mohamadjavad amiri

Tabriz is located a short distance from the fault north of Tabriz, which is one of the areas with a very high relative risk in earthquake risk. The region of 2 municipalities of Tabriz, where many scientific and tourism centers are located, is at risk of earthquakes. In this study, according to the possibility of earthquake crisis, the level of urban resilience and the response capacity of the district 2 of Tabriz were evaluated against earthquakes.

At first, the effective indicators in resilience were prepared by interview and nominal group method and Delphi technique and were categorized into 12 criteria. Next, the indices were weighted by ANP, the layers (indices) were superimposed with the SUM fuzzy. The neighborhoods of the region 2were clustered by SVM, in terms of resilience and the spatial pattern of the clusters was analyzed by Moran's autocorrelation model; The relationship between the indicators and the level of resilience was analyzed by the GWR model. Finally, SWAT technique and QSPM matrix were used to develop operational strategies for poor neighborhoods.

The results showed that the indicators of access to urban open spaces, urban impermeability and quality are the most important in resilience with fuzzy membership degrees of 0.174, 0.137 and 0.137 respectively. Approximately 35% of the district 2 of Tabriz has weak resilience against earthquakes, but about 65% has moderate to almost adequate resilience. The weak neighborhoods are related to the north-western neighborhoods (Golbad, Halmeh, Qorkhaneh, Shahid Montazeri and Gol-Gasht) and the suitable neighborhoods are Tabriz University, Elahi Parast, Zafaranieh, Sari Zira, Abbas Mirza and Golshahr. Moran's model shows the confirmation of the urban resilience clustering model of the region against earthquakes. The coefficients of the GWR model indicate the validity and accuracy of the model for predicting the level of resilience. The results of the SWAT technique show that the studied factors are placed in the district 2 of Tabriz and in the fifth house (V) that the residents of the neighborhoods of district 2 of Tabriz in terms of being able to deal with the earthquake in the condition is medium to low. The strategies are also aggressive (SO) and its goal is to make maximum use of external opportunities with internal strengths and in this way maintain the external factors of the current conditions and grow and strengthen these conditions in the future.

The urban resilience evaluation framework and the preparation of spatial maps for resilience evaluation can be a practical guide to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a city against earthquakes. These results can help planners in spatial planning and urban environment. In addition, authorities can use the results to develop disaster risk reduction programs and policies. They can use the framework introduced in this study to identify areas of vulnerability that should be prioritized during resilience efforts.

One of the environmental problems today is the rising land surface temperature and the formation of heat islands in metropolitan areas, which have arisen due to the unplanned expansion of these cities. Satellite imagery is widely used in urban environmental studies to provide an integrated view and reduce costs and time. In this study, Landsat satellite imagery in TM, ETM+, and OLI sensors from 1984 to 2020, remote sensing techniques, and GIS is used to analyze the data, and SPSS software is employed to examine the correlation between the data. The results indicate that the land surface temperature in District 1 of Tehran has increased during the last 38 years. Moreover, land use in District 1 has changed significantly over this period, and urban land use increased from 16 % (1984) to 35 % (2020) while vegetation declined from 32 % to 14 %. The results of linear regression analysis show a significant correlation between satellite images and weather station data. The significance coefficient (Sig) in all stations is less than 0.05 with a 95 % confidence interval. Besides, the coefficient of variation (R) for all stations is above 80 %, and the coefficient R2 has a desirable value. The findings suggest that the trend of rising temperatures in District 1 of Tehran has become an environmental problem and the changes in land use such as declining vegetation and increasing the acceleration of urbanization are among the factors that affect it.

Evapotranspiration is one of the crucial parts of the water cycle balance. In Iran, the total annual rainfall is estimated at 413 billion cubic meters. According to an analysis, 296 billion cubic meters, or 72% of this amount, became out of reach due to evapotranspiration. Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration plays a crucial role in studies on the issues such as global climate changes, environmental evolution, and control of water resources. Due to the limited number of meteorological stations and the high costs and time of collecting ground data, using remote sensing techniques and satellite images to have accurate and appropriate outputs can be a suitable tool to determine the actual evapotranspiration rate. One remote sensing algorithm for estmating evapotranspiration is the Surface Energy Balance (SEBAL).

