mohammad hoseinzadeh

Christian or religious existentialism is a theological school that is mainly influenced by existentialism. The most important achievement of this theological school and other schools influenced by it, in addition to epistemic obstruction, is subjectivism. Based on this achievement or characteristic, we are in an epistemic impasse and we cannot achieve knowledge with the source of reason and narrative reason and the method of intellectual and narrative or historical research in the field of religion Therefore, in the research of religion, instead of an objective approach, one should use a subjective method. In this article, we explain and evaluate the existentialism research method, which is a subject. Then, by exploring the works of Kierkegaard, his followers and commentators, we will categorize and evaluate the most important teachings on which the theological school of Christian existentialism is based and founded with a special title and arrangement. This attitude faces many criticisms; for example, we can point to the ineffectiveness of subjectivism in research, especially religious research.

Like most Muslim philosophers, ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī considers the principle of causality as a necessary proposition and counts it among the primary self-evident propositions, deeming its denial as departing from human nature. He views the principle of causality as irrefutable and distinct from the issue of basis of need. In line with this perspective, the main focus of the current research is to present and examine the most significant epistemological discussions around the principle of causality, with an emphasis on ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī's viewpoint. The key epistemological issues related to this principle are crystallized in its epistemological characteristics. Therefore, after reviewing various interpretations of the principle of causality in the introduction, we examine its epistemological characteristics (such as necessity, primary self-evidence, irrefutability, and analytical or compound nature) and elucidate its reasoning.The accomplishment of this study lies in the impossibility of establishing a real proof to demonstrate the principle of causality. Any argument put forth for its establishment, even if based on probabilities, is just to bring it to awareness or dialectical. This is because the validity of any argument, whether for or against, is based on accepting this principle, and without it, no argument can be established.

 The ultimate result of patient care is one of the most important outcomes in medical education. Several methods, including the direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS), have been proposed to assess professional competencies in clinical practice.

 This study aimed to assess the effects of the Repeated DOPS (R-DOPS) method on the performance of procedural skills in anesthesiology residents.

 The procedural skill performance of anesthesiology residents was assessed using a standard DOPS protocol from May to October 2019. Their scores were then objectively recorded, and the satisfaction rates regarding the 2 DOPS exams were assessed.

 We found a considerable improvement in anesthesiology residents’ procedural skill performance, especially in the anesthesiology residency curriculum’s basic items. Besides, anesthesiology residents’ satisfaction was significantly improved after the 2nd DOPS.

 R-DOPS leads to improved training outcomes, including assessing the procedural skills, time to feedback to trainees, and trainee satisfaction.

Irisin, which is released in response to physical activity, has recently been reported as the therapeutic target in metabolic disorders. The present study attempts to discover the effect of eight weeks’ resistance or endurance training on the irisin level in rats’ gastrocnemius and liver.

To this purpose,15 male rats were randomly assigned to three groups of 5: the resistance group, the endurance group, and the control group. For 8 weeks, the resistance group did the activities on the treadmill and the endurance group on a one-meter-long ladder with 85 steep, while the control group did not receive any training. 72 hours after their last training session, the subjects were anaesthetized and their liver and gastrocnemius were removed. A Shapiro-Wilk test was run to determine the normal distribution of data, and a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey test were applied to analyze the data(P ≥ 0.05).

The normal distribution having been approved via the Shapiro-Wilk test, the one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in the irisin levels between the groups’ livers and gastrocnemii (P =0.001 and P -0.016, respectively). The Tukey test revealed a significant rise in the liver tissue of the resistance group and endurance group in comparison to the control group (P =0.001 and P =0.742, respectively).

According to this study, both resistance and endurance training can help significantly increase the irisin level of both the liver and the gastrocnemius, indicating how physical activity can help in the prevention and treatment of metabolic illnesses.

