hossein mohammadzadeh

Naming and choosing names are influenced by several factors. This research aimed to investigate the socio-historical contexts of the evolution of naming childrenin Saqqez during the last half century. The research method is a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes the names of children born between 1350 and 1400 in Saqqez based on the documents of the Civil Registry Office in Saqqez. According to the frequency of names,, 100 girls' names and 100 boys' names (200 names in total) from five decades have been selected. These names were categorized as Kurdish, Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Western names. The results of data analysis showed that the naming of children was influenced by historical and social developments and the media. In the last decade, Persian and Kurdish names have grown more than Arabic, Turkish and Western names. Also, the frequency of some Arabic names is decreasing and the variety of names in the society has increased. The developments in naming show that society tended towards pluralism in choosing names and choosing different and new names, to be attributed to the variety of names available to choose due to access to various media and internet sites, and the desire attributed to being different.

Investigating aquifers and determining the alluvial and karst aquifers interaction, especially in the border areas of the country, is very important. With geoelectrical methods (Vertical Electrical Sounding -VES), it is possible to determine the subsurface geological layering, aquifer layers, the depth to bedrock and the apparent resistivity (ρa) of the geological layers. In this paper, by performing 40 VES in the northern plain of Darghz Allah Akbar Heights (DAH), calculating the ρa of the layers and interpreting the geoelectrical sections, the aquifers up to the depth of 350 meters and the relationship between alluvial and Tirgan karstic aquifer (TKA) have been investigated. The results show the presence of alluvial aquifers up to 20 meters depth in the south, east and west of Chapeshlo, north and northwest of Daghdar and west of Dargaz industrial town, as well as the presence of deep karstic aquifers in the southeast of Chapeshlo, northeast of Sugandi, north of Gandab, and west of Daghdar. The changes in ρa and the depth to bedrock show that there is not much relationship between the alluvial and TKA. Considering the absence of highly discharged springs around DAH and the low thickness of the alluvial aquifer, it can be concluded that most groundwater of the TKA, except in limited places at the foot of the DAH (Cheholmir and Cherlaq areas) has little effect on feeding of alluvial aquifer of Daragaz southern plain, and due to the barrier function of the deeper fine-grained layers, the groundwater flow paths are towards the depths or Dorbadam and Shamkhal valleys.

The assessment of aquifer geometry is crucial to determine the thickness of the alluvium, to estimate the aquifer storage, to predict extractable groundwater, to optimize groundwater resource usage and to better manage aquifer. In this article, the geometry of the Mashhad – Chenaran aquifer and the changes in the volume of its saturated and unsaturated parts were investigated over a period of 30 years (1991-2021). To determine the geometry of the aquifer, digital zoning maps of different surfaces (including the aquifer surface, water table level, and bedrock surface) were prepared, and the aquifer thickness and the volume of the aquifer were estimated. According to the results, the volume reduction in the saturated part is about 42 BCMs over 30 years, as confirmed by decreasing trend of the aquifer unit-hydrograph. The maximum decrease in saturated volume accrued in the 2001 due to large withdrawals. However, in the 2011, the aquifer’s condition was improved. Although there was a slight reduction in the water level drop rate in some parts of the aquifer due to the infiltration of urban effluents and sewage, as well as supplied from the Doosti dam, the aquifer yield decreased due to compaction, which in turn reduced the specific yield of the aquifer materials.

Due to the complex hydrogeology of karst areas, the sealing of dams in such areas is more difficult, time-consuming and expensive, and the possibility of water leaksge is higher. After the dewatering of the Gharetikan dam and appearance of downstream springs and the leakage of water from the abutment of the Tirgan limestone formation, the possibility of karst development is considered to be the most important problem of this dam. In this article, the potential of karst development in the area and supports of the Gharetikan Dam has been studied by carrying out geological studies, structural geology and joint studies, geotechnical permeability and analysis hierarchy method (AHP).. The results show that about 14.6% of the ​​Gharetikan dam area has a high potential for karst development. The area of ​​Gharetikan dam area is affected by the Sarroud fault zone system, which has caused the collapse of the left side of the dam axis. The joint studies in the abutment of Gharetikan dam show three main types of joints. Two groups of joints are located at the intersection with the dam axis and the slope of the other group of joints is towards the dam basin. The investigating of Lugeon permeability tests in the dam construction shows that the highest permeability can be seen in the left abutment with turbulent flow, and then under the river bed with linear and turbulent flow, but there is no permeability in the right abutment. And the flow is mostly linear. According to the structural-conceptual model prepared from the location of the Gharetikan dam, to the location of the dam axis in the Sarroud fault system, and the amount opening and the slope direction of the joints in each station, it is expected that the amount of water leakage and escape and the possibility of karst development from the left side and the bed of the dam will be more than the right side of the dam.

Nowdays, many dams are building in karstic areas, and usually due to the complex hydrogeology of karst areas, the sealing of these dams are more difficult, longer and expensive than other dams, and the possibility of water leakage from them is higher. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the role of karst development in the dams’ sites. The Abivard dam is an earthen type with a clay core, with a height of 51 m and a lake volume of 43 MCM, near Ilanjogh village. The emergence of downstream springs in calcareousness Kalat formation, after temporary dewatering of Abivard dam, the development of karst due to the outflow of water is considered as the most important problem of the dam. In this article, the development of karst in the area and dam site were investigated by carrying out the geological, structural geology, geotechnical permeability and analysis hierarchy process (AHP) studies. The results show that about 2.4 % of the the Abivard dam area (680 km2) has a high potential of karst development and there is water leakage and water escape from the Kalat formation on the right hand side and in under the dam, but still karst is not well developed. According to the prepared structural-conceptual model for the dam and the location of the dam reservoir relative to the Kalat formation layering slope, which is parallel to the sothern limb of Abivard syncline, there is a possibility of karst development in the dam site.

The facilities allocated to agricultural projects can play a key role in the sustainable development of agriculture if they are subjected to a detailed economic, social and environmental assessment. The purpose of the research was to provide a framework for evaluating the sustainability of agricultural projects applying for the Agricultural Bank facilities. The statistical population included the faculties and facility experts of the Agricultural Bank. Using a targeted sampling, 30 people were selected includes: 15 university faculties with expertised in sustainable agriculture and 15 facilites experts in the supervision and various branches of the Agricultural Bank of West Azarbaijan Province. The analytical hierarchical process method was used with two scenarios of experts and faculties. In order to identify and weight the sustainability criteria and sub-criteria of agricultural projects, a questionnaire tool was used. Also, three selected agricultural projects were considered for sustainability evaluation. Based on the results, the inconsistency rate (CR) value for both faculties and experts was calculated as 0.00, which was less than 0.1, so the consistency of the results was confirmed. A combined economic, social and environmental index was introduced to evaluate the alignment of agricultural projects with sustainable development. The results indicated that university faculties prioritize environmental issues in the evaluation of projects, while experts consider economic issues to be more important. In both scenarios the project's financial resources, social capital and water consumption from the economic, social and environmental aspects had the most weights in the evaluation of agricultural sustainability. In addition, the greenhouse banana project is the first priority of sustainability and the projects of growing rose cut flowers and hydroponic cucumbers were in the next ranks, respectively. Therefore, if the allocation of facilities is done in the same order and share, it will have the least negative economic, social and environmental effects.

Contrary to the common wisdom that traces the origin of environmental movements to the urban middle class, the existing empirical findings imply that such an account of environmentalism fails to provide a further approach. Environmental movements may emerge from non-urban settings or within different social classes and groups beyond the middle class. Since the state’s marginalizing structure and capital provoke environmental damage in peripheral regions, the social groups living there have been also put in jeopardy. In this respect, it is not coincidence that these peripheral settings are at the core of a variety of environmental movements, which are intricately linked to life and politics. This article, by reviewing the empirical research on environmental movements in Iran, shows that the majority of existing studies focus on the large cities in Iran. As they fall into the mainstream approach to environmental movements, their outcomes remain limited in understanding the inquiries on environmentalism in the periphery of Iran. Even if few studies provide some pertinent results to this research, they lack a conceptual framework to describe environmentalism in the periphery, which is at the hub of this paper. Through the consolidated reading of "center-periphery," "subaltern environmentalism," and "new social movement" theories, some key notions such as "internal colonialism," "subaltern environmentalism," "eco-nationalism," "internal mode of action," and "external mode of action" are then introduced and articulated in a speculative manner, drawing on Althusser's "overdetermination" approach.

The prevalence of COVID-19 causes many environmental problems, including increased medical waste and household waste, increased detergent consumption, reduced waste recycling and pollution of surface and groundwater resources through the entry of contaminated wastewater and leachate transfer, as well as increasing demand and water consumption in the household sector. COVID-19 virus RNA is found in feces, urine and sewage in different parts of the world, and in fact, hospital sewage, especially infectious disease units, contains the pandemic COVID-19 virus. Therefore, the study of this virus in wastewater is necessary to protect the quality of water resources. This study is based on a review of more than 200 published scientific literatures (articles, books, reports, valid scientific sites, etc.) in relation to the coronavirus. For this purpose, keywords such as "coronavirus contamination of water and wastewater resources", "environmental effects of coronavirus", "effects of physico-chemical indicators of wastewater on coronavirus survival" and "number of infected and deaths due to Coronavirus" have been used and downloaded through electronic tools from Springer, PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar databases. In addition, data on the amount of water consumption in different parts (residential and non-residential) of Mashhad city, and the concentration of physicochemical parameters (such as temperature (T), pH, suspended solids, total solids (Ammonia, etc.) of wastewater, related to Khin Arab and Parkandabad treatment plants in Mashhad, has been obtained from Mashhad water and sewerage company. The required diagrams were drawn in Excel software, and the environmental impact and the contamination of water resources with COVID-19 and variations in physico-chemical parameters of wastewater affecting the survival of COVID-19 in wastewater were examined and analyzed. The global prevalence of Coronavirus has many negative impacts on the environment and on water and wastewater resources and caused increased water consumption (in residential sector) and wastewater production. By January 2022, worldwide, Iran and Khorasan Razavi province levels, more than 312 million, 6 million and 75 thousand people, respectively, were suffering from coronavirus outbreak, and more than 5.5 million, 133 thousand and 11 thousand people died. In general, the effect of concentration of wastewater’s physico-chemical indicators on the concentration and survival of COVID-19 has been proven in the world (especially in the South African coazolonatal treatment plant). The results of this study show that the parameters of each wastewater and survival and concentration of COVID-19 depends on the characteristics of the wastewater source, which should be given special attention in research on the epidemiology of wastewater. The variations in the concentration of physico-chemical indicators of Mashhad treatment plants’ (Parkandabad and Khin Arab) wastewater shows increase in concentration of some wastewater indicators. This can be due to the high input of organic and chemical substances and of solids (suspended, soluble and volatile) such as: detergents and disinfectants and pharmaceuticals, hospital and medical waste were attributed to wastewater after the outbreak of COVID-19. The outbreak of Coronavirus in the world has not only caused the death and infection of many people, but it has also caused increasing and decreasing in water consumption in the residential and non-residential sectors. The concentrations of some wastewater’s physico-chemical indicators (such as pH, TS and ammonia) effects on the concentration, survival and shelf life of Coronavirus in wastewater. Therefore, by determining the concentrations of these indicators in wastewater at different times and monitoring its variations, it is possible to determine the survival of COVID-19 virus in wastewater, the rate of infection and the contaminated areas from the virus, and also to be able to control COVID-19 and to manage the pollution and infection.

Iran does not only include various ethnic groups, but in inner of ethnic groups, is Multiplicity and varities. Part of Kurdish ethnity are auramies that residual In Hawramn region.the Goal of study is investigating social issues in the uraman folk songs. The statistical population includes the book (Songs of Ahurai) which contains 4240 verses of folklore poetry of uraman region. The research method is qualitative content analysis of the entire text. The results of the research showed that the investigated social issues include: themes of suffering, love, environment, religious and political issues, family customs, conflict, economic issues, stratification, and industrial concepts…, and the quantitative frequency of these themes indicated that suffering themes had the highest percentage (29.72) and the lowest frequency percentage related to industrial concepts with (0.23) percent. The analysis of folklore songs shows that there is a dialectic between oral literature and social life and in the absence of official literature, oral literature carries the mission of reflecting the problems and happiness of the society.

Karst water sources in many areas can be used as a main source of fresh water to supply water to residents and the chemical and stable isotopes technique can be can used for understanding of karstic aquifers. Sarpol-e-zahab area is located in Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Alluvial deposit and Asmary formation cover the most outcrops in this area (Mohammadzadeh et al., 2016) and has an important karst water resources (Mohammadzadeh and amiri, 2019). The concentrations of inorganic and organic carbon (DIC and DOC) and variations of δ13C values can be investigated to determine carbon sources in water resources. In this research, the seasonal and spatial variations of dissolved carbon concentration and values of carbon isotope in water resources of Sarpol-e-zahab region have been evaluated. 

 In order to evaluate the origin of dissolved carbon (DIC and DOC), samples were collected in two wet (January 2014) and dry (September 2015) seasons from surface and groundwater resources and field parameters were measured at the time of sampling. For measuring DIC and DOC concentration and variation of δ13CDIC, all water samples were collected in colored glasses 40 cc and were sent to the G.G Hatch Stable isotope laboratory at the university of Ottawa and Environmental isotope laboratory at Waterloo university, Canada, for DIC, DOC and 13C isotope analysis. 

The mean DIC concentrations in wet and dry seasons were 71/9 and 80/9 mg/l ppmC, respectively. By increasing the DOC concentration (with average of 0/3 mg/l), the δ13CDIC values were depleted. The average values of isotopic composition of carbon (δ13CDIC) in water samples was about -11/7‰ and -11/3‰ in wet and dry season, respectively. Among the water samples, Gandab spring has high DIC concentration and due to presence of organic matter of hydrocarbon origin has depleted carbon isotope than other samples. Glodare sample has high amounts of DOC due to entry of organic detergent from upstream bath. Some samples have depleted isotopic composition due to agricultural activities and the use of pesticides. High PCO2 values (with average 10-1/8 and 10 -1/6 atm in wet and dry seasons, respectively), which is more than atmosphere CO2 pressure (10 -3/5 atm), indicate weathering and dissolution of carbonates occur by soil CO2 in study area. By increasing PCO2, the DIC concentrations were increased, however, the δ13CDIC values were depleted that can be caused by the decomposition of organic matter and root respiration of plants. 

The results indicated that the main origin of dissolved carbon in the water samples of the Sarpol-e-zahab area is due to dissolution of carbonate rocks (lithology) and partially of it comes from organic matter and soil CO2.

Mashhad-Chenaran aquifer catchment covered by various geological formations (igneous, metamorphic, carbonate, non-carbonate and alluvium) which effects on the quality and the type of groundwater. Statistical analysis of water quality of more than 1000 samples of selected water resources (springs, qanats and wells) from 1987 to 2020 and the application of hydrogeochemical techniques shows that the dominant type of water discharge from igneous, metamorphic, carbonate, non-carbonate, non-carbonate and alluvial are CaNaHCO3, CaHCO3, CaMgCl and NaCl, respectively. In igneous and metamorphic rocksm the dissolution of silicate and plagioclase (albite and anorthite) minerals and feldspars increases the Ca+2 and Na+ in water. However, in carbonate and non-carbonate sedimentary formations, Ca+2, Mg+2 and Cl- ions are dominant in water due to the dissolution of calcite, dolomite and evaporation. Investigation of the average of long-term quality data and 14 piezometric in the plain shows that, although groundwater due to recharging from surrounding mountains has varius water types, but along the flow direction, except the northwest region which is affected by evaporation (Jks) and has sodium chloride, the dominant type of water is sodium sulfate. In the alluvial aquifer, the calcite, dolomite and aragonite minerals are supersaturated and the gypsum, anhydrite and halite minerals are saturated. The inverse hydrogeochemical model results in Phreeqc software, indicate that the dissolved materials in water in the second group results from the dissolution of calcite, dolomite and albite minerals in the first group.

Sociological analysis type of tolerance with death darling in social disasterMany sociologist studied believes and human image of death, Live then death and tolerance with dies. The important subject is how people engage with family and kinships dies in the disasters especially natural disaster like earthquake and social and psychological results. The goal of this study is how citizen of Sarpol Zahab encounter with darling death in 2017 earthquake. We used the grounded theory, theoretical sampling and semi structural interview with 23 cases during Sarpol Zahab earthquake. Data analysis and results theory modeling shows in causal condition: "religious believes", "cultural norms", "ritual ceremony", "personal methods" are effective. The basic phenomena" dialectic tragedy-consolation" in social and individual level in grounded and interference condition: "multilateral risk","sex","age","reference patterns" and "image of death" convertible to: "religious axis","tradition-ceremony","realist" and 'nonrealistic" strategies. Conclusion of this strategies due to accept and tolerance with darling death and social live conditions.

Cropping pattern optimization is an important strategy in the optimal use of water in agriculture. The present study attempted to develop and evaluate four hybrid models based on maximizing economic return rate and minimizing risk based on risk indices including variance (MVar model), semi-variance (MSVar model), absolute value deviation from mean (MADev model) and conditional value at risk (MCOVaR model). The MCOVaR model is governed by observing the rules, which at a selective confidence level allows determining the best cropping pattern scenario with selective return rate and the lowest risk that can be measured in the decision-making stage. The data used are related to the downstream irrigation network of Ardabil Yamchi Dam and for the 1397-98 crop year. The development of the model in MATLAB is based on nonlinear programming and optimization problem solving using particle swarm algorithm in a multi-objective solution. The highest correlation coefficient in regression of the models with Fourier equation was R2=0.9997 with accuracy (RMSE=0.0011) for MADev model, The results showed that the highest yield of 0.31 belonged to potatoes with a maximum risk of 58% and the lowest yield of 0.13 belonged to the maize plant with a maximum risk of 63%. By calculating 50 scenarios of the best possible cropping patterns in terms of satisfying the target functions and governing conditions, the pareto front of each model was drawn and the table of system income values for risk levels of 20% and 30% was extracted and presented. The results obtained in all models indicate an increase in economic efficiency by increasing the risk level of the system in selecting the optimal cropping pattern and this increase in MADev model is more steep than other models and increasing risk-taking leads to increasing the area under cultivation of plants with more water consumption.

The process of death and jeremiad in the Shojai Abad villageAbstrats:Death is unliveness. At another word live meaningful enverse death.death during history and live were along humans and busy his subjectivity for every time. Death cause of pain, discomfort, miss, sorrow, intention, ceremony and jeremiad.the ceremony of death is different in variouse context. Jeremiad as known as literature genre. Death in every societies along with ceremony and jeremiad. The goal of this study is prosess of death and jeremiad in Shojai Abad (A village in Kurdistan provice). Data collected by interview with men and women via participated observer and related document. Data shows during death and then people doing a serial ceremony and elegy especially by women. Women elegy for husband, father, her boy, mother and siter and dauther. The theme of this text related to the tearaway, lonely, protest a gainst numen and nature, jilt world, unable off death, unhappy and so on.

In this article using a modified Drude model, which includes all dominant electron energy scattering mechanisms and interparticle interactions, the relativistic dynamics of a linear chain of spherical nanoparticle interacting with a laser beam propagating parallel to the orientation of nanoparticles array is investigated. In the point-dipole description of nanoparticles, taking into account interaction of two nearest neighbors, analytical solutions are obtained for the momentum equations of conducting electrons of nanoparticles related to the first, second and third harmonics of laser fields. Formulae are simplified for some asymptotic cases. Numerical analysis is carried out for a linear chain including 10 of 10nm radius Au nanoparticles. It is shown that the interparticle separation has a key role in the nonlinear dynamics of the system. Dipole-dipole interaction of nanoparticles causes a blueshift for the main and third harmonics plasmon resonance, whereas it leads to a redshift for the plasmon resonance of the second order longitudinal displacements of nanoparticles. Related to the different orders, linear and nonlinear polarization of each particle is obtained and permittivity, first and second order susceptibility, linear and nonlinear refractive index of each nanoparticle are analytically obtained which these findings can have direct application in nano-optics and nano-plasmonics.

Concealment and hiding of military equipment from the enemy is one of the most important issues in the design of this equipment. This hiding generally performed against microwave frequencies, and the quantity that minimized is the radar cross section (RCS). In order to measure the mentioned quantity, it is necessary to expose the target in an environment without reflection to electromagnetic waves and then to measure the reflected waves from it and thus determine the RCS. In most cases, RCS of an object is the desired in the absence of the ground effect. However, the object is exposed to the ground effect due to its position on the pylon, and in addition to measuring the real object, its image also be seen. One way to reduce the ground effect is to use metal fences. However, the edges diffraction and the large side lobe level of the reflected wave from these fences has made their use difficult. As shown, the use of resistive tapered fences solves both of the above problems. In this paper, for the first time, using 7 fences with tapered resistance and designing a desired arrangement for them, this effect has been removed in the form of five examples. Since the length of the fences is several meters and several tens of wavelengths, here the whole structure considered two-dimensional and therefore a two-dimensional moment code (2D-MoM), in addition to the asymptotic solution of CST software, used to analyze the structure.

Kurdistan is one of the provinces with low level of theft occurrences. Considering the theories based on cultural elements and components and adopting quantitative approach and survey method, this study aimed at identifying the socio-cultural preventives of tendency towards committing theft. The statistical population of the study included the citizens, experts, law enforcement experts, and cultural affairs experts of different organizations in Sanandaj from which 265 persons were selected as the sample. The results showed that the citizens’ beliefs in religious teachings, their adherence to the teachings of the Holy Qur'an, Sharia affairs, and Halal- and -Haram;observing Islamic ethics, social control, and self-control; respecting the collective values; the rule of law; high social security in the province; high level of contentment; familialism and family orientation; patience, tolerance, and fatalism; socioeconomic homogeneity of the society ; and citizens' awareness of the crimes were among the most important preventive measures against the occurrence and/or less tendency to committing theft in Sanandaj. In sum, the results of the study indicate a high level of effectiveness of socio-cultural preventive measures against tendency towards committing theft in this region. Although the context of each issue or problem and its solutions are different, the results of this study support the effectiveness of relying on culture and its elements in reducing crimes and in establishing security in the society, especially in vulnerable ones.

Human beingstry to control water by examining many ways and methods. One of them has been building dam. Relying on their skills and facilities the people of every region have been building dams. One of these dams that was used in Saqez region to control the water of rivers in spring to autumn was the construction of a dam with a kind of wooden structure called Wlyr. The purpose of this study is how people make Wlyr and what the functions of Wlyrdam are. In fact, this researchwas a case study. Data were collected by an observation and interview with people in Seifabad village in region. The data showed that the people have been building the dam in every spring with foliage and grass and wood. The dam conducts the water through the creeks to irrigate potato and alfalfa and the like. This damwas destroyed by flood in every autumn. Now a day, this construct ruined and displaced by water pump and pollution of environment. Rethinking in imposed modernity, returning to ethics and altruism is one of the suggested ways of the research.

The current study was an attempt to investigate the impact of grouping type on the grammatical accuracy of Iranian EFL learners in collaborative writing. Through administering the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency, 64 female university students available participated in this study and were assigned to two groups--heterogeneous and homogeneous. The treatment process lasted 12 weeks of collaborative writing and revising, with emphesis on the development of the the participants’ written grammatical accuracy. They were pretested and posttested through a descriptive free writing measure. The results revealed that the participants in both groups had higher posttest scores. Using ANCOVA, it was found that there was a differential effect of grouping type on the grammatical accuracy of homogeneous and heterogeneous pairs, indicating that the participants in heterogeneous group had significantly higher posttest scores than those in homogeneous group. Furthermore, although the grammatical accuracy of both groups increased, a significant difference was observed between them, revealing that the participants in heterogeneous group outperformed those in homogeneous group. The findings of this study can be interpreted in terms of the sociocultural theory and Vygotsky’s idea of the zone of proximal development.

Sherko Bikas was a famous poet that published more than forty books during fifty five years of his life in producing literary work. His poem is the story of social life and pain of being in the current society. One main topic in Sherko works is women. The goal of this study is the assessment of the representation of role of women in his poems. The theoretical base rooted in the representation theory. The method of study was qualitative content analysis. The sample is the whole complex of Sherko works (8 vol, 2009) as well as two main books called Sherko autobiography (2013) and 955 minute interview with Sherko (Heiny, 2014). The analysis shows that woman is a central theme and image in whole life of Sherko, and is represented as the symbol of mother, wife, and friend, and beauty, revolutionary, human and social progress. All these images of women in his works are positive.

In this research, we obtained mean values of -2.9‰ to -6.6 ‰ for δ18O and -14.4 ‰ to -31.6‰ for δ2H for precipitations of Pol-e-Zahab area. The Pol-e-Zahab meteoric water line (δ2H = 6.6*δ18O + 12.1) represents high deuterium excess (12.1‰) and elevated values of d-excess of rainwaters from SarpoleZahab, Qasr-e Shirin and Kerend weather stations (between 8.7‰ and 20.9‰) confirms the impact of Mediterranean atmospheric water vapor. In Pole Zahab study area, the isotopic composition of the ground water resources has less variation than that of rainwaters. The mean values of the isotopic composition for the groundwater (alluvial and karst) ranges between -3.5 ‰ and -8.6 ‰ for δ18O and between -2.29 ‰ and -6.36 ‰ for δ2H. In general, karst water isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H) in the study area has less seasonal variations, which indicates the existance of sufficient time for mixing of infiltrated water with water in saturated zone and in turn indicate high groundwater residence time in formation. The least isotopic seasonal variations were observed in largest karstic springs of the region, including Srabgrm, Ghaleshahin, Gharebolagh and Ryjab springs. Consequently, the water of these springs have the greatest residence time in formation and in turn high relative age of water. Around Marab karstic spring, development of karst channels and faster flowing of groundwater resulted in less residence time and low relative age of water.

Oil revenues play a major role in Iran's economy. In recent years, an average of about 60% of government revenues and 80% of Iran's export income have been from oil and gas. On the other hand, Iran as largest exporter of saffron has a significant part of the value of global exports of the product. Considering that oil revenues over the past years has been Iran's main source of income, it seems essential to investigate the shock impact of oil revenues on the export of the product. The present study examined the effect of shock of oil revenues on the export of saffron in Iran. In this regard, the data time series for 1974- 2016 and Johansen Juselius and error correction model for Long-term and short-term relationships between the variables model were used. The results show that the real effective exchange rates in the long-term and short-term have a significant positive effect on the export of saffron in the country. Although index of ratio of domestic to world prices of saffron and saffron productivity were not statistically significant, their effect has positive and negative sign, respectively. Shock of oil revenues in the short term and the long term have a negative effect on the export of saffron as expected.

In this paper first of all we introduce Property U-(G-PWP) of acts, which is an extension of Condition (G-PWP) and give some general properties. Then we give a characterization of monoids when this property of acts implies some others. Also we show that the strong (faithfulness, P-cyclicity) and (P-)regularity of acts imply the property U-(G-PWP). Finally, we give a necessary and sufficient condition under which all (cyclic, finitely generated) right acts or all (strongly, R-) torsion free (cyclic, finitely generated) right acts satisfy Property U-(G-PWP).

Tritium is the only radioactive isotope of hydrogen, with a half-life of about 12.3 years, in water molecule which can be used to determine the age of water in a hydrological cycle. Although hydrogen bomb tests entered a lot of tritium into the atmosphere and then into the hydrological cycle, but at the moment the average amount of tritium concentration in global precipitations is reaching to about 5 TU. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tritium concentrations in precipitations of the Middle East countries and to determine the tritium concentration in Iran precipitation (especially in precipitations of the west of Kermanshah province) and to determine the relative age of groundwater resources in Paveh, Javanrood, Ravansar and Sarpule Zahab areas using tritium radioisotope. The required tritium data for the Iran and neighbors and for the global precipitations were retrieved from the Global Networks of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) site of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). To measure the amount of tritium in Kermanshah precipitations, samples were collected from three rain stations, three wells and from nine springs in Paveh, Javanrood, Ravansar and Sarpule zahab areas during fall 2015 and 600 ml in 600 ml water polyethylene containers, all water samples were analysed at Waterloo University Isotope Laboratory. The amount of tritium concentration in precipitations depends on latitude, longitude, temperature, altitude and the vapor mass. The higher amount of vapor and the lower temperature or the higher altitude, decreases the concentration of tritium. In areas such as Karachi, Bahrain and Adena, due to its proximity to the sea and the higher amount of vapor in the atmosphere, the tritium concentration in precipitation is low. In this paper, the tritium concentration in precipitation and groundwater resources of the west of Kermanshah province was measured at the University of Waterloo-Environmental Isotope Laboratory (UW-EIL). Then the average relative age of groundwater was determined. Results indicate that the tritium concentration in precipitation of the west of Kermanshah is about 6.0 TU and it is much lower in groundwater resources. Based on water age division using tritium concentration, the water of precipitations in the west of Kermanshah is modern and the water of groundwater resources are mixture of modern (recently recharge water) and sub modern water (the waters fed before 1950). By determining the amount of electrical conductivity (EC) and the concentration of tritium in the waters of the region, it is concluded that in the direction of flow, with increasing EC and decreasing the amount of tritium, the water age increases. By examining the EC and the relative age of the waters, it can be concluded that in the Sarpule Zahab area, in Ghaleh Shahin plain, groundwater recharge to the alluvial aquifer in Qaleh Shaheen spring area and then it flow in the direction toward Sarabgarm spring. However, in Boshive plain, the groundwater flow from Marab spring towards the Gandab spring. Tritium has a correlation with the air temperature. The higher the temperature, the more the concentration of tritium in the abundant water resources, and the older age for the water sample. In the study area, the average annual air temperature in the Paveh, Javanrood and Ravansar areas are about 15.1, 15.0 and 14.9 degrees Celsius, respectively, and it is about 19.9 degrees Celsius for Sarpule Zahab area. The average concentration of tritium in Pave and Javrroud is about 3.4 TU, however, in Ravansar and Sarpule Zahab areas are about 1.4 TU and 1.1 TU, respectively Therefore, it is evident that the relative age of groundwater is younger in the Paveh region and it is the oldest in Sarpule Zahab region. The concentration of tritium is associated with the age of water. The lower the amount of tritium is the oldness of the water. The geology and rocks are affected by the movement of water, which is why the age of groundwater resources in the Paveh region due to the development of karst and the rapid transfer of groundwater is less than the Sarpule Zahab and Ravansar areas. On a global scale, the concentration of tritium in the northern hemisphere’s precipitations is much higher than that of in the southern hemisphere, and in the polar regions’ precipitations it is approximately 4 times of the tropical region’s precipitations. By investigating the concentration of tritium in the rain of neighboring countries of Iran it is concluded that the proximity to the sea and the increase of water vapor in the atmosphere have reduced the amount of tritium concentration.

Social songs are very different. Type of social songs is works songs. Work songs are those songs that women and men singing during work process, for work and in the memories of work. The goal of this study is role of Kurdish women in produce of work songs in one side and thematic analysis of social topics among it’s in other side. The guide theory of study rooted in folklore theories. The most important theories in folklore knowledge are comparative, national, psychoanalysis and anthropology. In this case we use the last one. Methods of data collected were documental and field interviews. For Data analysis we used thematic analysis methods. Data shows that varieties of work songs is so much and some this songs produce by women. Some of these songs belong to agriculture and animal husbandry societies. In thematic analysis we exclude five categories like, aesthetic, love, production, economy and critics. At the last time we collected this five category in subject model "soft art of social protest".this type of song are art in one side and soft social protest in the other side.