveness and emotional involvement in comparison with families with RA patients. Furthermore, criticism and emotional over-involvement patterns are used more in families with schizophrenic patients compared with families with RA patients.

The present research aims to examine the effectiveness of two kinds of case management inter-vention (a health worker and a family member of a Schizophrenic patient). The design of this study was quasi-experimental. 176 schizophrenic patients received case management interventions in two groups: family members and health workers. Before and after the interventions، the Wis-consin Quality of Questionnaire was completed by the participants. No difference in the sub-scale of quality of life questionnaire was observed between the two groups. However، in some subscales، like symptoms of disease، economic status and satisfaction، the family member intervention showed a higher score. Community- based intervention and case management improves the quality of life in both groups. Case management could be achieved successfully by family members of Schizophrenic patients who have a high-school diploma، which consequently may result in saving money and resources.

The study was designed to compare parenting stress between mothers with autistic children and the normal group. 90 mothers (45 of autistic children and 45 of normal children), were selected through available sampling; they were matched based on education, child age and socioeconomic status. Then they were assessed by PSI and data was analyzed by MANOVA.Results indicated that mothers of au-tistic children have more parental stress (in both parenting and child domains).Also they experienced too many stre-sses related to child, parent, and co-munity due to unknown etiology of autism, child problems, worry about problem endurance, lack of acceptance by community and even acceptance by other members of family and failure to achieve social support.

Case management is one of the mo-st effective services for schizophrenic patients and their families. This study conducted by a non-randomized and double blind interventional method to compare two models of case manag-ement. One hundred and seventeen schizophrenic patients received home-visit services by two trained groups of case managers: mental health workers as case manager and consumers’ family members as case manager.The instruments were “General Health Questionnaire-28” (GHQ-28), “Family Experience Interview Schedule” (FEIS), and “Caregivers Knowledge Questionnaire” to assess caregiver mental health, burden and knowledge before and after intervention.There was no significant difference between the two groups and they were both effective so we can use nonp-rofessional and trained case manager to develop mental health services for schizophrenic patients.

Considering the difficulties in diagnosing bipolar disorder in clinical practice and lack of needed screening instruments in Persian language, the present study aimed at assessing sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for the Persian Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale. The study was conducted in a university-affiliated hospital in Tehran, Iran, in a sample of 181 consecutive outpatients aged 18 – 65 years. The used instruments were the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders, the Persian Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale, the Persian Mood Disorder Questionnaire, and the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder. Most patients were males (58%) and had bipolar I disorder (57%). Other bipolar disorders and major depressive disorder were diagnosed as 5.5% and 21%, respectively. Test-retest of the Persian Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale and Mood Disorder Questionnaire demonstrated a good reliability for both. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the Persian Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale at the score of 14, were 0.52, 0.79, 0.81, and 0.49, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the parallel application of the Persian Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale and Mood Disorder Questionnaire were 0.76 and 0.67, respectively. The Persian Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale and Mood Disorder Questionnaire are useful in screening patients with bipolar disorder in clinical psychiatric settings. Parallel use of both tests seems more effective than either alone.