The SEBAL is a model based on image processing that includes twenty-five models for calculating the evapotranspiration (ET) rate as the remainder of the Earth's surface energy balance. This model was introduced by Bastiansen in the Netherlands and also developed for the Idaho Highlands based on measured evapotranspiration at ground level. The SEBAL model uses digital image information captured by the Landsat satellite or other remote sensing sensors capable of recording thermal infrared and visible and near-infrared radiations. The ET value per pixel (e.g., in 30 by 30 square meters of TM and ETM Landsat images) is calculated for the specific moment at which the photo is taken.The ET value will equal the net radiation minus the heat entering the soil minus the heat entering the air. Further details of this model have been provided by Bastiansen et al., but the general equation used by the SEBAL is as follows:LE = Rn – H – GWhere LE is the latent heat flux (Wm-2), which can be easily converted to ET; Rn is the net solar radiation (Wm-2); H is the sensible heat flux (Wm-2), and G is the ground or soil heat flux (Wm-2). From this formula, the formula can be inferred that the radiation that reaches the Earth's surface from the atmosphere is separated into three parts: a part of the Earth or soil is heated, another part of it near the surface of the Earth is heated, and the rest of the remaining energy is evaporated. The SEBAL aims to calculate the latent heat flux (ET), considering the actual ET. It should be noted that the essential accuracy of the results is for the LE or ET. It is affected by the accuracy of the shortwave band as well as the thermal band of the satellite. In the following equation, the net radiation from the surface energy equilibrium equation is calculated as:Rn= (1-α) Rs + (Lin-Lout)Where a is the surface albedo; Rs is the solar radiation (Wm-2); e is the reflection of the Earth's surface (emission), and Lin-Lout is the radiations entering and leaving the Earth in the form of long waves. A value is obtained by mixing spectral reflections from six shortwave bands on the Landsat satellite. Lin-Lout is also considered a function of the surface temperature, which can be extracted from the satellite image. The value of e is obtained by plant indices created from two short-wavelength bands. The potential importance of Rs per pixel with a definite slope can be determined using the precise sky theory curves. The soil heat flux or G can be obtained empirically using Bastiansen's et al. (1998).

According to the results obtained from analyzing the data and output maps captured by the Landsat satellite, and considering the LST map, in which green color indicates a deficiency and red color represents very high, there was an oscillating trend from 2000 to 2008. Still, according to LST maps, since 2010, there has been a sharp incremental trend, the peak of which has been in 2020, and the LST has reached its highest level. Such a trend has also been seen concerning the soil temperature map of Mazandaran province. A remarkable point about the increase in soil temperature is that it was significant and instantaneous in the fifth month of 2010, and the soil surface temperature has increased, just as in the LST, since 2010. Regarding the NDVI map of Mazandaran province, significant and impressive changes have occurred since 2012, and this trend has risen from this year until 2020. According to the maps obtained from the soil moisture in the province, the data show that oscillating changes occurred until 2012, and since the fourth month of 2012, the region's soil moisture has also increased. All the factors mentioned have a direct relationship with evapotranspiration. According to the results obtained and the increasing trends, especially from 2010 to 2020, there is expected to be an increasing trend for evapotranspiration using the SEBAL algorithm. The primary outcome of this research, which studies the changes in the evapotranspiration rates in Mazandaran province, is that: as expected, due to the increase in all the factors affecting the evapotranspiration increase, the results show that since 2010 the evapotranspiration trend has dramatically increased; Of course, due to the geographical location and proximity to the Caspian Sea, the evapotranspiration has always been relatively high, but there have been significant changes and a sharp increase from 2010 to 2020.

A variety of gas heaters are used in residential, administrative, and commercial buildings in Iran. Home packages (HP) and central heating boiler rooms (CHBRs) are among the most common types of heating systems that can be damaged during earthquakes and, thus, harm the building and the residents.

