mohammad rahimi

Compensation and damage mitigation constitute a significant part of processes related to claims arising from obligations and contracts. Considering the importance of actions by the injured party to prevent further damage in the realm of international investment arbitration, this study examines the role of the injured party in mitigating damages within arbitration practices. In light of the significance of damage mitigation, the central question of this research is: what responsibilities does the injured party bear in mitigating damages in the field of international investment? The findings of this study indicate that the primary action by the injured party to mitigate damages is, above all, acknowledging their fault and role in the occurrence of a dispute. Subsequently, accepting responsibility to resolve the dispute, even if it entails incurring certain losses, ultimately prevents greater harm. In disputes arising from foreign investment, international investment arbitration has utilized damage mitigation as an essential mechanism to prevent harm to the promisee. Given that this article employs an analytical and descriptive approach and uses library-based research methods, the results demonstrate that, although damage mitigation is considered a dispute resolution strategy in the common law legal system, it primarily serves as a means for the injured party to address a breach of obligation caused by the obligor's non-performance. Nevertheless, from a logical and calculative perspective, preventing the escalation of harm is a desirable solution for the injured party to avert larger losses.

The objective of this research was to design a digital marketing model for sports businesses, considering the growing importance of internet marketing in the sports industry. 

This study adopted a qualitative and exploratory approach, falling under applied research in terms of purpose. The participants included marketing experts, sports management professors, and digital marketers, selected through purposeful sampling. Data was collected via in-depth, semi-structured interviews, reaching theoretical saturation after 25 interviews. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data and derive the research findings. 

The findings of the research show a four-level conceptual model consisting of 9 components, which are: social responsibility of the university, development of university agility, creation of shared value in university communications, establishment of corporate governance in the university, internationalization of the university, commercialization of knowledge and technology, promotion of an innovative culture, knowledge-based capacity building and investment in research and development and entrepreneurial projects.

Sustainable innovation for realizing an entrepreneurial university consists of interconnected components that facilitate economic knowledge production, dissemination, and commercialization. Knowledge-based capacity building and the promotion of an innovative culture play crucial roles by providing the necessary infrastructure and support. These components empower managers and policymakers to foster sustainable innovation, advance entrepreneurial universities, and enhance future academic generations.a

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) training on movement patterns and postural control in female athletes with lower cross syndrome (LCS).
This research employed a quasi-experimental, pre-and post-test design. Thirty healthy female athletes with an average age of 24.98 ± 2.26 years and diagnosed with LCS were randomly divided into an experimental group (15 subjects) and a control group (15 subjects). Participants in the experimental group completed the DNS training protocol, which consisted of three sessions per week for eight weeks. Postural control and functional movements were assessed using the Y-balance test and Functional Movement Screening (FMS) before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests, ANCOVA, and the Wilcoxon test.
ANCOVA revealed a significant difference in the Y-balance test and FMS scores between the experimental and control groups for participants with LCS. Within-group analysis indicated that the post-test mean scores of the experimental group were significantly improved compared to pre-test scores following DNS training (P<0.05).
The results indicate that eight weeks of DNS training significantly improved functional movement screening and Y-balance test scores in female athletes with LCS. Therefore, DNS exercises may be recommended to athletes to enhance balance and lower limb performance.

Bodybuilding is a widely embraced physical activity pursued for health enhancement and fitness improvement. However, reports indicate a notable prevalence of sports injuries among bodybuilders.

This study aims to explore the correlation between resiliency, personality traits, athletic identity, dynamic balance of upper and lower limbs, and functional performance with the occurrence of sports injuries in female bodybuilders, addressing a gap in previous research on this specific population.

This case-control study was conducted in Tehran from 2022 to 2023. Standardized questionnaires assessing personality traits, resiliency, athletic identity, and sports injuries, along with functional screening tests and the Y balance test for upper and lower limbs, were administered to 110 female bodybuilders (average age 36.8 ± 1.8).

The findings revealed that sports injuries are prevalent among female bodybuilders, with an average prevalence rate of 40.1%. The most commonly affected areas were the lower back (19.1%), knee (17.6%), and shoulder (14.7%). In terms of personality traits and resiliency, female bodybuilders with a history of injury exhibited higher mean scores in neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, and athletic identity compared to those without a history of injury (P < 0.05), while responsibility and resilience scores were significantly lower (P < 0.05). Moreover, the average scores of the lower limb Y balance test and FMS for female bodybuilders with a history of injury were significantly lower than those without a history of injury (P < 0.05).

These findings suggest that athletic trainers and physiotherapists should consider these psychological and functional factors to help prevent sports injuries among female bodybuilders.

Employees as internal stakeholders play an important role in creating and providing hotel services. Using the stakeholder theory, this study investigated the impact of Tehran hotel employees' perception of organizational social responsibility on organizational commitment. In this study, intrinsic motivation is considered as a mediating variable and job level as a moderating variable. The required data were collected through a questionnaire (in both electronic and printed versions). A total of 310 hotel employees participated in this survey-oriented study. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. The findings of the research show that hotel employees' perception of organizational social responsibility (in the two dimensions of employee social responsibility and customer social responsibility) has a significant impact on their organizational commitment. Also, intrinsic motivation increases organizational commitment, and its mediating role in the relationship between employees' perception of organizational social responsibility and organizational commitment, and the moderating role of job level in the relationship between employees' perception of organizational social responsibility and intrinsic motivation have been confirmed. The results of this study emphasize the importance of paying attention to corporate responsibility activities in the hotel industry. Therefore, hotel human resource managers can use it as a tool to improve the internal motivation of employees and improve their organizational commitment by explaining and institutionalizing the hotel's organizational responsibility measures.

The functional movement screen is developed to examine individual’s movement patterns through seven functional tasks.
This study was conducted to examine the effect of core muscle fatigue on functional movement screening (FMS) scores in female athletes.
The study has a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population included female athletes (18-28 years old) in Tehran with at least two years of sports experience (3 days a week), of which 40 were selected as samples. In this study, core muscle fatigue was examined using the Plank test, before and after which the subjects performed the FMS test. After ensuring the normal distribution of the data through the Shapiro-Wilk test, the effect of core muscle fatigue on the FMS test was examined using Wilcoxon and paired t-tests, and Cohen's D measure was used to evaluate the effect size. The data were analyzed through SPSS 24 software. The significance level in all tests was P≤0.05.
According to the results, core muscle fatigue significantly decreased the scores of the deep squat (P=0.001), hurdle step over (P=0.002), in-line lunge (P=0.001), stability push-up (P= 0.001), and rotary stability tests (P= 0.001) but did not significantly affect the scores of the shoulder mobility (P=0.317) and active straight leg raise (SLR) tests (P=0.763). Moreover, core muscle fatigue affected the total score of the FMS test (P=0.001), with the average score decreased by 4.32 after applying the fatigue protocol.
Core muscle fatigue significantly reduced the FMS test scores with a medium to large effect size in female athletes.

Climate changes have a significant effect on dust extremes. Dust extremes in humid ambient air can simultaneously or successively form wet mud deposition on the surface of urban areas. The mud deposition on the power network systems and devices causes irreversible damage and significantly influences system performance and efficiency in southwest Iran. This often results in blackouts that cause problems in the operation of urban infrastructure and people's daily activities for up to several days. Khuzestan province was chosen as the case study in this study, and the climatic conditions and risk assessment of mud formation in this area were investigated. Data on a diurnal and monthly timescale of dust and humidity level was used for assessing extreme dust and wet conditions. The data was taken from Khuzestan synoptic station 8 over 11 years (2009-2019). The multivariate copula-based framework is used to calculate univariate and bivariate return periods of mud deposition hazard. The results imply that dust anomalies increase the probability of dust extreme coincidence with wet extreme and occurrence of wet mud hazards in the cold seasons of the year. In addition, limited adaptive capacity, shortage of information, and poor coordination and cooperation by the authorities caused the large-scale impact of the wet mud hazard in Khuzestan. Considering only relative humidity data, the return period of 2017 Khuzestan mud adhesion hazard is approximately 12 to 43 years. If we consider only dust, the return period of 2017 Khuzestan mud adhesion hazard is estimated at 80 to 700 years. However, for both dust and relative humidity extremes, the joint return periods for TDR (Dust and Relative humidity) and T'DR (Dust or Relative humidity) are respectively estimated greater than 200 and lower than 20 years.

Today, using new technologies is considered a vital factor in the sports tourism area. Tourist destinations try to use these technologies to create a competitive advantage to be a leader in this area. The use of these technologies brings lots of advantages. This research aims to identify the consequences of using new technologies in sports tourism. The research method is mixed with a sequential exploratory approach. In the first phase, the main indicators and components are identified using the online focus group research method, then in order to confirm them, a quantitative survey method was used. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews collected from two focus groups including academic and executive participants related to the fields of sports management, sports tourism, and information technology. According to the research findings, 67 primary codes, 27 open codes, 13 axial codes, and 4 selective categories were extracted. In the quantitative phase of the research, all the values ​​related to the components and indicators were confirmed.  From the results of the present research, we can point out the benefits such as "smart health, smart sports tourism, green technologies, sustainable development (healthy and sustainable environment, dynamic and healthy economy, etc.), smart and sustainable sports tourism destinations" that were found to be the main advantages of using new technologies in sports tourism.

Error-tagged learner corpora are helpful resources in language teaching, providing authentic samples of learners' errors. This longitudinal study aims to investigate accuracy development in three subsequent writing performances of Iranian EFL learners across beginner, intermediate, and advanced proficiency levels. This investigation involved developing and annotating the first error–tagged English written learner corpus for Iranian EFL learners, followed by analyzing the errors. The current corpus includes 35747 tokens from 219 written texts, manually transcribed and annotated based on the latest version of the Louvain Error Tagging Manual. A total of 6917 errors were identified. The developmental patterns of all error categories were detected using potential occasion analysis, specifically focusing on the most frequent error types (i.e., articles, noun numbers, and personal pronoun errors). The results indicated that grammar, lexical, and word redundant/missing/order errors increase significantly as proficiency levels increase. Conversely, form, lexico-grammatical, and punctuation errors exhibited a U-shaped trend, rising from beginner to intermediate levels and declining from intermediate to advanced levels.Additionally, the accuracy of article and noun number usage improved from beginner to intermediate levels but showed little or no change from intermediate to advanced levels, suggesting that higher proficiency levels did not lead to much improvement in this area. However, there was a significant decrease in personal pronoun accuracy from beginner to intermediate levels, followed by a slight increase from intermediate to advanced levels. This study reveals error patterns across different proficiency levels, offering guidance for teachers to adapt their writing instruction methods and enhance learners’ writing accuracy.

Coal mining in any part of the world has always caused great damage to the landscapes, nature, and biological communities of fauna and flora. The current study was carried out to investigate the environmental and economic damages caused by the activity of the Sang Darka Amol coal mine. To record the characteristics of the trees outside the mining area, transects were laid in four main geographical directions, and 1000 square meter circular plots were measured on them at distances of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 meters and compared with control samples. To quantify the understory vegetation biodiversity indices, 3 square plots of 1.5 x 1.5 meters were measured in each of the 5 distances and compared with the control sample plots. The results showed that the biodiversity and richness indices of understory vegetation at distances of 50, 100, and 150 meters from the edge of the mine were more diminished than at distances of 200 and 250 meters. The abundance, basal area, and commercial value of the standing trees at distances of 50 and 100 meters from the edge of the mine had the lowest values. Due to the presence of the main species and the higher successional state of the forest at distances of 250 m and more, the biodiversity of herbaceous species and the density and composition of forest trees had been improved. In 50 and 100 m of the mine, light-demanding and opportunistic herbaceous species such as raspberry, sedge, bracken, and nettles were observed due to increased light intensity. They decreased tree canopy density while moving away from the mine margin shade-tolerant herbaceous species such as wavyleaf basketgrass, sweet violet, wood spurge, purple cyclamen, and even primrose became more dominant due to increased tree canopy density and percentage. According to the amount of soil excavation, the amount of economic damage caused by the mine activities along the 1.7 km road and the width of 50 m (area 8.5 hectares) was equal to 1.989.960.000 Rials. The economic damage caused by the complete removal of 1700 forest trees in the mentioned area was calculated to be 6,960,000,000 Rials. The total damages of soil destruction and forest tree removal in this mine were estimated at 8,919,960,000 rials. Based on the results, it is suggested to adopt a new approach to the non-issuance of exploitation licenses for low-yield mines in the forest with very high value of landscape, biodiversity, and recreation, such as the Hyrcanian forests, and the needed coal of the country be provided from the mineral reserves of the provinces located outside the Hyrcanian forests.

Compensation and reduction of damages is an important part of the process related to lawsuits, which is reflected in commitments and contracts. Considering the importance of actions taken by the injured party to prevent more damage in the field of foreign investment arbitration, the present study deals with the role of the injured party in reducing damages in the arbitration procedure. In line with the importance of the discussion of damage reduction, the central question of the current research is, what are the duties of the injured party in terms of damage reduction in the field of foreign investment? The findings of the research have shown that the most important action taken by the victim to reduce the damage is first of all to accept the fault and his role in the occurrence of a lawsuit. After that, it is accepting the responsibility to resolve the dispute, even considering some losses, the result of which is to prevent more losses. In disputes arising from foreign investment, foreign investment arbitration has used the reduction of damages as an important strategy to prevent losses for the undertaker. Considering that the method of the present article is analytical and descriptive and the research tool is a library, the results of the research have shown that although damage reduction is considered as a way to resolve disputes in the common law system, But above all, it is for the loss of use of the breach of obligation that occurred due to the breach of obligation on the part of the party. But from a logical and calculative point of view, preventing the spread of losses is a favorable solution for the loss in order to prevent a bigger loss.

Reading stories play a significant role in language learning, getting to know cultures, learning morals, and increasing listening skills. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of storytelling on shyness, empathy, and academic progress in the Persian course of bilingual elementary school students.

The research method was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and one control group. The statistical population included all the bilingual primary school students of the 3rd to 6th grades of Baneh City in 2021. First, 338 students were selected by cluster random sampling method from the statistical population. In the final stage, 30 students with the highest scores on the shyness test were selected as the study sample and were placed in two experimental (including 15 students) and control groups (including 15 students) randomly. The experimental group participated in storytelling sessions for 11 sessions of 90 minutes for two months, While the control group received no intervention. To collect data, the Empathy Questionnaire of Davis (1980), Cheek-Briggs' Shyness Questionnaire (1990), and the teacher-made Persian course test were used, which were administered in two stages, pre-test and post-test, on both experimental and control groups. To consider ethical considerations at the end of the study, two storytelling sessions were held for the control group. In the end, the data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance tests in SPSS24.

There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the studied variables. Storytelling had the most impact on distress and social withdrawal (F=26.78, P<0.001), empathic concern (F=46.42, P<0.001), and progress in the Persian course (F=17.22, P<0.001).

Storytelling helps the students to be aware of the impact of their behavior on the feelings of others, as a result, their empathy increases. Also, when students repeatedly read stories to their classmates, their shyness decreases, and reading stories strengthens the Persian language of bilingual students and, as a result, their academic progress. It is suggested that storytelling be held as a separate curriculum or together with Persian lessons for primary school students.

The Social Security Administration is the most important lever for establishing social justice in civil societies. The demographic and diversity of the organization's activities exposes it to a variety of crises. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of presenting an organizational leadership model in crisis management of the Social Security Organization of Iran.

The type of this research was qualitative and was done using data-based method. In order to achieve the organizational leadership model, eleven professors, experienced people in the field of the Social Security Organization were interviewed with in-depth semi-structured way, using targeted sampling method and due to theoretical saturation. Then the resulting data were interpreted through coding.

Research findings show that organization play three main service functions for crisis management in the Social Security Organization. The first function, which is detected in this study, is providing mediating factors of predicting and resolving the crisis. Mediating factors formulated through categories like; review on country's insurance laws, performing parametric corrections and developing protection laws. Finally, the third essential component of the organizational leadership model is management stability, financial stability and increasing social trust.

Achieving a crisis management model requires providing the ground, the existence of causal conditions, the existence of facilitator components and the use of appropriate strategies. The function of leadership is precisely in this area. Providing growth and development of the broker alone is not desirable and does not achieve crisis resolution and forecasting.

A city often has certain identifiable ideas or inner values perceived by its inhabitants. Urban branding is rooted in creating and highlighting an identity of diverse values, which always evokes a favorable or unfavorable image in our minds when we hear the name of a city; This image can originate from our interaction with the residents of the city, or from advertisements, etc., and dimensions such as social image (people, behaviors, norms, symbols and rituals of that society), or economic image (level of development) , business space, economic capacities, etc.), or the physical image (urban furniture, geographical location, architecture and tourism, etc.) or the image we have of the historical past of that cit. The purpose of this research is to investigate the elements of Iranian Islamic cities in branding a place in the historical context of Shiraz. This research is a descriptive-analytical study and data analysis was done in a descriptive way using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision making models. The method of data collection has been obtained in two forms, through data collection (including books, Persian and Latin articles, theses) and field (questionnaire and field observations). After explaining the indicators related to the subject, a structured questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale was compiled and completed by experts. In this research, 9 elements of the historical context of Shiraz, which are among the building blocks of the Iranian Islamic city, were examined. The findings of the research show that Shah Cheragh ranks first with a priority index of 0.85, Karim Khan Citadel ranks second with a priority index of 0.83, Vakil Bazaar ranks third with a priority index of 0.64, and Madrase Khan ranks third with a priority index of 0.83. have the ninth place in Shiraz's historic place branding. Based on the obtained results, issues related to the pleasantness, stimulation and excitement of the space have had a great impact on creating a favorable mental image. Shah Cheragh is the biggest advantage of Shiraz tourism that visitors can use this special gift by planning and providing suitable environmental conditions. However, extensive destructions and constructions outside the principles of urban planning can cause irreparable damage to this special branding potential of Shiraz. In line with urban branding of Shiraz, a disciplined approach and based on the principles of urban planning, identifying the realities of the society and trying to eliminate obstacles and deficiencies, participation and supervision of stakeholders, participation and cooperation of all influential economic organizations, urban management, organizations Cultural and educational and non-governmental organizations are essential.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming various aspects of healthcare, including the field of diagnostics and treatment of diseases. This review article aimed to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of AI, especially, radiomics in the diagnosis of neuro-oncology diseases. Indeed, it is a multidimensional task that requires the integration of clinical assessment, neuroimaging techniques, and emerging technologies like AI and radiomics. The advancements in these fields have the potential to revolutionize the accuracy, efficiency, and personalized approach to diagnosing neuro-oncology diseases, leading to improved patient outcomes and enhanced overall neurologic care. However, AI has some limitations, and ethical challenges should be addressed via future research.

The issue of the various uses of Arabic particles in the Quran is one of the most influential aspects affecting the meaning, interpretation, and translation of the divine speech. Despite its importance, one of the aspects that researchers in the field of translation have paid less attention to is the diversity of the word "إن" in verse 46 of the blessed Surah Ibrahim. This word, along with several other words in the same verse, can be read in different recitations and grammatical structures, which naturally leads to differences in meaning and translation in each recitation and grammatical form. This research aims to firstly determine the predominant view in terms of context and semantic coherence in the semantic network of the Quran by studying the various grammatical structures of "إن" in this verse, and secondly, to identify which grammatical form Persian language translators have chosen over the years and for what reasons. The findings of this study indicate that translators are generally divided into two categories when encountering this verse: the first group considers "إن" as a causal conjunction and translates it as past tense, or they consider "إن" as a conditional conjunction and convey the meaning of "کان" as obligatory. Some within this group have also interpreted "إن" as an emphatic abbreviation of the heavy particle. On the other hand, the second group has translated "إن" as a negation and believe that not only has God not mocked the disbelievers in a position of greatness, but has also ridiculed them; this second meaning is more consistent with the Quranic context.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social capital on the economic consumption pattern of Qom citizens. This research has been done by survey and using the structural equation model method of partial least squares. The research tool was a questionnaire and had 45 items and 9 dimensions. The statistical population of the study was all citizens of Qom and to determine the statistical sample, 384 people were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula. The collected data were analyzed with SMARTPLS software version 3. Based on the obtained results, considering the impact between the variables of social participation, membership in civic institutions, trust, broad social relations, membership in networks, commitment to social values and social norms on the level of consumer goods and its composition can be concluded. Planning for education and increasing social capital affects the type and manner of selection of consumer goods, and by recognizing and achieving this effect, more success is achieved in the desired consumption pattern, and finally with this achievement, this issue on a large scale. More can be generalized and double researched.

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) with large energy storage capability are one of the most important electrochemical technologies in the world. The specific design of these batteries has made it possible to increase the storage capacity to very high values. Hence, this technology is referred to as the electricity supplier of cities in the not too distant future. In this article, fabrication, development, and the simulation of VRFBs in order to take an important step towards achieving technical knowledge of this promising storage technology, have been considered. In this regard, first, the designed cell structure was introduced and the method of material selection and initial preparation for the battery startup were described. In addition, the governing equations of the system were presented. Then, experimental and numerical investigation of the system performance was followed by simulation validation. Evaluation and analysis of cyclic performance, system efficiency, effect of current density, electrolyte concentration, pressure distribution and electrolyte velocity distribution were among other items of interest in the present work. The model predictions were validated with an average error of 4.92% against experimental data of charge and discharge cycles at current densities of 40 and 60 mA/cm2. The results obtained from cyclic performance of the battery clearly indicate that the average coulombic efficiencies of the system at current densities of 40, 50, and 60 mA/cm2 are 90.25%, 92.45%, and 94.35%, respectively. Moreover, the storage capacity of 133 mA. h with a pressure drop of 2400 Pa were obtained for the electrolyte concentration of 1 mol/L and the volumetric flow rate of 40 mL/min, which indicates the proper hydrodynamic and kinetic performance of the designed system.

Presenting a complete picture of Islamic economics as a school in analysis and realization is one of the long-standing concerns of Muslim economists. In this presenting, we are bound to adapt to the prevailing economic system, so the first question in this matter is where is the main bottleneck in the comparative study between the two schools of Islamic economics and capitalist economics? In this research, by examining the governance system of these two schools, the basic dichotomy of "individual and social benefit" is relied upon and by focusing on this dichotomy, it is possible to analyze the comprehensiveness of these two schools. These original dualities should be expanded and detailed in an analytical framework to determine the analytical coordinates of those two schools. In particular, the framework of "four causes" is used and a comprehensive approach to individual and social benefit is observed from the perspective of each of the schools of Islamic economics and capitalism. In addition to the fact that the comprehensiveness of each school is examined in the analysis, the quality of their realization is also evaluated. In this way, to what extent each of the schools has been successful in responding to the real needs of the community, and from this point of view, the efficiency of each is evaluated. As a result of this research, it is proved that only Islam is able to present a school that is "comprehensive" in its analysis and has the necessary "efficiency" for the real leadership of society.

 The objective of this study was to examine the impact of six weeks of core instability training on functional movement screening (FMS) scores and core trunk endurance in female Kyokushin karate athletes.

 Thirty female Kyokushin Karate athletes aged 14 - 18 years were recruited and randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group (n = 15 per group). Functional movement patterns, including the FMS, Sorenson, and McGill tests, were assessed before and after the intervention. The experimental group underwent six weeks of Kyokushin Karate training, while the control group performed core stability exercises. The statistical analysis involved paired t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with a significance level set at P ≤ 0.05.

 The paired t-test results indicated a significant difference in pre- and post-test scores in both the control and experimental groups (P < 0.05). However, the ANCOVA showed no significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05).

 Both Kyokushin training and core stability exercises have been found to increase core stability and FMS scores. Therefore, it can be suggested that Kyokushin Karate athletes may not need to perform separate core stability exercises as part of their training routine.

Vegetation is one of the most important components of terrestrial ecosystems, which plays a vital role in carbon regulation and balancing, energy exchange and climate stability. Also, temperature and rainfall are the most important influential factors in changing the vegetation index, NDVI. Understanding the relationship between rainfall, NDVI and temperature is essential in forestry planning over each region. Accordingly, the main objectives of this research are 1) to monitor the annual changes of NDVI from 2001 to 2020 using linear regression’s slope and Sen’s slope estimator methods, and 2) to investigate and determine the relationship between NDVI and the climatic components, specifically rainfall and temperature, in Semnan province.

Semnan province was selected as the study area to evaluate the relationship between climatic components and vegetation cover by using remote sensing data. The NDVI data was extracted from the Terra MODIS product in a spatial resolution of 500 meters and was processed to evaluate vegetation changes in Semnan province during the years between 2001 and 2020 on monthly scale. After that, the monthly rainfall and temperature data were obtained from both synoptic and climatology stations; then they were converted into annual scale. Furthermore, the rainfall and temperature reanalysis grid-base data, ERA5-Land, was downloaded in about 9 km spatial resolution from 2001 to 2020. Reanalysis data usually contains systematic error compared to observational data, which can affect the output results and requires to be corrected. Consequently, we utilized one of the recent bias-correction approaches, the Quantile Mapping (QM) bias-correction method, to correct biases over the entire distribution of the rainfall and temperature reanalysis data. At this point, each set of the rainfall and temperature grid-based data was resampled to 500 meters based on the spatial resolution of NDVI pixels. Next, each series of rainfall and temperature data were corrected based on QM method from the years 2001 to 2020 according to the availability of the NDVI time series data. The relationship between annual rainfall and temperature with the NDVI was calculated in each month of the year (2001-2020). In this study, linear regression and the non-parametric method of the Sen’s slope estimator were used to investigate the changes in NDVI trend for each pixel from 2001 to 2020. Finally, to check the accuracy of the relationship between vegetation, temperature and rainfall, the coefficient of determination was used.

The linear regression’s slope indicated that 25% of ​​Semnan’s area had vegetation variations close to zero in each month during the years 2001 to 2020. It means that NDVI values did not change significantly and it was almost unchanged. Moreover, based on the Sen's slope estimator, the results showed that there was no noticeable change in decreasing or increasing the amount of vegetation in about 75% of ​​Semnan’s area. The analyses also showed that the coefficient of determination between NDVI and rainfall varied from 18% to 44% in different months, and the highest relationship values were observed in September and December. Moreover, in more than 50% of the Semnan’s area, the relationship between NDVI and rainfall has varied from zero to more than 42%. The results indicated that vegetation cover has no significant relationship with annual rainfall in both winter and spring. Furthermore, in 50% of the study area, the estimated NDVI variation indicated zero or negative values in each month, which confirms that the vegetation cover has not changed significantly or it has decreased slightly in response to the temperature.

In recent years, the evaluation of changes in NDVI time series has been developed by using satellite images and remote sensing techniques. In addition, the climate components like rainfall and temperature are among the factors affecting the growth of vegetation cover, which has attracted the attention of many researchers. By considering the linear regression’s slope and Sen’s slope estimator, the results showed that NDVI did not change significantly during the years 2001 to 2020 in Semnan province, but it decreased in some areas. Moreover, the effect of rainfall and temperature demonstrated that vegetation has either direct or indirect relationships with rainfall or temperature in some months (positive or negative values, respectively). The linear regression’ slope between annual temperature and NDVI showed that in 50% of ​​Semnan’s area, NDVI variation was estimated to be nearly zero or negative in each month. Generally, in arid regions like Semnan province, the growth of plants is controlled by two climatic factors, rainfall and temperature. In arid and semi-arid regions (where the amount of rainfall is low, such as Semnan province), or in regions where the percentage of humidity is high, the maximum relationship between NDVI and the rainfall was not observed.

In arid and semi-arid regions, due to the fragility of the ecosystem, the reduction of vegetation cover can have irreparable consequences such as increasing the movement of soil particles. This action will eventually lead to wind erosion and will increase dust in the region. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the monthly changes of NDVI from 2001 to 2020 by the linear regression’s slope and Sen’s slope methods. In addition, the relationship between NDVI and climatic components of rainfall and temperature were discussed. The findings showed that results of the linear regression’s slope and Sen's slope estimator are both almost the same. The relationship between rainfall and NDVI indicated that in 75% of Semnan’s area, the estimated value of coefficient of determination had the highest value in September and December. It means that with the increase of rainfall, vegetation cover also increases. Based on the linear regression’s slope between the annual temperature and NDVI, it was observed that in almost 50% of the study area, NDVI variations were approximately estimated to be zero or negative in each month, which means the vegetation cover has not significantly changed or even decreased by changing temperature. In future studies, it is suggested to use other remote sensing NDVI products such as Landsat satellite and even other climate reanalysis data to have a more accurate view of vegetation cover changes in the study area.

Teleconnection patterns can affect climate parameters in different regions of the world. Investigating their effects, especially on the climatic extreme values, can provide appropriate information for optimal management of weather processes as well as terrestrial ecosystems, including vegetation. Temperature is one of the important elements of the atmosphere and is involved in climate changes on a regional and global scale, which quantitatively leads to tremendous events affecting the environment, including increased evaporation and transpiration and plant water needs, increased frequency of droughts, and lack of water resources. The effects of extreme events are often large at the local scale and can severely affect certain sectors and regions. The everincreasing emission of greenhouse gases will cause global warming and cause damages and losses to the water, agriculture, environment, and economy sectors and will have a significant impact on the lives of humans and animals. One of the most important effects of this phenomenon will be the influence on extreme events of atmospheric and climatic elements such as drought, flood, and storm. On the other hand, atmospheric circulations are very variable. These changes lead to the emergence of air patterns and forms of atmospheric currents that occur in different time scales. The teleconnection patterns indicate large-scale changes that occur in the pattern of atmospheric waves and winds and affect the temperature pattern, precipitation, direction of clouds, and position and intensity of the winds in many regions. The effectiveness of these indicators has attracted the attention of researchers in various parts of the world, indicating the importance of these interactions on the atmosphere and surrounding environment. The purpose of present research was to investigate the effect of teleconnection patterns on temperature extreme values (minimum and maximum) in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is one of the mountainous parts of the central plateau of Iran, which has an area of 16421 km2 and is one of the mountainous and rainy provinces of the country, which are the source of two important rivers of the country, Zayandehroud and Karun. This province has one percent of the total area of Iran, which is located in the Zagrosmountain range and in the path of the humid winds of the Mediterranean systems and causes the rise and discharge of these systems. This province has relatively good rainfall. In this research, 8 synoptic meteorological stations of the province in the statistical period of 30 years (1368-1398) were considered. Ten teleconnection indexes were used during this period to investigate their effect on climatic extreme values using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

The changes in average minimum temperature shows that Kohrang station has the coldest minimum temperature in the studied area and annual average fluctuation of this variable has changed from -4.71 to -15.61 degrees Celsius during the studied period. On the other hand, Lordegan station has a higher average minimum temperature than other stations and the range of changes of this variable is from -0.16 to -5.8 degrees Celsius. Lordegan station has the highest values of extreme maximum temperature. The range of changes of this variable fluctuated from 32 to 38.5 degrees Celsius, while the range of these changes for Kohrang station was recorded from 28.7 to 32.2 degrees Celsius during the same period. Based on the results in EGheis and Avergan stations, the average maximum temperature correlation with TNH, NINO3, NINO12, NINO4 and PNA indices was significant at 1% level and with EA/WA, NP and NAO indices at 5% level and had no special relationship with AAO and SOI indices. Among these indices, the highest correlation of this variable with TNH index was 0.728 for EGheis station and 0.71 for Avergan station. At PoleZamankhan and Shahrekord stations, the average minimum temperature correlation was significant at 1% level with TNH, NINO12, and NINO4 indices and with NP, PNA, NAO, and SOI (only for PoleZamankhan station) at 5% significance level. There was no significant correlation with NINO3, AAO and SOI (only for Shahrekord station) and EA/WA indices (only for Kohrang station). The average minimum temperature was significant with TNH, NINO3, NINO12 and NINO4 indices at 1% level and with the EA/WA, PNA, NP and NAO indices at 5% level, and there was no significant correlation with the AAO and SOI indices. The highest correlation coefficient was related to TNH index (0.724) in this station. In Shahrekord and Brojen stations, the average maximum temperature correlation was significant with TNH, NINO3, NINO12, NINO4 and NP indices at 1% level and with EA/WA, PNA and NAO indices at 5% level and there was no significant correlation with the AAO and SOI indices. In PoleZamankhan station, the average maximum temperature correlation was significant with EA/WA, TNH, NINO3, NINO12, NINO4, NAO and PNA indices at 1% level and with NP index at 5% level, and there was no special relationship with the AAO and SOI indices. Results showed that correlation of TNH index with the average maximum temperature of the stations had the highest positive value compared to other indices. The NINO12 index was in the next rank, but its correlation was negative, and it is understood that the occurrence of this index has caused maximum temperature in these stations to decrease. Also, AAO and SOI indices have no significant correlation with this variable in the stations. Also, results reveal that correlation of TNH index with average minimum temperature of the stations had the highest positive value compared to other indices, and the lowest correlation was with Lordegan station and the highest was with Kohrang station. The NINO12 index was in the next rank; but its correlation was negative, and it is understood that the occurrence of this index caused the temperature to decrease at least in these stations. The NINO4 index is also in the third place, with the difference that, like the TNH index, it has a positive correlation in the minimum temperature. The AAO and SOI indices have mainly no significant correlation with this variable in the stations. In Lordegan and Avergan stations, the average minimum temperature correlation was significant with TNH, NINO3, NINO12, NINO4, NAO and PNA indices at 1% level and with EA/WA and NP, NINO3 and NAO indices at 5% level and did not have a significant correlation with AAO and SOI. The highest correlation coefficient related to TNH index was 0.726 and 0.702 for Avergan and Lordegan stations.

In this research, Pearson's correlation was used in 8 meteorological stations in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province to investigate the effect of teleconnection indices on extreme maximum and minimum temperature values. In general, it can be said that the teleconnection indices have an effect on the extreme temperature values of the studied area (some have an increasing effect and some have a decreasing effect on these variables). These findings can be used in predicting these extreme values and preventing possible damages to agriculture sector and vegetation. Also, considering the role of temperature values on evaporation and water needs of plants, the results can be used in drought crisis management.

The purpose of the present study was to The Role of Ethical Values of TV Advertising of Sports Products on customer behavioral intentions. This research is a descriptive-correlational study in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study includes all customers of sporting goods in Tehran. Due to the unlimited research population (N <100,000) according to Morgan table, 384 customers of sporting goods customers were selected by simple random sampling. Questionnaires of Customer Intentions Behavior Questionnaires and Advertising Ethics questionnaires were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics (tables and frequency distribution charts) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, path analysis, structural equation modeling) were used for data analysis. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between honesty in advertising, attention to human dignity, attention to health and health, attention to healthy economic competition, and transparency of information provided with customer behavioral intentions. Explain 66% of the variance in customer behavioral intentions. Among the principles of ethical values of honesty in advertising has the most influence on customer behavioral intentions.

Dust storms are natural phenomena but with serious and destructive effects on the environment and human societies. The southeast region of Iran is one of the most active sources of dust storms in Asia, dust storms occur in this region almost all year round, but their frequency is higher in summer and spring. This study aims to investigate the dust storm anomaly in the southeast of Iran during a period of 21 years (2000-2020) and its relationship with vegetation anomaly changes. The DSIA was used to examine the spatial and temporal changes of dust storms, and the NDVIA was used to examine the changes in vegetation anomalies in the region. The correlation between DSIA and NDVIA was determined by using Pearson's coefficient. The temporal trends of DSIA show that from 2000 to 2012, it had a positive and increasing trend in most of the years of the study, and the highest value of DSIA occurred in 2012, which is equal to 96%. Then, from 2012 to 2020, this trend has been decreasing, and the lowest value of DSIA equal to -67% was observed in 2020. Also, moving from east to west of the studied area, the value of the DSIA decreased. The temporal trends of the NDVIA show that from 2000 to 2012, the trend of changes is downward, but from 2012 to 2020, the trend of changes is upward. In terms of time, the highest value of the NDVIA index is related to 2014, and in general, since 2012, this index has had positive and increasing changes. Pearson correlation results showed that the DSIA index is significantly correlated with the NDVI index, this correlation is negative (p-value<0.05 r=0.52) due to the negative and significant correlation between the NDVIA index and the DSIA index. Since 2012, with the increase of the NDVIA index and the improvement of vegetation conditions, the DSIA index has decreased. The effect of this correlation was also observed spatially, as moving from east to west of the region, with the increase of the NDVIA index, the amount of DSIA decreases. These results can be useful for decision-makers to assess the risks of dust storm impacts and reduce its negative consequences in the southeast parts of Iran.

Proper posture results from musculoskeletal balance, which is associated with a minimal amount of muscle tension. Due to some structural differences between men and women, their movement patterns are different. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is higher in women than in men.  This study aims to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of TRX exercises on upper and lower extremity function in women with lower crossed syndrome (LCS).

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design. Participants were 30 women with LCS  aged 30-40 years in Marivan county, Iran. The upper extremity function was evaluated by the Y balance test and Davis test, and the lower extremity function was measured by the side hop test and the square hop test. Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 21 using analysis of covariance. The significance level was set at 0.05.

TRX exercises had significant effects on the function of upper and lower extremities in Davis test, Y balance test (at medial, superolateral, and inferolateral directions), side hop test, and square hop test (P<0.001).

Six weeks of TRX exercises can improve the upper and lower extremity function of middle-aged women with LCS, probably by increasing the strength and efficiency of core muscles. Trainers and physiotherapists can use this training method to improve the function of lower and upper extremities in these women.