Deinstitutionalization of psychiatric patients is a problem for their families and lead to burden and psychiatric disorders in caregivers. This study conducted in 117 schizophrenic patie-nts and their families to assess relationship betweencaregivers burden and patients’ psychopathology (posit-ive and negative symptoms), patients’ living skills, family knowledge and demographic factors. The instruments were General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), Family Experience Inter-view Schedule (FEIS), Allen’s cogni-tive level test and Positive and Nega-tive Symptoms Scale (PANSS). There was a significant relation bet-ween patients’ psychopathology and living skills with caregivers’ burden but no significant effect for family knowledge and duration of disorder. Results suggest that living skills and having rehabilitation resources are us-eful for families and patients.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the coping strategies used by parents of children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). Par-ents of 43 children with PDD were selected through random sampling method and matched on age, educa-tion, and sex of children as well. A control group of 43 parents of child-ren without documented physiologi- cal/psychological problems were sele- cted using simple sampling method from two districts of Tehran (2 & 6).All participants were asked to fill in the Coping Responses Inventory (Bill-ings & Moos, 1981). This inventory measures 5 types of coping strategies including appraisal-focused coping (5- items), problem-focused coping (3 ite-ms), emotion-focused coping (11 ite-ms), somatic-focused coping (9 items) and social support focused coping (4 items). The test-retest reliability coeff-icient of this inventory is 0.80. Also the reliability of each subscale of this inventory is 0.90 for problem-focused coping, 0.60 for emotion-focused cop-ing, 0.68 for appraisal-focused coping, 0.90 for somatic-focused coping and 0.90 for social support focused coping. Statistical analyses showed that moth-ers of children with PDD tend to use more somatic-focused coping strategi-es. There were no other differences between the two groups. In both grou-ps, father used more appraisal-focused and problem-focused coping strategi-es, but mothers were somatic-focused and emotion-focused.

Autism disorder with a prevalence of 5 cases per 10,000 is very stressful for parents. This study evaluates psychol-ogical needs of mothers of autistic children. Thirteen mothers from two rehabilitation and education center for autistic children were interviewed. Answers were coded and organized.Almost all of them reacted to disorder with denial, confusion, anger and depression.Some of the mothers due to presence of psysical and behavioral problems, or having similar cases in relatives, reacted more adaptive.They believed eduction and support by doctors who diagnose the disorder could decrease their suffereing.They also reported some other stresses such as stigmatization, blaming moth-ers as being responsible for disorder, comparing affected child with others, and ambivalancy about efficacy for education and rehabilitation of their child which leads to problems in their family and social performance and depression. In conclusion, it seems that health care system staff would provide supplemental assurance and social support. Education and social support system are very important factors which might be helpful to these mothers.

This study investigated the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction / performance anxiety type. Five male patients and their wives participated in a single case experiment with multiple baseline design for 9-11 sessions over a 2-3 month period. The subjects were selected using con- venience sampling. Following the establishment of baselines for the dependent variables, they entered the treatment program in order. Improvement index for each variable was considered to be a fall in the curve during treatment period. The instruments used in the study included clinical interview, Subjective Unit Distress (SUD) for assessing sexual anxiety, daily log sheet to record erection, Illogical Beliefs Inventory and Couple Motive Rating Scale. Cognitive-behavioral techniques were effective in decreasing sexual anxiety and mala- daptive beliefs, and increasing erection time. Cognitive-behavioral techniques are effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunc- tion / performance anxiety type.

Background and Ône of the prevalent psychological disorders mainly occuring at the end of adulescence and beginning of younghood is eating disorder. Their prevalence has been estimated to be about 4%. These disorders have different important complications such as, malnutrition and growth disorders. Studies have indicated that abnormal eating attitudes are predisposing of these disorders. Several epidemiologic studies show wide variation in prevalence of these abnormal attitudes and their influencing factors. Since determining of frequency distribution and the influencing factors have very important role in performing preventive plan, this study was necessary. Ïn this study, 1200 high school students have been studied regarding abnormal eating attitude, depression, anxiety and some other predisposing variables like Âge, sex, parents, education and profession, family size, place of residence, and body mass index(BMÏ). These students were selected by stratified random sampling method and evaluated by eating attitude test(ËÂT-26), spilberger anxiety test and beck depression test Âbnormal eating attitudes were found in 10.5% of the cases under study. Ïn a logistic regression model, depression status and BMÏ showed significant relation with abnormal eating attitudes. Severe and moderate depression were prevalent in persons with abnormal eating attitudes than in normal(42.4%. vs27.4%.).Ïn obese and too obese cases, abnormal eating attitudes were more prevalent than in normal people(31.8% & 16.7% vs. 511.1%.). Çonclusion: Prevalence of eating attitude disorders in this study is almost similar to the results of studies done in the other countries. Those with these abnormal attitudes, are more at the risk of developing psychological disorders, like depression, which can be serious in case of ignorance.