By doing a survey and an interview in 50 residential buildings in District 16 of Tehran, the risks of these facilities were assessed during earthquakes from the viewpoint of the residents. To do the risk assessment, the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) model in the fuzzy space were applied. To analyze the risk priority number (RPN), defuzzification and the center of gravity method were used. Based on the results, 11 indicators were identified and evaluated for each system.

The mean RPNs obtained for both systems were almost equal (the difference was about 2%). Thus, no definitive superiority can be presumed for HP or CHBR when earthquakes happen. The major difference in the risk of each system can be separately evaluated based on the conditions of each building, confidence about the quality of installation, connections, pipe materials, electric wire corrosion, etc.

It is suggested that the risks of CHBR and HP during earthquakes are the same, and some issues such as design, economy, and technical issues play a greater role in contractors’ selection of the system.

Land use planning is the regulation of the relationship between human beings, land and activity in order to make appropriate and sustainable use of all facilities. Due to the lack of a comprehensive use planning in Iran, especially in the Zagros region, the destruction of natural resources and habitats in the region and the poor living conditions, it is necessary to address this issue. In this research, spatial evaluation method has been used in combination with decision making techniques. For this purpose, 31 criteria in both ecological and socio -economic sectors have been used to measure and evaluate the capability of the Zagros region. First, using 20 criteria, ecological capability was assessed and its index was obtained, and then, using 11 criteria, the socio -economic development index was calculated, and by combination of these two indicators, the final development index was extracted. Based on the final evaluation results and criteria used in this process, about 59% of the total area is constrained. 2.72% of the region has a very good potential for industrial development and about 5.55% has a good potential. This means that in total about 8.5% of the area of the study area has a suitable and very suitable capacity for development. The socio -economic development index is defined based on 11 economic and social criteria, which are calculated separately for each province and then finalized in combination with the ecological capability index. The results of this index show that Kermanshah province has the highest power (0.52) and Kurdistan province has the lowest power (0.20).

The idea of ​​resilience of different social, economic, physical, and managerial orientations has entered urban and regional studies on a large scale. This resilient system can absorb temporary or permanent crises and adapt to rapidly changing conditions without losing its function. Among these, resilience against natural disasters can be explained by how social, economic, institutional, political, and executive capacities of societies affect the increase of resilience and understanding of its dimensions in the society. Environmental crises, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, and climate pollution, have caused environmental vulnerability in cities and consequently created threats to their securities, especially in District 20 of Tehran City. By recognizing the dimensions of vulnerability in District 20 of this city against environmental crises, management strategies can be developed to reduce vulnerability and risks and enhance resilience. For this reason, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate resilience of the neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City against environmental crises. To achieve this goal, the Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Model (FMCDM) and K-mean method of classification were used.

To identify and assess the resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises, a database was created based on the crises and its spatial information was prepared in 4 criteria and 26 sub-criteria. After creating the spatial database of the mentioned district and compiling the criteria and sub-criteria, a layer of information was prepared in ArcGIS software and a distance map was drawn for each sub-criterion through Euclidean distance mapping in order to measure and manage the resilience. Then, fuzzy operators were applied to draw each fuzzy map (subscale) with a value between 0 and 1. Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was utilized to weight and evaluate the research criteria and sub-criteria. Next, the map of each criterion and sub-criterion was drawn by combining the Euclidean distance and fuzzy operators multiplied by their fuzzy weights obtained from the ANP model in ArcGIS software. Thus, the final map was prepared for each criterion and sub-criterion, which showed their values of resilience to the environmental crises. Then, fuzzy superimposing operators were applied to superimpose the fuzzy weighting maps and a superimposed map of 26 sub-criteria (4 criteria) was obtained for each fuzzy operator. To identify the best fuzzy operator by superimposing the research sub-criteria, analysis of spatial relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable was done through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. Finally, the classical K-mean clustering method was employed to classify the neighborhoods from the perspective of resilience to environmental crises.

