mohammad ebrahim sarichloo

This study aims to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) provided on social media on sexual function, sexual distress, and mindfulness of women with diabetes.

This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted from October 2022 to October 2023. Participants were 36 married women of reproductive age diagnosed with diabetes and suffering from sexual dysfunction. They were randomly allocated to intervention (n=36) and control (n=36) groups using the block randomization method. The MBCT was provided individually using social media (Ita, Rubika, WhatsApp) in eight 60-min sessions, once a week. The female sexual function index, female sexual distress scale- revised, and the mindful attention and awareness scale were completed before, immediately after, one month after, and three months after the intervention. The data was analyzed using repeated measures analyses of variance and covariance in SPSS v.24 software. The significance level was set at 0.05.

The scores of sexual function and mindfulness were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group in the post-intervention phases. Sexual distress score group was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group in the post-intervention phases. 

MBCT provided on social media can increase mindfulness and sexual function and reduce the sexual distress of women with diabetes.

Maternal reflective functioning refers to a mother’s ability to understand the mental states of herself and her child. This capacity is related to the attachment styles of the mother and child, as well as the mentalizing capacity of the child and his/her behavioral problems. The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) was developed to evaluate the capacity of mothers.

This study aimed to determine the factor structure, structural validity, and psychometric properties of PRFQ in mothers working at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.

The study was a methodological one conducted by structural equation modeling to investigate the factor structure of PRFQ designed by Luyten et al. in 2017. Two samples, including 183 and 120 mothers working at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2021, were selected using convenience sampling for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. For data collection, the participants completed PRFQ, Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25), RFQ, and Emotional Availability Self-Report (EA-SR). For data analysis, statistical methods, including EFA, CFA, and correlation analysis, were used in SPSS and AMOS software packages.

The Cronbach’s alpha for the total questionnaire was equal to 0.6. The exploratory factor analysis showed that PRFQ had a 3-factor structure with a shared variance of 38.03%. Item 11 loaded on all factors, and items 6 and 18 loaded on the pre-mentalization factor. The developed model was approved by removing item 11 and loading items 6 and 18 on the pre-mentalization factor in CFA (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.93, normed fit index [NFI] = 0.82, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.92, and root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.05). The results also revealed that the developed questionnaire had adequate concurrent and predictive validity.

Overall, the 3-factor structure of PRFQ for mothers showed adequate validity and reliability

Separation anxiety disorder is considered as the most common anxiety disorder in childhood. Failure to treat this disorder in early age can be converted into a risk factor for childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders.

This study aimed at investigating the effect of parent-child interaction therapy on reducing the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder among the nurses' children aged between 3 and 6 years old working in educational hospitals in Qazvin.

The intervention was designed as pre- and post-test along with the control group. The sample included 67 children aged 3 - 6 years' old who were divided into intervention and control groups using the blocking method. The intervention consists of three steps: child directed interaction, bravery directed interaction and parent directed interaction which was performed for 8 sessions per weak. No intervention was performed for the control group. The obtained data were collected using the Spence questionnaire (parents' version) and the results were evaluated.

Intervention therapy significantly reduced the symptoms of separation anxiety in the intervention group at the post-test stage compared to the control group. The mean of separation anxiety decreased from 10.82 ± 0.62 to 7.69 ± 0.52 in the intervention group.

Parent-child interaction therapy can be used as an effective treatment plan to reduce the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder among preschool children.

The Covid-19 pandemic has put unprecedented pressure on the medical staff, leading to mental disorders and burnout.

The present study aimed to compare burnout and other aspects of mental health in medical staff working in Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 wards.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Social Determinants of Health Research Center of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from 10 December 2020 to 16 April 2021. A total of 384 respondents (187 cases in Covid-19 wards and 197 subjects in non-Covid-19 wards) were selected via the convenience sample method. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were distributed to all participants online. Moreover, sociodemographic data and occupational conditions were collected and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.

Basedon the results, medical staff working in Covid-19 wards had significantly higher GHQ scores, compared to those in non-Covid-19 wards (29.82±11.07 vs. 25.76±11.83; P<.001, respectively). The risk factors associated with high scores in GHQ subscales included more shifts, being a nurse and being a physician (P<0.05). In terms of burnout subscales, the medical staff working in Covid-19 wards had significantly higher depersonalization and emotional exhaustion, as well as lower individual performance (P<0.05). The risk factors associated with burnout subscales included the female gender, being a nurse, being a physician, having children, confirmed Covid-19 infection, and staff relocation during the Covid-19 pandemic (P<0.05).

