h. afshar

When the second primary molar is lost prematurely, permanent first molar displacement and mesial shift often occur. This is one of the most difficult cases to manage in pediatric dentistry. In these cases, using space maintainer that guides the first permanent molar to its natural position is indicated. In this article, we report the use of modified bilateral distal shoe in cases with premature bilateral loss of deciduous second molars.

Behavioral managment of young children and  mentally or physically handicapped children in dental clinic is one of the major challenges for dentists. Therefore hospital dental services(general anesthesia or sedation) is an effective solution for the treatment of these children, so we we decided to evaluate the oponions of parents of children who have had dental experience in hospital services. The results will lead to have better consultation with the parents of these children, to accept this type of treatment.

In this descriptive study, 64 parents of children with hospital dental experience were selected as the sample. The parents were selected from two centers, the first group were patients admitted from Kerman city and was treated in one of the hospitals of the city and the second group consisted of patients who were admitted from one of Tehranchr('39')s areas with high socioeconomic status and  they were treated at a hospital in Tehran. They were then interviewed and their statements recorded. Interviews were conducted from all stages of treatment, part to part, from the decision to treat the child until the end of the anesthesia phase. Subsequently, individualschr('39') statements were recorded and coded. And were evaluated based on content analysis.

The findings of this study indicated that the main cause of treatment in this study was dental caries (90% in the first group and 100% in the second group). Complications of anesthesia were the most common cause of  parentschr('39') concerns ( 80% in both groups) about anesthesia, with most (70%) reporting that these concerns were transmitted from  those people around them. Parents said consulting with a dentist and anesthesiologist has reduced their concerns and made them satisfied with dental treatment under general anesthesia. 18 percent of parents described child malaise as a post-treatment problem. 45 percent of parents found staff apprehension to be suitable and a useful tool in reducing their anxiety during practice.

The results showed that complications of anesthesia and non-awareness of the child, systemic disease of the child, probability of prolongation of operation during anesthesia, and possible injuries in the operating room were the most important causes of parental concern about anesthesia treatment, and increased awareness through consultation with the dentist and anesthesiologists are effective in reducing this concern. Therefore, since hospital dental services is one of the best therapeutic approaches for the treatment of young children and patients with mental and physical disabilities, it can be possible to reduce parental concern by raising awareness of the benefits and disadvantages of hospital dental treatment in society,to be aware of such treatment options.

One of the most important restorative methods in pediatric dentistry is the use of stainless steel crowns(ssc). Evaluation of the flexibility of existing crownsand whether the crowns that have more crimping ability are necessarily more flexible, was the basis of the present research.

In this in vitro study, 13 extracted intact maxillary second molars were mounted 1 mm lower than the CEJ and the appropriate crown size was selected from the 3M and MIB brands. Preparation of the teeth for ssc was performed by a pediatric dentist. Sufficient seating and retention of the crowns were evaluated. The photographs of crown margins were taken by a digital camera and crown circumference measured with the Auto Cad software. Then, the ZWICK machine measured the force required to place each of the crowns on the tooth. Using the proportionality between the measured force and the circumference of the margin of each crown, the level of force equilibrated in each crown was obtained and compared.

In 8 cases, the force applied to the crown and force to environment ratio in the case of 3M was higher than the MIB, and in 5 cases, 3M was less than the MIB. P-Value of difference of force to environment ratio, force difference and environmental difference between the two types of MIB and 3M crowns were calculated 0.113, 0.111 and 0.728, respectively, which were not statistically significant.

thecrowns that have more crimping ability are not necessarily more flexibleand the preparation is not different for the 3M and MIB crowns.

No previous study has examined the associations between egg consumption and prevalence of psychological disorders. To determine the association between egg consumption and depression in a large sample of Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3,172 adults in Isfahan, Iran. Egg consumption was assessed by using a validated, self-administrated, dish-based, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Iranian validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to screen for anxiety and depression. Also, the Iranian validated version of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) with 12-items was used to assess psychological distress. Depression, anxiety and psychological distress were defined according to the standard criteria. Mean age of study participants was 36.5±7.9. Depression, anxiety and psychological distress were prevalent among 28.4%, 13.6%, and 23% of the study participants, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, no significant association was observed between egg intake and depression (OR for comparing extreme quartiles: 1.08; 95% CIs: 0.80-1.45) and anxiety (OR: 0.79; 95% CIs: 0.54-1.16), as well as psychological distress (OR: 1.03; 95% CIs: 0.76-1.41) in the whole population. In men, significant positive associations were observed between egg intake and depression before controlling for BMI (OR: 1.68; 95% CIs: 1.01-2.80); however, the associations became non-significant after taking BMI into account (OR: 1.62; 95% CIs: 0.96-2.72). In individuals with higher than median fish intake, egg intake was positively associated withpsychological distress (OR: 2.07; 95% CIs: 1.00-4.28). We found no significant association between egg intake and psychological disorders. Further studies, in particular of prospective design, are warranted.
Conflict of interest: non declared

In this study, the fluid flow around a Pride vehicle was solved in a two-dimensional design using numerical methods. To do so, a two-dimensional figure of a Pride was modeled and gridded, and different surfaces were introduced. Then, governing equations the fluid flow was solved for the standard K-ε model and the appropriate boundary conditions. Areas that increased lift and drag forces were specified through studying the results and observing flow lines, pressure distribution, and vortices created around the automobile. In this way, the ideal height for different speeds was determined through examining the changes in those forces at different heights. In this study, the Pride was examined at different heights 80, 120, 160 (standard), 200, and 250 mm for the speeds 10, 20, 33, and 40 m/s. The results showed that lift and drag forces depended on the height of the automobile and changed at different heights