The results showed that the weights and values of the socio-economic criteria, road infrastructure, land use and accessibility in resilience measures were 0.49, 0.23, 0.16, and 0.11, respectively. In the socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria, the sub-criteria of house strength, pedestrian bridge, access to social places, and access to medical centers with the weights of 0.33, 0.43, 0.32, and 0.29 had the highest values in resilience. Among the fuzzy superposition operators, the algebraic addition operator (SUM) had the highest correlation with the research criteria in identifying the resilience of the neighborhoods. The northeast and southeast neighborhoods, as well as the central neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran, were the most resilient neighborhoods to environmental crises. In the final step of the current research, the classical K-mean method was used to cluster the existing neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City based on their resilience to environmental crises. The results revealed that the neighborhoods were divided into 3 clusters. In the first cluster showing a lot of patience, the neighborhoods of Javanmard Qassab, Mansouria and Mangal, Hamzehabad, Sartakht, Ibn Babavieh and Zahirabad, Taghiabad, and Abbasabad were located. In the second cluster indicating moderate tolerance, Dolatabad and Shahadat, Sadeghieh, Shahid Ghayuri, Deilman, Aqdasiyeh, Estakhr, and Alain neighborhoods were situated. Finally, the neighborhoods of Sizdeh Aban, Shahid Beheshti, Firoozabadi, Valiabad, and Hashemabad were located in the third cluster with poor productivity.

Environmental crises, such as earthquake, flood, drought, air and water pollution, and fire, have the potential to become harmful in areas where there are no crisis management and risk mitigation. In the 21st century, the world has been hit by such environmental crises as Asian tsunamis, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, successive earthquakes, flash floods, desert dust storms, and widespread fires. Although predictive tools are able to predict some disasters, future crises cannot be forecast based on empirical evidence. Therefore, increasing the ability of a system called resilience is very important for responding to such crises; yet, its resilience must first be measured. In the present study, the resilience of District 20 of Tehran City to environmental crises was evaluated based on socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria. The results of this modeling led to the extraction of 3 clusters for the resilience of the neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises. The neighborhoods in the west region had the highest resilience compared to the urban areas.

Continuous urbanization over the past decades has caused a large concentration of human population in these areas. Due to the rapid growth of the population and the rapid development of urban disorder in Iran, changes in land use and land cover are occurring rapidly and the sustainability of cities is decreasing day by day. Therefore, understanding the effects of urban growth on the ecosystem and determining the relationship between urban dynamics and ecological security are vital for effective urban planning and environmental protection, to support and support sustainable development.The purpose of this study was to monitor and predict land use changes over a 4 year period (2040-2000) with the Markov Chain Model (CA-Markov) in the Lavasanat Basin of Tehran Province and to evaluate the ecological security of this area over time periods. Landsat satellite imagery was used to investigate land use changes. According to the existing land use in the area, five land uses were considered, barren land, pasture land, irrigated land and agricultural and agricultural land. To quantify the landscape patterns in class metrics of NP, LSI, IJI, CA, PLAND and LPI. And NP, LSI, IJI, ED, PD and SPILT metrics were calculated on the landscape surface.Forecasting results for 2040 shows that at each floor level, the number of spots other than the Bayer floor will decrease with the current trend.

In the present age, humans face numerous unprecedented environmental challenges. Environmentalists believe that the economic pressure on natural resources is on the rise. Population growth, along with the pattern of unstable resource use, puts enormous pressure on land, water, energy and other essential land resources. The importance of this issue is doubled when the issue of urbanization and the structural changes of land cover / land use are raised. Therefore, the impact of land cover / land use change on the structure and functioning of urban ecosystems during different periods with an ecological security approach is very important. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on ecological security worldwide. Various tools have also been designed and used in this field. But due to the complexity of the problem, these research and tools are still being developed in a forward direction. In fact, the need for a comprehensive framework that can seamlessly address the influential factors in a complex system including the environment, human societies and their communications and work towards sustainability remains to be seen. In this regard, the main purpose of this research is to develop a process chain to examine the structure and function of ecosystems in cities. To monitor, analyze, and predict the ecological security of cities using mathematical and geographical models.