As evidenced by the results of the present study, individual variables, along with the prevalence of Covid-19, can affect the psychological consequences of medical staff and be considered a risk factor for each of them.

Context: 

Anxiety is the most common disorder in childhood. Several factors may play a role in anxiety, such as child’s emotional and social behavior and mother employment.

the present study aims to evaluate the anxiety disorders of 3–6-year-old children of nurses working in the educational hospitals in the city of Qazvin. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was performed in September 2018.

This is a descriptive-analytical study. Spence anxiety scale for preschool children was used to collect data. In this self-report instrument, parents are asked to rate the frequency of child behavior on a 5-point Likert scale from Never (0) to Ever (4). The children with a score above 34 were rated as having anxiety disorder. One hundred and fifty-five nurses were willing to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria for children were 3–6 years of age, for nurses were being employed in educational hospitals of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and the exclusion criteria of this study moving from Qazvin to another city. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 ( SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), univariate and multivariate regression coefficients. P < 0.05 were considered as significant levels.

The results showed that 32.9% of children of the nurses had anxiety disorder and there was a significant positive relationship between child gender(P = 0.008), child care during hospital shifts(P = 0.013) and anxiety among in these children. Furthermore, the prevalence of anxiety disorder in girls and child care by other family members were associated with the anxiety.

Nurses are exposed to work-family conflicts due to their occupational conditions, which play an important role in children’s anxiety and it declares the need to pay more attention to this large segment of society. To generalize the results, it is suggested that this study be conducted on the statistical population of other regions of the country

 Anxiety during pregnancy is a special emotional state related with different concerns during pregnancy including infant health and parturition, which is associated with an increased risk of a range of negative consequences for both mother and child. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive and behavioral therapy on the anxiety of mothers with pregnancy constipation.

The present randomized clinical trial, which included 60 pregnant women with a gestational age of 10 to 20 weeks referred to two comprehensive urban health services in Takestan during 2019. Subjects were randomly divided into intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Study tools included the short form of pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire (PRAQ-17) and a constipation assessment scale in pregnancy. Intervention included 6-week 90-minute consultation sessions (one session each week) for five groups of 6 persons. Follow-up included immediately and one and two months after session completion. Repeated measures and Chi-square analysis were used for data analysis. P-value<0.05 was considered significant.

The mean of pregnancy anxiety scale, immediately, one month and two months after the intervention was significant (P<0.001). In terms of time and group interaction significant difference was observed (P<0.001; F=29.776), In other words, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of pregnancy anxiety over time.

The present study indicated the beneficial effect of cognitive and behavioral therapy model on the anxiety of pregnant women with constipation, and it is recommended as a non-pharmacological approach to reduce their anxiety.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is known as a non-psychotic mental disorder resistant to treatment. It has been found that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) can increase the effectiveness of its standard treatments.

The current study aimed at evaluating the impact of exposure/response prevention (ERP) combined with EMDR as a treatment method on patients with OCD who had experienced stressful life events by comparison to ERP alone.

The present randomized controlled trial was conducted among 60 OCD patients who experienced stressful life events and were resistant to medication treatment. The participants were randomly assigned to the ERP plus EMDR (n = 30) and ERP (n = 30) groups. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were completed before and after the intervention, as well as, after a follow-up period of three months. The scores were compared using the chi‐squared test, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

ANOVA results demonstrated that both treatment protocols had a significant effect on the reduction of anxiety and severity of OCD symptoms, while the results of ANCOVA showed a significantly higher effect of ERP plus EMDR compared to the ERP protocol (P = 0.001), and sample attrition was significantly higher in the ERP group (P < 0.05).

The ERP plus EMDR protocol compared to the ERP protocol showed a higher rate of completion and efficacy in OCD treatment.

Patients undergoing hemodialysis are prone to psychiatric symptoms due to considerable changes in their individual, social and occupational life which can influence the course and prognosis of renal diseases.
Objective

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in Qazvin, Iran.

This descriptive cross- sectional study was performed on 120 patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in Qazvin, Iran. Prior to study, their demographic and laboratory data were recorded. Dialysis adequacy was assessed using urea reduction ratio (URR) and KT/V formula. Data collection tools were Beck’s Depression Inventory, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and t-test.