Background and Fibronectin transmembrane type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) is a characteristic factor in distinguishing skeletal muscle cells. Since the productive effects of regular exercise are conveyed through the skeletal muscle, this study aims to compare the effects of progressive endurance and resistance training on FNDC5 gene expression in male rats’ gastrocnemius muscles. 15 male rats were randomly assigned to three equal groups of: control, endurance training and resistance training. The endurance group performed 8 weeks of training on the treadmill. The resistance group did their exercises for eight weeks on a three-session-per-week basis on a one-meter-high ladder with 85○ slope. All subjects were anesthetized 72 hours after the experiment finished and the gastrocnemius removed. The level of FNDC5 expression was measured through real-time PCR method and one-way ANOVA applied to analyze the data. Level of significance was set to P≥0.05. One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in FNDC5 expression among the groups (P=0.001, F=31.791). A subsequent Tukey test application showed FNDC5 gene expression of the gastrocnemius muscle was significantly higher in the resistance and endurance training groups than in the control group (P

Preceding necessity is regarded as one of the important and very applicable rule in Islamic philosophy that regardless of its importance, its internal structure is of ambiguity. As one case of it ambiguity, it is not clear that, with regard to its quiddity-based nature, how it may be applicable to existential caused beings and issues of transcendent philosophy? The present paper, after explaining the parts of the rule, has provided three solutions for it to be applicable in the cases of existential caused beings. The solutions may be referred to as its application in the meaning of possible existence, the use of comprehensive meaning including possibility of quiddity and existence and the use of lack of necessity, la zarurat, in existential caused beings. The result of such a consideration lies in the fact that the rule is specific to the caused quiddities. The coincident necessity is another type of the necessity to the other, wujub-I bi-lgheir, which can be used as an alternative for preceding necessity usable in existential caused beings

The accumulation of excess triglyceride in the liver and a decrease in brown adipose tissue is related to the fatty liver disease. Regular physical activity can take part in regulating fat oxidation and inhibiting fat accumulation by creating and releasing some myokines. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of each training method in this regard is still not certain.

This study aims at comparing the effects of resistance and endurance training on FNDC5 (the precursor of irisin myokine) gene expression in male rat liver tissues..

Fifteen Wistar male rats (aged 10-12 weeks with an average weight of 331.8 ±63.09 gr) were used. After being taken to the animals’ laboratory, the subjects were randomly assigned to three equal groups viz: control (N=5), endurance (N=5) and resistance (N=5). For the purpose of tissue sampling, all these subjects were anesthetized 72 hours after the experiment had been completed. The liver tissue was immediately removed and then quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at a temperature of -80o C until RNA extraction. FNDC5 relative gene expression was identified by Real-time PCR method.

Data analysis revealed a significant difference in FNDC5 gene expression among the groups (P=0.008, Chi Square=31.791). No significant difference was observed between the resistance training and endurance training groups in FNDC5 gene expression, though (P=0.959).

It can be established that both resistance and endurance training can similarly affect the production and secretion of exercise-induced myokines, including FNDC5 irisin, which can in turn protect against obesity and its impacts on the liver tissue by stimulating the process of browning of white fat.

In this paper, by stating the principles or rules of historical researches which were epistemological and methodological in nature, research has been made on the sources of the Ashura movement and its events. This issue is interdisciplinary and its original position is the epistemology of traditional sciences. However, the epistemological bases and achievements of the Ashura movement also have many functions in the field of Islamic theology and history. In this paper, the following will be attended to: statement of the epistemological principles in the domain of traditionl reason and the epistemic level of traditional reasons; the types and conditions for their authenticity; and the origin of their authenticity, especially with respect to single reports. By analyzing the epistemological principles governing traditional reasoning as well as the sources of and evidence concerning the Ashura movement and its events, one can conclude that sources and evidence concerning the events of Ashura are not confined to historical records. In fact, in addition to these records, one can obtain reliable sources in different fields as well. In addition, many sources exist which prove the events of Ashura which could be relied upon and referred to as authentic epistemic sources of the Ashura movement in verifying religious beliefs in the science of theology. The historic relationship between the Ashura movement and the past is not interrupted but rather has a strong connection. Therefore, one should not be doubtful over many of the events of Ashura. This issue has a significant epistemological, historical, and theological role.

Exam is an inseparable part of education and the main tool to evaluate the results of educational process. If based on scientific rules, it can show the level of achievement to educational goals. This study was accomplished to evaluate the quality of theoretical exams in different departments of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences In this cross-sectional study, the quality of all written final exams of the first theoretical courses of 10 departments were evaluated in terms of 30 indices regarding structural validity, content relevance and content coverage, differential index, difficulty index, value of distracters, and taxonomy. Millman's check list, content analysis table and standard formula were used to collect the data. SPSS software version15 was used to analyze the data. Out of 544 questions, 67.5% were multiple choice questions, 13% were descriptive and 19.5% were true–false queries. Content relevance and content coverage was considered in 85.4% and 84.5% of questions respectively. Standard structural rules were observed in 96.4% of questions and 72.2% of exams. Difficulty index and value of distracters were estimated to be 67.8%, 22.3%, and 24.5% respectively. 84.6% of questions were of taxonomy I, and the remaining 15.4% were of taxonomy II. Content relevance, content coverage, consideration of structural rules, and difficulty index were acceptable in theoretical written exams, whereas taxonomy, differential index and value of distracters needed to be reconsidered.

In the present study, the frequency analysis of a smart sandwich plate is investigated using the finite element method. The sandwich plate is consisted of a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) layer between two cross ply composite elastic faces. MRE is a smart material with controllable properties and a short time response when subjected to a magnetic field. This property can be used for improvement of the dynamic behavior of the structure. To model the sandwich plate with MRE layer, a complex shear modules is used to show the pre-‌yield behavior of MRE layer. In this study, effect of imperative parameters are discussed. In the present paper, the effect of different parameters such as applied magnetic field, the stacking sequences of the cross ply laminated faces in the sandwich plate and applying different boundary conditions on the natural frequencies and modal loss factors of the smart sandwich plate with MRE is investigated. The results show that considering special value for magnetic field, the stacking sequences of the composite layers of the sandwich plate and the boundary condition of the sandwich structure can lead to the satisfactory design of the sandwich plate.

In addition to the discussion about the criterion of truth, there have been different theories explaining and analyzing its reality in contemporary epistemology. Focusing on the preferred view concerning the correspondence theory of truth, the present article would try to explain it by first dealing with statement-truth and narrator-truth among other topics. It further discusses the sphere of truth as well as whether truth and falsity are peculiarly applicable to propositions, and non-applicable to intuitive knowledge, ideas and concepts. Stating the three foundations of truth in the correspondence theory of truth, the article concludes with explaining the quality of realization of correspondence in author’s view.

Primary premises, as one of the most important parts of a demonstration, play an essential role in the epistemological system of foundationalism. Some philosophers, including Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, believe it impossible to prove primary premises through a demonstration. Before him, Fakhr Rāzi and Mullā Sadrā had suggested the same idea, and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli has put the last touches on it, and has answered its critiques. Therefore, the present article briefly evaluates the arguments suggested by Razi and Mulla Sadra, and then appraises, in more detail, that of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli. Finally, the authors conclude that there is no reason for considering the principle of the impossibility of coexistence and negation of two contradictories as the first of the first things.

Corrosion tests on 1015 low-carbon steel and 316 stainless steel were conducted in two molten zinc baths in order tostudy the reaction mechanisms that occur during the degradation of submerged hardware at industrial hot dip galvanizing baths. It was found that, in general, 1015 carbon steel has a better dissolution resistance than 316 stainless steel, despite of the fact that there are high percentage of Cr and Ni in 316 stainless steel, and that the 316 stainless steel have a face-centered-cubic (FCC) structure which is more compact than 1015 carbon steel with a body-centered-cubic (BCC). Microscopic studies showed that a reason for the difference of corrosion behavior of these two steels, is that the thickness of inter-metallic layer is thinner on the stainless steel than 1015 carbon steel. The presented lead in the bath had no penetration into the formed coating on 1015 carbon steel while it affected 316 steel coating. The presence of lead in the bath results in the dendritic structure of coating and growth of surface grains which causes more penetration of zinc into coating.