Looking at the long history (at least ten thousand years) of human settlement, we can realize that urban environments in their current shape and form can be considered a relatively new phenomenon.Despite covering a small area of the earth’s surface, urban environments house the majority of human population. This high concentration of population on one hand escalates the exposure to natural or man-made disasters and on the other hand increasesthe vulnerability of urban communities, especially in developing countries. Movingthe entirepopulationout of the danger zones is an impossible task; therefore a set of structural and non-structural measures must be taken to make the settlements morehazard-resilient. Land use planning,as one the most important tools of urban planning, can play a significant role in reducing the disaster risks.
Tehran’s district 1 hasa high concentration of population and is house toseveral administrative and economic centers, but its geological and geographical characteristics make it highly exposed to natural and man-made hazards,which overall make this district an ideal subject for a case study.So the present study aims to determine and clarify the dimensions and criteria of urban land use resilience, and to measure and evaluate these dimensions and criteria for Tehran’s district 1, in order to take effective steps toward reducing the vulnerability and improving the resilience of the study area.
Theoretical principles of research:Numerous studies have been carried out to determine the relation of resilience dimensions and components with the urban land use. In the end, severaldimensions and criteriaconsidered more prominent bythe experts (specializing in the field of environmental planning, urban planning,and geography) have been proposed for the concept of land use resilience.The dimensions of urban land use resilience are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. the dimensions of urban land use resilience.
Dimensions
Structural-Natural
Structural-physical
Socio-cultural
Economic
Structural-natural dimension is among the main measures of a resilient community, and describes the various structural-natural capacities of a city or a district affecting its ability to prevent and withstand the crisis and its quick return to normal status after the crisis. Any city or district lacking structural–natural resilience will have a very low environmental quality and will be very vulnerable in the face of a disaster.The structural-physical dimension is another main aspect of urban land use resilience. Improving the resilience of cities in this aspect is an appropriate and effective way to strengthen the city to deal with crises and natural and unnatural hazards. Paying proper attention to this aspect increases the quality of normal city life before the crisis, reduces the damage and casualties in the event of crisis, and accelerates the return to normal conditions after the crisis by speeding up the relief and aid efforts. Another important aspect of urban land use resilience is its socio-cultural dimension. Paying proper attention to the socio-cultural aspects of urban land use resilience increases the environmental quality and improves the lives of citizens. Another advantage of socio-cultural dimension of resilience is its ability toincrease the mental, psychological, and spiritual readiness of citizensagainst the events that happens before, during and after the crisis. The economic dimension is another key aspect of urban land use resilience. Economic resilience describes the economic capacity of a region to prevent and withstand the crisis andto make a quick return to normal status after the crisis. Any city lacking the economic resilience will be highly vulnerable to natural and unnatural disasters and will not be able to quickly return to equilibrium after the crisis.
The study area:The study area is thefirst district of Tehran municipality.Given the current Tehran northern borders approved by Tehran City Council, the area of this district is 4574.24 hectares. This district is bounded by 1800mcontour line of the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains in the north, by the Chamran highway (between Hotel Azadi and Sadr bridge)in the south, by Darakeh river basin in the west, and by the Artesh highway, cement factory, andTehran’snortheast oil depot in the east.
Research At the first step of this research, the theoretical framework was determined by collecting data fromlibrary and electronic resourcesand related articles. Then the important criteria and sub-criteria for assessing the urban land use resilience were determined by incorporating the expert opinions and reviewing the previous research. Then the FAHP method, which incorporated the opinions of 15 experts and faculty members in the field of environmental planning, urban planning, rural planning and urban development, was used to make pairwise comparison between important dimensions and criteria. At this stage, all valuations were based on experiences and studies of those experts. After making pairwise comparisons, the maps of district resilience factors were standardized in Idrisi environment , and then the weight of each resilience factor was applied to the layers in the GIS environment. The maps were then merged to determine the resilience of the district, and finally the TOPSIS technique was used to prioritize the resilience of each zone within the district.
Discussion and In this study, first the factors affecting the resilience of land use were examined, and then these factors were evaluated for Tehran’s district 1.The results of these evaluations showed thataverage resilience of this area is approximately 0.61which indicates that this district is moderately resilient (moderately vulnerable).Therefore, according to the research findings the following results can be concluded:1- According to experts’ opinions, the structural-physical dimension plays the most important role in enhancing the urban resilience. In this dimension, the criteria of buildings condition, access routes, high-risk land uses, public safety land uses, green open spaces, and quality of residential centers were evaluated. Ultimately,district 1 gained an average resiliency score of 0.53 in this dimension, which indicate a medium resilience (or medium vulnerability) with respect to this dimension.
2- According to experts’ opinions, the socio-cultural dimension also plays an important role in enhancing the urban resilience. This dimension consisted of 8 criteria including population density, and land uses related to healthcare, education, culture, tourism, sports, law enforcement, and religion. After overlaying all layers corresponding to criteria, district 1 gained an average resiliency score of 0.69, which indicate the resilience of this district with respect to this dimension.
3- The structural-natural dimension was placed third in terms ofimportance in enhancing the urban resilience. The criteria of this dimension included natural hazards, composition and distribution, vegetation, and physiography. District 1 gained an average resiliency score of 0.78 in this dimension, which indicate the resilience of this district with respect to this dimension.
4- The economic dimension included the criteria of commercial land uses, economic activity, employment and unemployment.Assessments in relation to this dimension revealed thatDistrict 1 has an average resiliency score of 0.47, which indicate the medium resilience (or medium vulnerability) of this district with respect to this dimension.