The mean level of depression in patients was 13.72 where 79 (65.8%) had depressive symptoms. The severity of symptoms was mild in 47 (39.2%), moderate in 21 (17.5%), and severe in 11 (9.2%). Moreover, the mean level of anxiety was 9.73 where 16 (13.3%) had anxiety symptoms. Of 120 patients, only 8 (6.7%) had suicidal ideation. There was a significant negative association between dialysis adequacy and the severity of depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation. Anxiety symptoms were more frequent among unemployed patients, and the increase in age was associated with the increase in suicidal ideations (P<0.05).

Regarding the high prevalence of depressive symptoms and existence of anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis in Qazvin, assessment of these psychiatric disorders along with effective therapeutic interventions should be considered.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Exposure/Response Prevention (ERP) combined with Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who experienced stressful life events (SLEs), by comparison to ERP.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 OCD patients who experienced SLEs and were resistant to medication treatment. Participants were randomized to ERP plus EMDR (n=30) or ERP (n = 30) The Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ-44) were completed before, after the intervention, and after a 3-month follow-up period. Treatment completion was compared using chi‐square tests, analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni post hoc test, and Reliable Change Index (RCI).

Dropout was significantly higher in the ERP group (P ˂ 0.05). Reliable change index was significant in both intervention groups (RCI < 1.96). Repeated systematic analysis of variance in both protocols showed a significant effect (P ≤ 0.001) on the recovery of cognitive components of OCD. Analysis of covariance showed more efficacy of EMDR protocol plus ERP than ERP group in terms of over-importance of thoughts (P = 0.001). Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant difference in the mean cognitive components of OCD in both groups at the post-test and 3-month follow-up compared to the pre-test (P ≤ 0.001).

The EMDR plus ERP protocol, compared with ERP protocol, has a higher rate of completion, efficacy, and clinical improvement in OCD cognitive components.

Despite the existence of the large body of studies demonstrating cognitive responses to negative mood, cognitive responses to positive mood have received relatively less attention. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Responses to Positive Affect (RPA) questionnaire in Iranian population. Using purposive sampling and a cross-sectional design, 499 participants of a community sample of Tehran, Iran during 2016 - 2017 responded to RPA, Ruminative Response Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23 and AMOS 23. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 2 factors (positive rumination and dampening) which accounted for 47.84% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed a very good fit to the data as χ2 = 135.51, df = 82, χ2/df = 1.65, P < 0.001, CFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.03. Results of convergent validity showed that there are significant negative correlations between positive rumination and reflection, depression and generalized anxiety symptoms and significant positive correlations between dampening and brooding, reflection, depression, social phobia and generalized anxiety symptoms. Results of incremental validity analyses revealed that RPA subscales accounted for significant variance in depressive symptoms above and beyond brooding and reflection. Test retest reliability of positive rumination and dampening were 0.81 and 0.83, respectively. Responses to Positive Affect questionnaire demonstrates acceptable validity and reliability in Iranian population. Further research is needed to assess RPA in various clinical samples.

As the key element of each family, females play a pivotal role in the mental health of the family and the community. Females, more every other family member, suffer from the consequences of substance abuse. The current study aimed at investigating the effect of group logo therapy on resilience of spouses of male substance abusers and consequently improving mental health in them and their families. The current clinical trial with a pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up design and a control group was conducted on the spouses of male substance abusers referring to private addiction treatment centers in Langroud, Iran; of which 33 subjects were randomly allocated to two experimental (n = 17) and control groups (n = 16). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of group logo therapy with a six-day interval. The control group received no intervention during this period. Then, the two groups were re-evaluated for the resilience score. The Connor and Davidson resilience questionnaire was used as a pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up data collection form. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measure ANOVA with SPSS version 21. The results generally demonstrated that the effect of group logo therapy on resilience of the subjects in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.0001). The results of the current study were consistent with those of other similar studies indicating the effectiveness of group logo therapy in increasing the resilience of spouses of male substance abusers.

The comorbidity of generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders and the challenges of distress disorders create a model such as emotion dysregulation.  The present study aimed at examining the emotion dysregulation model of distress symptoms in a community sample. A total of 508 individuals were recruited from a community sample, using convenience sampling method. The participants filled in the questionnaires that assess their safety motivation and emotional intensity, emotion regulation strategies (attentional control, acceptance, decentering, and reappraisal), and distress symptoms (depression, generalized anxiety symptoms, worry, and rumination). The structural equation modeling was used to assess the fitness model. The model yielded a good fitness (χ2=64.51, df=26, χ2/df=2.48, P<0.001, CFI=0.97, GFI=0.97, PCFI=0.56, and RMSEA=0.05). The emotion dysregulation model of distress symptoms has an acceptable fitness. The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in this model highlights the important effects of emotion regulation abilities in protecting individuals suffering from distress symptoms.

Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling disorder which, along with its negative effects on a patients, has numerous negative impacts on primary caregivers of these patients and can cause anxiety in them. Metacognitive therapy as one of the most effective therapies is used for treating a wide range of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to examine the effect of group metacognitive therapy on level of anxiety in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia.
This clinical trial was followed by a pretest-posttest design with a control group. Among all caregivers of patients with schizophrenia hospitalized at 22nd Bahman Hospital in Qazvin, 60 individuals were selected using a simple random sampling method. Finally, considering the inclusion criteria, 45 individuals were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental (23 individuals) and control (22 individuals) groups. Since three people from the experimental group abandoned the study, the number of participants placed in each group decreased to 20 people. With six-day intervals, the experimental group took part in ten 90-minute group metacognitive therapy sessions developed by Wells. However, during this time, no therapeutic interventions were conducted on the control group. Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used as an assessment tool in the pretest, posttest, and the two-month follow-up. Data were analyzed via SPSS 23 using descriptive statistics and mixed between-within subjects ANOVA (repeated measures analysis of variance).
Results of the present study demonstrated that after conducting the metacognitive therapeutic intervention, a mean score of state-trait anxiety obtained by the experimental group significantly decreased compared to that of the control group (P 0.05), which showed the continuation of therapy effectiveness until the follow-up.
The caregivers of schizophrenic patients who underwent the metacognitive therapy obtained lower anxiety scores compared to the control group. Therefore, the results suggests that this therapy may lead to a decrease in anxiety among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic disorder that disables different functions of patients and the treatment is difficult and complicated because of signs inherent of disorder and tending to be chronic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metacognition believes and personality characteristics of obsessive-compulsive patients.
In a cross-sectional design (one year, from 12/2012 to 11/2013), 62 patients diagnosed with OCD from psychological clinic of Qazvin were selected by the method of time random sampling. Data were collected using Wells’ MCBQ-30, FFI-60 Costa & Mccare and MOCI questionnaire. Data were analyzed by version 21 SPSS software, descriptive and inferential statistical methods at the level 5 and 1 percent of Significant.
Personality components and metacognition believes do not make meaningful effect in obsession severity. Most of obsessed patients are in spectrum of neuroticism and then conscientiousness with extraversion and openness experience which neuroticism and conscientiousness is more in both and extraversion and openness experience is lower in patients. There is meaningful difference between cognitive confidences and other cognitive believe, and these are less than another believes in obsessed patients. The relationship between personality characteristics and cognition believes are the only meaningful relation which is observed. These meaningful relationships pertain to negative relationship of extraversion and cognitive confidence and the other coefficients are not meaningful.
The research findings are consistent with meta-cognitive and personality characteristics conceptualizations of obsessive-compulsive disorders. This finding could be an important concept for etiology, continuation, and treatment of this disorder.

Culture factors play an important role in the confirmation of obsession symptoms. Knowledge of information about the frequency and diversity of those symptoms is helpful for provision of a more accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy goals. The aim of this study, Determine the demographic characteristics and symptoms of obsessive–compulsive patients. In a cross-sectional design (one year, from 10/1391 to 9/1392), 62 patients diagnosed with OCD from psychological clinic of Qazvin, were selected by the method of available sampling. Data were collected using clinical interview, demographic and MOCI questionnaire. Data have been analyzed by version 21 SPSS software, descriptive and inferential statistical methods (chi-square) The level 5 and 1 percent of Significant. The most frequent onest of OCD, occurs in sections 21 to 30 years of age (%59.67). For women diagnosed with OCD, age at onset of this disorder is higher than for men.The fact that women suffer from this disorder more frequently shows that women need a more serious follow-up for their treatment than men (women= %88.71 and men=%11.29). Married people suffer from this disorder more frequently and are more motivated for treatment (%79.03). The type and quality of relationships with parents is also influential in the people suffering from OCD, it shows that they had strict parents with unilateral perspective (%83.87). Also the results show that the most common symptoms of OCD in patients respectively, Included obsessive (98/38), suspicion (93/54), revision (91/93), repetition (87/09), washing (79/03). Patients with OCD have different symptomatic and demographic characteristics. Reason for that can be their cultural diversity, and this finding could be an important concept for consideration for diagnosis and treatment.