Greenhouse cucumber phyllody (GCP) is an economically important disease in Iran. Agent of GCP from Larestan (Fars province) was transmitted from greenhouse cucumber to periwinkle and eggplant using dodder inoculation. Agents of phyllody of greenhouse cucumber, petunia, rapeseed, and phytoplasmas associated with Macrosteles levis and Psammottetix striatus leafhoppers, all maintained and propagated in periwinkle, were graft transmitted to young periwinkle plants of the same age for symptomatological differentiation. On the basis of disease symptoms in periwinkle, GCP phytoplasma was not differentiated from Petunia phyllody (PP) phytoplasma but was differentiable from the other phytoplasma strains used in this study. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of P1/P7 primed PCR products showed that GCP phytoplasma is not differentiable from PP phytoplasma but different from phytoplasmas associated with rapeseed phyllody and those found in the leafhoppers. Sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses of 1800 bp of rRNA operon identified GCP phytoplasma as a member of peanut witche's broom phytoplasma group(16SrII). On the basis of the same molecular analyses GCP phytoplasma was differentiable from the Fars and Yazd alfalfa witche's broom phytoplasmas and the phytoplasma associated with lime witche's broom disease, the three economically important phytoplasma diseases in Iran, all from peanut witche's broom phytoplasma group. Greenhouse cucumber is reported for the first time as a new natural host for the peanut witche's broom phytoplasma group.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent functional disorders of the digestive system with unknown causes. Reasearches have indicated that there is a relationship between IBS and mood disorders. The aim of this study was evaluation of the relative frequency of major depression disorder and bipolar spectrum in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in comparison with control group.

This descriptive، cross- sectional study was performed on 137 patients who were referred to a digestive clinic in Isfahan Nour hospital and had digestive complains in accordance with known cases of IBS based on ROM III criteria. Also، a control group (without digestive problems) was selected that consisted of 137 individuals. The two groups filled out Beck and MDQ questionnaires for the purpose of diagnosis depression and bipolar disorders respectively.

Relative frequency of major depression disorder in IBS patients was 78 persons (57%) which، compared with 44 persons (32%) in the control group indicated a considerable significant difference (p<0. 001). Also، the relative frequency of bipolar disorders in the affected group was 30 persons (21. 9%) versus 10 persons in the control group (7. 3%) which، regarding p=0. 001، indicates a considerable difference.

Regarding the results obtained، there is a considerable relationship between irritable bowel syndrome and mood disorders. The results indicate that cooperation between gastroenterologists and psychiatrists is an essential need for managing the irritable bowel syndrome.

Drip irrigation that is applicable in row crops leads to decrease in water use, changes the environmental and humidity conditions of root and increases water productivity. In order to compare drip and furrow irrigation methods, a research was conducted in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorasan for two years
(2002-2003). Statistical design was split plot adopting complete randomized block with three replications. Main plots were amount of irrigation water, 50, 75 and 100 percent of crop water requirement, and sub plots were irrigation methods drip (tape) irrigation and furrow irrigation. The results, showed that crop yield was not significantly different in any of the treatments in the first year, but it was significantly different in irrigation methods in the second year. Yield in drio irrigation (2821.2 kgha-1) was 16% less than that in furrow irrigation (3755.8 kgha-1), but water use efficiency in drip irrigation was 61% more in furrow irrigation method. Yield components such as number of plants per square meter, number of bolls per plant, weight of boll and number of branches were not significantly different in two irrigation methods. Total water used (mean of 3 irrigation water) in drip and furrow irrigation methods were 7002.38, 11464.9 cubic meter per hectare, respectively. It was concluded that irrigation water in drip irrigation was 50.4 percent less than that in furrow irrigation. The most and the least water use efficiency were 0.34 kgm-3 in drip and 0.21 kgm-3 in furrow irrigation.

Acute mania is a psychiatric emergency state that often requires rapid management. There are many different therapeutic protocols for this emergent situation. One of them is combination of moodstabilizers and antipsychotics. Olanzapine which is now available in our country can be used for this purpose. Methods and Materials: In this study, we compared the effectiveness, rapidity of response and side effects of sodium valproate plus olanzapine (group I) with sodium valproate plus lithium (group II) in acutely manic or mixed bipolar patients. In this randomized, double blind, parallel group study, 44 acutely manic or mixed patients according to DSM IV-TR criteria were randomly assigned to receive combinations of sodium valproate (20mg/kg per day) with either olanzapine (5-15mg/day) or lithium (900mg/day) during a ten-day course. Efficacy was measured with Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Effectiveness measures included YMRS response (YMRS reduction ³ 50%) and YMRS remission (YMRS<=12). Data was entered in SPSS11 software program and analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Fisher exact test and Wilcoxon tests (P-values < 0.05 were significant).

Total number of patients were 44 (mean age 27.18±7.34), 21 in group I and 23 in group II. Response rate was 85.7% (18 patients) and 73.9% (17 patients) in group I and II, respectively with no significant differences between the two groups(P=0.33). Remission rate was 42.9 %(9 patients) and 43.5% (10 patients) in group I and II, respectively with no significant differences between two groups(P=0.97). The reduction in total scores in YMRS on the 2nd, 7th and 10th days of study were significant in both groups (P<0.05), but the rapidity of response was similar. The rates of adverse effects between two groups were not statistically significant.

Both combinations of drugs were effective in acutely manic or mixed patients. Both treatments were safe and well tolerated