Many mountain communities and nations (with mountain) in the world, promote their ecotourism. The aim of this study was to assess and manage potential of tourism in mountain areas is Hamedan city. This issue is important unfortunately, in recent years the lack of attention to the environment, uncontrolled growth and things of this nature are expensive and walking ecotourism losses to the mountains of Hamadan city has arrived and cause massive disruptions in natural systems is biological. ARC GIS 9.3 software for analysis and analytic hierarchy process model (AHP) is used. The first layer information such as elevation, slope, aspect, soils, climate and vegetation were determined and collected. The parameters were classified based on ecological Makhdoom. Then by using analytic hierarchy process AHP Expert choice software using the parameters given weight. The next stage was the standardization of parameters of fuzzy logic in GIS environment. Then it layers the value obtained by multiplying the analytic hierarchy process. Finally, data layer logic GAMMA, AND they were on time and final capability layers were extracted. Visitor Survey maps from the logic of the logic SUM and OR were adjusted by comparing the actual situation seems more logical.

Yearly thousands workers throughout the world, particularly in developing country are involved in work-related accidents resulting work force disability and eventually, costing a lot for industries. Recent researches show that transition into and out of DST (Day Light Saving Time) plan causes imbalance circadian rhythm and may lead to sleep disorders. Sleep deprivation may have negative consequences on motivation, accuracy, consciousness and it is likely that the transition into and out of DST leads to increase the number of accidents. Therefore, this study was conducted for the reason that Iran is one of the countries in which the DST plan is implemented and so far, there is not any study in this case. Study type was a descriptive and analytic one. Using the database of Iranian Mines & Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, in this study we analyzed the total number of occupational accidents during 9 years from 2003 to 2011 in the months before and after change time. The results showed that the number of accidents did not increase significantly and considerably in the months before and after the implement of change time. In addition, most accidents occurring in the months before and after DST were related to the age range of 30-39 years old workers. Most accidents occurred among workers who had less than 5 years work history and the most injured location in the months before and after DST was related to lower and upper extremities. It seems that the sleep deprivation after DST transition does not affect considerably on the occupational accidents rate among the workers of Iranian Mines & Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization.