mohammad reza esmaeilzadeh

Bacteriophage therapy could be an alternative strategy for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of isolated bacteriophages against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. 

A total of 16 clinical isolates of MRSA were collected from medical diagnostic laboratories in Tehran, Iran. A specific bacteriophage was isolated from hospital sewage using double-layer agar. Phage morphology was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Different bacteria were selected to determine the bacteriophage host range using spot test. Phage susceptibility to temperature and pH was evaluated by double-layer agar method.  In vitro assay was carried out on human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells to investigate the effect of bacteriophage on the adhesion of MRSA to human epithelial cells. 

TEM suggested the Myoviridae family for the isolated phage. The effective titer of bacteriophages was 1.8×107 PFU/mL. The isolated bacteriophage was stable at 4 ˚C and pH=8. The isolated bacteriophage was specific for all clinical isolates of MRSA and had no lytic activity against other pathogenic bacteria. In evaluating the binding and invasion of MRSA to the HEp-2 cell line, as expected, the lytic activity of specific bacteriophages was observed following inoculation.

The specificity and lytic activity of this phage on MRSA and MRSA-infected HEp-2 cell line emphasized that the isolated bacteriophage may serve as an effective prophylactic and alternative therapeutic agent in hospital settings.

 Phage therapy could be used as an alternative method to antibiotic treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of isolated lytic bacteriophage against ciprofloxacin-resistant strain of Salmonella infanits in vitro conditions.

 The standard strain of Salmonella infantis  and its specific bacteriophage was isolated by soft agar method. Phage susceptibility to heat and pH was evaluated by the Double-Layer Agar method.  In vitro assay was carried out on human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells to investigate the effect of bacteriophage on the cytotoxic and invasion of Salmonella infantis to human epithelial cells.

 Head and tail morphology of bacteriophages against Salmonella infantis were identified by transmission electron microscopy and assigned to the Myoviridae family. The results of the double-layer agar assay showed that the titer of bacteriophages was 1.8×107 PFU/ml. bacteriophage was stable at 4 C and the best quantification of bacteriophage was determined at pH=8. The isolated bacteriophage was specific for Salmonella infantis and had no lytic activity against other pathogenic bacteria. In the evaluation of the binding and invasion of Salmonella infantis to the HEp-2 cell line, as expected, the lytic activity of specific bacteriophage was observed following inoculation.

 Additional studies are needed for better understanding of the interaction between phage, microorganisms and human host before applying phage therapy on a large scale.

Fair distribution of sports facilities is very effective in the tendency of citizens to exercise. Therefore, the distribution of sports and recreational facilities in cities should be carefully and scientifically explored.

The purpose of this study was analytical review of fair distribution of recreational and sport services in the city of Mashhad by using Topsis model.

The present research is a descriptive-analytical research, which is applied type that has been surveyed data collection. The statistical population of this research is the referrals of sports halls under the supervision of the Sports and Youth Organization of Mashhad, and Mashhad municipality and their totalnumber is 25,000 and according to the Morgan table, 341 people were selected from the Sports and Youth Organization sport halls and 347 from the halls under the supervision of the municipality were selected as the statistical sample. The data gathering tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that measures fair distribution. The validity of the research tool was verified by ten sports management professors and its reliability was calculated by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.785 and indicates a high reliability of the research tool. Topsis method was used to analyze the data.

The research findings showed that in Mashhad, in addition to building sites, regardless of the fair distribution of urban areas, facilities were also unfairly distributed (Zone 1 ranked 0.9995 and Zone 6 ranked 0.8226.

In order to develop and expand the city of Mashhad, there is a strong need for proper decision making and fair implementation of urban projects and the equitable deployment of sports equipment in Mashhad, as well as fair distribution of them in the 13 areas of Mashhad.

Wellness is defined as physical, psychological and social well-being, not just the lack of disease and physical handicap. This study aimed at comparing the effects of two intergenerational programs and yoga exercises on the mental health of the elderly. The research was based on a quasi-experimental approach with control group and posttest design. The statistical population consisted of Young and old people living. 175 elders were selected using a randomized cluster sampling method and then randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. Demographic questionnaires, socio-economic status and general health (GHQ-28) were used as research tools. Data were analyzed in two stages before and three months after intervention. The elderly included 95 males, 80 females aged 71.89 ± 8.38 years and 60 youth aged 21.45 ± 0.35 years on mean. The results showed that the intergenerational program and yoga exercises significantly improved scores for mental health and all its subscales. The intergenerational program with a substantial reduction in scores in two sub-scales of social dysfunction and depression had the same effect as yoga exercises. But it had less impact on somatic symptoms and anxiety-sleep disorders. Considering the research findings in confirming the effectiveness of intergenerational programs and yoga exercises on elderly people's mental health, it is suggested that these programs be considered by planners in health and welfare organizations and institutions.

Salmonellosis is a gastroenteritis caused by the infection with different serotypes of Salmonella. Salmonella enterica is an enterica subtype, enteritidis, typhimurium, and infantis are the most important factors of gastroenteritis in humans. In recent years, increasingly commonly used antibiotics and treatments are resistant. The main purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial effects of lytic bacteriophage Cocktail and ciprofloxacin on Salmonella enterica strains in laboratory conditions. Standard strains of salmonella (enteritidis, typhimurium, and infantis) were collected from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, and their specific bacteriophages were isolated by soft agar method. Specificity of bacteriophages was investigated for strains of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) bacteria using spot test. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined using E-Test method. In order to obtain an appropriate headline for evaluating the therapeutic results, different concentrations of bacteriophage with bacteria were evaluated. Finally, the preventive and therapeutic effect was evaluated in comparison with ciprofloxacin. Different concentrations of bacteriophages have the ability to reduce and eliminate strains of salmonella (enteritidis, typhimurium, and infantis). Bacteriophage specific plaque against other strains of Salmonella and other intestinal pathogenic bacteria did not have any lytic function. The results showed that bacteriophages function as specified. Due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and treatment concerns, bacteriophages can be a good alternative to the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the sporting services quality provided by Mashhad Municipality and the satisfaction of female citizens based on SERVQUAL model. The statistical population included all women older than 18 years old going to sport facilities of Mashhad municipality (N=9236 based on the statistics of the management of sport for all in Mashhad municipality). Using Cochran's sample size formula, 417 subjects were randomly selected. For data collection, Liu Yi China's Service Quality and Satisfaction Questionnaire (2008) was used which was designed on the basis of SERVQUAL model of Parasvrman et al. (1988). The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined by the corrective comments of sport management professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained 0.94 by g Cronbach's alpha test. The research methodology was a survey carried out as a field study. For data analysis, statistical tests of Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis in SPSS software were used. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between sporting services quality and its different aspects and women’s satisfaction. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that features of tangibility, reliability, responsibility and service assurance could predict satisfaction.

War planners know that the conduct of a single-force operation, based on only one of the aspects of ground, aerospace or the sea is entitled to failure or great loss and casualty. Therefore, operations are planned and conducted in a joint manner. The application of traditional arenas causes the enforcement of hard power in the battlefield, while a considerable part of the enemy's combat power is the morale, feelings and motivation of the man power which must be demolished by soft power. The commanders of joint operations are taking advantage of the soft power and hard cyber warfare by adding the cyber space as the fifth dimensionof the battlefield to traditional arenas and have achieved a new alloy called the intelligent power. The unique cyber indices cause the power to scatter and increase the will to fight an asymmetric war in the state and non-state actors, thus they have brought about challenges for the great military powers. They inevitably plan and conduct combined operations by developing their previous military treaties or creating new international ones to achieve relative dominance.

The purpose  of   this study   was  to compare  the  biomechanical  performance  of   110- meter hurdles in  the  Iran  with   world  and  Olympic  elite  runners.  For  this  study, 6 elite Runners  of  the  adult  national   team  with   the  age,  weight   and   height :  21 ±  2.25  yr,  74±1.4 kg   and  184.9±4.5 cm  were  selected. Also, there were 6 elite  runners  of  world competitions  with  age,  weight  and  height  24± 2.75 yr, 79±3.2 kg  and   185.4±3.8 cm, and 6 elite  runners of the  Athen Olympic  competitions  at 2004 with  the age, weight  and height : 24±2.9 yr, 81±2.37 kg  and 185.1  ± 3.4 cm. The  information about biomechanical   performance of  subjects  was obtained  via  film-taking  and  through advanced methods  and  devices. The data obtained were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Results showed that contact time of foot with ground at moment of take–off, flight time to  pass  foot   of   hurdle, horizontal  displacement of  center of  mass  in  peak  and  land displacement were  greater in elite  national runners. However, horizontal velocity of the mass center at moment to land was less  in  the world and Olympic  runners. On  other hand, there was not  a significant  difference between the world  and Olympic  runners. It can be concluded from the study that the better technical and biomechanical performance in the world and Olympic runners caused better records.