mohsen ansari

Nowadays, selecting suitable outsourcing companies is one of the strategic issues among companies that are somehow dependent on them to provide the required services. The aim of the present research is to select project management outsourcing companies in the oil and gas industry in Iran. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive review of theoretical foundations and research background was conducted. Initially, the key dimensions and components of project management outsourcing were identified using fuzzy screening and survey techniques with the input of 30 industry experts. Subsequently, the best-worst method was employed to prioritize and weigh the key dimensions and components through expert surveys and Linguo software version 18. Using fuzzy VIKOR technique, the candidate companies for outsourcing project management in the subsidiaries of the oil and gas industry were then ranked. The results of fuzzy screening showed a reduction from 28 to 20 project management outsourcing components, which were further validated and finalized through formal content analysis. The weighting results using the best-worst method revealed that the strategic dimension ranked first, while technological, financial, outsourcing partner selection, and organizational dimensions secured the second to fifth positions, respectively. According to the VIKOR fuzzy calculations, among the examined companies, Company B obtained the first rank, and Companies A and C secured the second and third positions, respectively, in terms of prioritizing outsourcing project management in the oil and gas industry.

In case of non-supply or monitoring of water hygiene and resulting a direct damage to consumers, the need for compensation will be considered based on the theory of civil liability. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to survey the civil liability of the Ministry of Health for water hygiene.

This research is a qualitative study based on the framework of the theory of civil liability, which by using the library research tool by collecting the laws and regulations of the country and using the thematic analysis method and matching the laws with the framework of the conceptual model, civil liability of the Ministry of Health in the field of water hygiene was identified.

Based on the findings, in Iran since 1949 and with the approval of the Urban Health Law, the Ministry of Health has been obliged to monitor and control the quality of non-piped water in cities. After the enactment of this law, 10 other laws and regulations until 2014, a total of 13 tasks for this ministry were identified in the issue of water hygiene.

The findings suggest that existing laws and regulations adequately address the Ministry of Health's civil liability for water hygiene issues. Therefore, if consumers unknowingly suffer health damage directly from water pollution due to the Ministry's unintentional neglect, equipment defects, or mismanagement, the Ministry holds civil liability and must compensate for any losses incurred.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of electronic government services on tax evasion with the moderating role of information and communication technology in order to increase access to information and transparency in order to reduce tax evasion.This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. Therefore, the necessary sample size was determined by using the "power analysis" method and considering the expected return rate as 322 people, and finally, after performing the necessary pre-processing, 310 people entered the process of descriptive and inferential analysis. The variance-oriented method of partial least squares was used in SmartPLS software version 3.9.9 to analyze structural equation modeling.  After confirming the measurement model based on reliability and validity indicators, the structural model was evaluated. Among the two proposed hypotheses, the first hypothesis that the effect of electronic government services on reducing tax evasion was confirmed with a probability of 99%, and the amount of this effect is 68% in reverse. The results emphasize that creating a culture of information production and exchange by the government in the form of providing electronic services and aligning said services with the information needs and demands of taxpayers can lead to a reduction in tax evasion. It is suggested that, in order to establish a tax system based on emerging and efficient technologies, the government should review, modify, design and create specific models, standards, laws and regulations using successful international experiences. Also, design and create integrated systems according to the needs of all the beneficiaries of the tax system.

Today, the issue of health aspects in urban waste management, especially recycling, has received a lot of attention during Covid-19 around the world. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and performance of workers of one of the waste recycling centers in Tehran metropolis regarding health aspects during the spread of Covid-19.  

This was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study and the study population was all workers working in one of the recycling centers of Tehran Municipality. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with validity and reliability in four sections: demographic, knowledge, attitude, and practice of workers toward Covid-19 and solid waste.

Findings of the study showed that the highest number of workers employed were in the age group of 20 to 40 years (60 percent). The level of knowledge was about 80 percent and the lack of awareness was 20 percent. The level of workers' positive attitude, negative attitude, and lack of attitude were 79.71, 14.56, and 5.72 percent, respectively. The level of positive practice among workers was about 67.43 percent and the negative practice was 32.57 percent.

The results clarified that in order to succeed in waste management programs in recycling centers, municipal waste managers should pay more attention to educational aspects, especially through the focus on programs and their development and adaptation for different age groups, especially 20 to 40 years.

The high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons, along with some other parameters such as aromatics, paraffin, naphthene, and heavy metals, has led to the sludge of oil sludge listed as hazardous materials with a specific source by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of oil-contaminated soil in changing the biodegradability indices of oil sludge.

Moisture, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, elemental analysis, and amount and type of TPH of oil sludge samples were identified. The microbial consortium was isolated from contaminated oil soil around the oil refinery and poultry manure. Finally, biodegradability indices of oil sludge were examined.

The results showed that the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen in oil sludge samples were 32.65 and 0.21%, respectively. Also, iron, calcium, and potassium with 5862, 2921, and 524 mg/kg, respectively, were the most elemental components in petroleum sludge. According to the SARA analysis, the highest TPH compounds in oil sludge samples included saturated compounds, aromatics, resins, and asphaltene with 70.45%, 15.2%, 10.9%, and 3.45%, respectively.

According to the results of biodegradability indicators of oil sludge, it can be concluded that the isolated consortium can be proposed as a suitable tool for the treatment of petroleum sludge at the bottom of crude oil storage tanks.

Wastewater treatment and stabilization always imposes costs and consequently a lot of energy on wastewater treatment plants. To achieve the purification and stabilization of as much sludge as possible, breaking complex components into simpler components is considered a critical step. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of treating the produced sludge in the municipal wastewater treatment plant using ozonation method.

In this study, sludge was obtained from the return line of activated sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in the south of Tehran. An ozonation generator with a discharge rate of 3 L/min and an ozone concentration of 40-35 mg/L was discharged to the reactor and the residual ozone concentration was measured by iodometric method. Finally, the total suspended solids and volatile, soluble chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and biochemical oxygen demand during ozonation processes were measured using the Standard Method.

The results of this study showed that the amount of TSS and VSS in the activated return sludge decreased from 4060 to 2100 mg/L and from 3300 to 1850 mg/L during the ozonation process, respectively. However, SCOD, TOC, and SBOD had an upward trend of about 18, 11.7, and 14 times in the same reaction time, respectively.

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ozonation system can be proposed as a suitable process for the decomposition of sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants and increasing the biodegradability of these sludges.

The Karun River is the biggest river basin in Iran, which supplies water demands of about 16 cities, several villages, thousands of hectares of agricultural. This river polluted because of domestic and urban sewerage, industrial sources, and irrigation of agricultural land, Hospital sewage and high tide level of Persian Gulf.
Therefore, because of the importance of this river, the water salinity of this river is determined in this study. The traditional methods of determining water salinity are costly in comparison with remote sensing methods.
In the present study, Landsat 8 (OLI) data was used to calculate the water salinity map for Karun River since not only it is free, but it also has an acceptable resolution.

Landsat 8 (OLI) images were used to calculate reflectance for a pixel and were attained from (US Geological Survey (USGS) 2019). First, radiometric correction was applied to normalize satellite images. This process convert Digital Number into radiance. Second, in order to attain the surface reflectance values, the process of atmospheric correction was applied using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH).
Water salinity was calculate by Iran Water and Power Recourses Development Company. Eight stations are located in the crucial point for EC measuring ALIKALE, GOTVAND, SHOOSHTAR, SHOTEYT, GARGAR, DEZ, AHVAZ, and ABADAN.
Iran Water and Power Recourses Development Company obtained 102 observed EC samples from June 2013 to July 2018 along the Karun River.
The Support Vector Machine was classically used for classification, Support Vector Classification, but extended for using along with regression issue, namely Support Vector Regression.
The results related to the quality of the SVR depend on some factors: the loss function Ɛ, the error penalty factor C and the kernel function parameters.
Usually, radial basis kernel function (RBF), k(x, x΄) = k(x,x΄)=exp⁡〖( -||x-x΄〗 2/σ^2), has been used in remote sensing studies, so, it is implemented in this study. Finally, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to optimize some parameters including C, Ɛ and σ.
GA is an optimization technique create by Holland (1975) and discussed the mechanism of GA in solving nonlinear optimization problems.
Besides, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) was applied to determine the best performer bands combination. Furthermore, we employ GA to optimize SVR parameters and number of layers and neurons of MLP neural network in order to maximize model accuracy.

Salinity intrusion is a complex issue in coastal, hot, and dry areas. Currently, remote sensing techniques have been widely used to monitor water salinity changes, ranging from inland river networks to deep oceans. The Karun River basin, with a basin area of 67,000 km^2, is located in the southern part of Iran. The salinity of Karun River has been increasing due to some critical factors, e.g. severe climate condition and regional physiography, industrial sources, domestic and urban sewerage, irrigation of agricultural land, fish hatchery, hospital sewage, and high tide level of Persian Gulf .
This study aimed at building Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) models to realize the salinity intrusion through the relationship between reflectance from the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager images and salinity levels measured in situ. 102 observed samples were divided into 75% training and 25% test.
Besides, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) was applied to determine the best performer bands combination. Furthermore, we employ GA to optimize SVR parameters and number of layers and neurons of MLP neural network in order to maximize model accuracy.
The result showed that the MLP approach was the better model to estimate water salinity along the Karun River network in the study area, which coefficient of determination (R^2) and RMSE of test data is obtained as 0.73 and 390μs 〖cm〗^(-1).
GA analysis proved that bands 1, 2 and 3 are the best for modeling water salinity. In this study, the GA is used to determine the SVR meta-parameters including the loss function Ɛ, the error penalty factor C and σ parameters, which are obtained to be〖1×10〗^(-9), 1099 and 0.96, respectively, and number of layers and neurons of MLP neural network, which are obtained to be 5 and 35, respectively.
The result showed that the MLP approach was the better model to estimate water salinity along the Karun River network in the study area, which coefficient of determination (R^2) and RMSE of test data is obtained as 0.73 and 390μs 〖cm〗^(-1).

The present study calculated the relationship between reflectance retrieved from Landsat-8 OLI and water salinity in the Karun River. SVR and MLP models had acceptable operation by considering the large size, geographic complexity of the study domain and the wide range of field data that change between 385 and 4310μs cm^(-1). Augmentation field data is the critical priority work for future study to probe the relationship between water salinity and satellite images.In addition, the contribution of thermal bands can help to increase accuracy of models. Salinity intrusion is a complex issue in coastal and hot and dry areas. Currently, remote sensing techniques have been widely used to monitor water salinity changes, ranging from inland river networks to deep oceans. The Karun River basin, with a basin area of 67,000 km2, is located in the southern part of Iran. The salinity of Karun River has been increasing due to some critical factors, e.g. severe climate condition and regional physiography, industrial sources, domestic and urban sewerage, irrigation of agricultural land, fish hatchery, hospital sewage, and high tide level of Persian Gulf .This study aimed at building Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) models to realize the salinity intrusion through the relationship between reflectance from the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager images and salinity levels measured in situ. A total of 102 observed samples were divided into 75% training and 25% test. Besides, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) was applied to determine the best performer bands combination. Furthermore, we employ GA to optimize SVR parameters and number of layers and neurons of MLP neural network in order to maximize model accuracy. The result showed that the MLP approach was the better model to estimate water salinity along the Karun River network in the study area, which coefficient of determination (R2) and RMSE of test data is obtained as 0.73 and 390μscm-1

Considering 829000 annual diarrhoeal deaths due to water pollution worldwide, the World Health Organization has emphasized that countries should reduce this rate by upgrading their wastewater treatment systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a modified up flow septic tanks reactor for treatment of synthetic wastewater.

In this experimental study, a modified septic tank system based on the upstream hydraulic regime, and also a conventional septic tank system was designed, manufactured, and operated. The municipal wastewater was used to operate, and synthetic wastewater was used to maintain. The major performance indicators of septic tanks include: volatile solids (VS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were sampled and measured in triplicates. The experiments were done in three hydraulic retention times of 24, 48, and 72 hr. Finally, the results of the study were analyzed by statistical tests in the SPSS software.

The average removal of TSS, VS, VSS, and COD in HRT 24 h for the conventional reactor were 55.07, 27.36, 30.82, and 55.52%, respectively, and for the upstream-modified reactor at HRT 24 h were 66.57%, 34.05%, 38.47%, and 65.57%, respectively.

Changing septic tanks to up flow regimes and creating a cylindrical shape in conventional septic tanks, the removal efficiency of conventional septic tanks was improved, and the effluent contamination load was reduced.

Glyphosate is known as the most used world's herbicides and contradictions exist over its classification as a probably carcinogenic for the human. This study aimed to review the newest evidences in toxicity, biodegradability and detection methods of glyphosate. To conduct this systematic review, databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched to extract studies on the non-target toxicity, biodegradability and detection methods of glyphosate from 2000 to 2018. The applied key words included glyphosate, herbicide, biodegradation, and bio decomposition. The number of articles retrieved and reviewed was 84 and 23, respectively. Glyphosate could cause endocrine disrupting effects, dermal
irritation, embryo toxicity, electrolyte abnormalities, apoptosis, cardiovascular collapse, teratogenicity, and mutagenic effects. High-performance liquid chromatography, UV-visible spectroscopy, gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, and ion-exchange liquid chromatography were techniques used for detecting glyphosate in soil and water. The biodegradation of glyphosate was performed by various bacteria and fungi microorganisms. Given the high consumption and low rates of biodegradation of glyphosate, more attention should be paid to its toxicity potential in the human's environment and health.

There are different methods for removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions. Adsorption based methods are among the bests. One of the most important aspects for adsorption techniques is the availability of an accessible and economical adsorbent. This study aims to investigate cadmium removal from aqueous solutions by walnuts shell waste. Walnut Shell (WS) was used as a carbon and was activated by a chemical agent. The surface characteristics of the synthesized Activated Carbon (AC), kinetic and isothermic variation were investigated under laboratory conditions. The results showed that adsorption could be affected by the amount of adsorbent and pH. The adsorption of cadmium was in the maximum level when pH was 6. Between two investigated adsorption isotherms, Langmuir (R2=0.98) and Freundlich (R2 = 0.97) isotherms well described the cadmium adsorption on walnut shell produced activated carbon. Walnut shell as an agricultural waste can be synthesized into a suitable absorbent to absorb the toxic metal cadmium from aquatic solutions.

Because of high consumption on water in marble processing, issue of water reuse in the process, is essential. Therefore this study was conducted with purpose of survey efficiency of aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, poly aluminum chloride, polymer and lime in removal of turbidity, total suspended solids and total solids of marble processing wastewater.
This study was performed on laboratory scale and using the jar test. The experiments was done based on various doses of coagulant (25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 500 mg/l). Steps of rapid mixing, slow mixing and stable was done, and the factors such as turbidity, total suspended solids, total solids, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were investigated.
Findings: Coagulants efficiency in the turbidity removal was approximately identical. The maximum rates of removal of the turbidity related to lime (99.8%) and a minimum rate of removal was related to aluminum sulfate (86.4%). Poly aluminum chloride and lime were high efficiency in the removal of the total suspended solids. The maximum rates of removal of the total suspended solids related to lime (99.1%) and the minimum rate of removal was related to ferric chloride (57.3%). Alum and polymer efficiency in removal of the total solids was higher than other coagulants. The maximum rates of removal of total solids related to alum (82.5%) and the minimum rate of removal was related to polyaluminum chloride (70%).
Discussion and Use of coagulants can increase the treatment efficiency and accelerates return the water to cycle. Alum and lime have high performance in removal of turbidity, total suspended solids, and total solids and can be used for marble processing wastewater treatment.

Decentralized wastewater treatment facilities are an expensive approach for developing countries. Decentralized wastewater treatment plants (DWWTPs) are a flexible technology. They have low construction and operational costs. Site selection is the most significant stage in the implementation of a DWWTPS. Therefore, the present study aimed to perform a site selection among the proposed locations for a DWWTPS in Qom city.
In this experimental study, the criteria of DWWTPS site selection were determined, judged by interview experts, and analyzed by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) using the Expert Choice 11 software. Finally, according to the performed judgments, the proposed locations (sites) were ranked in order of preference.
The slope of the land held maximum importance, while the density of the population had minimum importance in the site selection process. The southern and north-eastern regions of Qom had appropriate sites.
The AHP is a decision analysis method that considers both the qualitative and quantitative information applicable for the various subjects, especially site selection. In this study, according to the expert’s notices, the AHP technique could determine an appropriate site among the proposed locations for the construction of DWWTPS.

Brain injuries occur as a result of sudden and severe collision of head to hard object which can be mild, moderate, or severe. Epilepsy, persistent headaches, brain hemorrhage, infection, stroke, dementia, mental retardation, brain death, psychological and mood disorders as well as hormonal disorders are the consequences of brain injuries which sometimes remain persistent throughout the whole life. The leading causes of traumatic brain injury are car accidents, falls, physical violence, accidents during work, accidents inside the home, and sport accidents. The most important cause of head trauma in Iran is traffic accidents. Each year more than 700 thousand people injured in road accidents that most of them are suffering from head trauma. Each year several thousand people kill in road accident that imposes a large economic burden on the national healthcare system In Iran. The number of road accidents in Iran is about 20 times more than the global average norm. Each nineteen minutes, one person dies in a traffic accident. Given the high rate of mortalities due to the brain injuries, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital affiliated with the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs has begun to have some preventive measures on the brain and spinal cord injuries. These activities include holding international congresses, publishing books and brochures as well as holding scientific workshops. The main purpose of holding international road safety congress is to present a plan to prevent the brain injuries which was fulfilled with the cooperation of different national and international organizations during the last five years.
Prevention of traffic accidents and improving public knowledge are the main missions for our program. Shefa Neuroscience Research Center is trying to gather responsible groups and organizations during annual international congresses. It is also aimed to decrease the number of accidents using the experiences of leading successful countries.

Background & Aims of the Study: Spent filter backwash water (SFBW) consists of 1-5% of the total treated water typically and it has a high turbidity. Because of the scarcity of water resources and in order to prevent the environmental contamination, effluent treatment of rapid sand filter backwashing is unavoidable. One of the new technologies for removal of turbidity from the effluent is ElectroCoagulation (EC) processes. This study aimed to examine the efficiency of continuous electrocoagulation in turbidity removal from spent filter backwash water.
This study was non-continuous experiment. A rectangular cube electrocoagulation tank in 24 cm×17 cm×18 cm dimensions from Plexiglas with the volume of 7.35 liter was made. In this tank there were 4 metal plates (electrode) (15× 22× 0.1cm); two electrodes as cathode and anode which were made of aluminum and iron, respectively. All of the tests were done in continuous flow. According to the study criteria (Time, Turbidity and pH), 126 sample got with the turbidity 320, 350, 400 NTU from rapid sand filter backwashing water, so they were tested in current density; 1, 1.4, 1.8, 2, 2.4, 2.8 and 3.2 ampere in 3 selected detention times (10, 20 and 30 min). Each experiment was repeated two times. In this research the space of electrode and pH is fixed at 1.5 cm and 8.2.
In this case the highest turbidity removal for Al electrode from rapid sand filter backwashing occurred in the current density 3.2 ampere, 30 min detention time and 320 NTU turbidity. The percent of removal for Al was 95.12. The highest removal for Fe electrode from rapid sand filter backwashing occur in the current density 3.2 ampere, 30 min detention time and 320 NTU turbidity. The percent of removal for Fe was 87.40.
Regarding to the results of the tests, using electrocoagulation has an appropriate efficiency in turbidity removal.

Arsenic is considered as a heavy metal and toxic pollutants because of its potential harm to human health and environment protection. One of the mechanisms for arsenic removalfrom an aqueous solution is the adsorption process. the aim of this study was to evaluate arsenic adsorption from aqueous solution using activated carbon provided from walnut.
This was an experimental study. At first, the walnut was synthesized and was produced the adsorbent. Stock solution of arsenic was prepared (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg/L). According to the Jar test by rapid mixing (7hr at 120 rpm) for evaluating the reaction kinetic and by slow mixing for evaluating the reaction stability (24 hr at 90 rpm), the effect of influencing parameters on adsorption process such as pH (5.5, 6.2, 6.9, 7.6 and 8.3), adsorbent dosage (10, 20 and 30 mg/l) and initial arsenic concentration (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 mg/L) were evaluated. Also, to describe the experimental data, the Langmuir, Freundlich, were assessed. All experiments were conducted twice and the mean of percentage removal was obtained.
According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of the activated carbon provided from walnut 3.15 (mg/g) were obtained. According to the Freundlich model, the maximum adsorption capacity of the activated carbon provided from walnut 2.05 (mg/g) were obtained. The results showed that increase in adsorbent dosage and decrease in pH increased the adsorption of arsenic. While increase in pH and initial arsenic concentration decreased arsenic adsorption.
activated carbon provided from walnut with regards to waste walnuts and found largely in many areas in Iran and low-cost synthesizing could be used to as adsorbent of arsenic adsorption.

Road traffic accidents account for approximately 186,300 children deaths annually as well as millions of injuries; including brain and spine trauma. Road accidents may lead to several disabilities and chronic disease, such as refractory epilepsy and cognitive impairments. In low-income and middle-income countries, road traffic accidents account for about two-thirds of these casualties and injuries. To address the importance of public health and sustainable development issue of child road safety in Iran, The Fifth International Road Safety and Pediatric Trauma was held on January 20-22, 2016 in Tehran, Iran.
During three days of discussion between several experts from Europe as well as Iranian scientists, physicians, health educators, and traffic police on different aspects of children road safety, the followings seven points were suggested for for the improvement of children traffic safety: 1) declaration of road safety as a national health problem, 2) adoption of technical safety standards for cars and child seats, 3) codification of law for mandatory use of seat belt and child seats, 4) implementation of enforcement measures for checking seat belt and child seat use, 5) enhancement of accident research and data monitoring system country wide. Furthermore, emphases were given to protection of child pedestrians, bicyclists, 6) obligatory education on children road safety in schools, and 7) emphasizing the role of media on improvement of children road safety.

Background & Aims of the Study: Accidents in water networks can lead to increase the uncounted water, costs of repair, maintenance, restoration and enter water contaminants to water network. The aim of this study is to survey the accidents of Qom rural water network and choose the right approaches to reduce the number of accidents.
In this cross-sectional study, four sector of Qom province (Markazi, Dastjerd, Kahak and Qahan), were assessed over a period of 8 months (July – January 2010). This study was conducted through questionnaire of Ministry of Energy.
The total number of accidents was 763. The highest number of accidents in the four sectors was related to Markazi sector with 228 accidents. According to the time of the accident, the highest and lowest number of accident was related to September (19.7%) and November (6.8%), respectively. According to the location of the accident on network, the highest and lowest number of accident was related to distribution network (64%) and connections (17.5%) and transmission pipe (18.34%), respectively. According to the type of the accident, the highest and lowest number of accident was related to breaking 47.8%) and gasket failure (1.2%), respectively. Considering with the pipes’ material, the highest and lowest number of accident was related to polyethylene pipes (93%) and steel and cast iron pipes (0.5%, 0.5%), respectively.
Due to the high break rate of Polyethylene pipes, it is recommended to be placed in priority of leak detection and rehabilitation.

The effective size of the end grain of horizontal roughing filters (HRFs) is larger than 2 mm. This study aimed to examine the efficiency of HRFs in removing nitrate, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from effluent of a wastewater stabilization pond. This experimental study was conducted in 2013. The pilot project was transferred to the Karaj wastewater treatment plant (stabilization pond), and the installation, equipping, and start-up of the system began using an effluent treatment plant. Sampling was done from March to August in 3 rates, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/h, and included simultaneous sampling from inlet and outlet filtering to determine the concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, and COD. At filtration rates of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/h, the average nitrate removal equaled 25%, 32%, and 34%, respectively, average phosphate removal equaled 29%, 26%, and 28%, respectively, and the average COD removal at filtration rates of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/h equaled 62%, 66%, and 68%, respectively. Outlet values of phosphate and nitrate were lower than the standards set by the Environmental Standards Organization (ESO) (P < 0.05). According to the results of this study, the HRF function was approximately adequate in COD removal, but its efficiency in nitrate and phosphate removal was lower.

This study aimed to evaluated trends for iron and manganese concentrations in wells, reservoirs, and water distribution networks in Qom city during the summer of 2012. This was a cross-sectional study. The studied scopes consisted of groundwater (60 wells), reservoirs (10 tanks), and water distribution network (33 points). One sample was taken from each source monthly. Statistical tests used included post hoc tests (Tukey HSD). Finally, the results were compared with drinking water standards. The average concentrations of iron in groundwater, reservoirs, and distribution networks were 0.09, 0.07, and 0.07 mg/l, respectively. The average concentrations of manganese in groundwater, reservoirs, and distribution networks were 0.15, 0.09, and 0.1 mg/l, respectively. The turbidity averages in groundwater, reservoirs, and distribution networks were 0.58, 0.6, and 0.52 NTU, respectively. The average concentrations of free chlorine residual in water reservoirs and distribution networks were 1.74 and 1.06 mg/l, respectively. The pH averages in groundwater, reservoirs, and distribution networks were 7.4, 7.7, and 7.5, respectively. The amounts of iron, manganese, turbidity, free chlorine residual, and pH in the investigated resources had no significant differences (P > 0.05). The amounts of iron, manganese, turbidity, free chlorine residual and pH in groundwater, reservoirs, and water distribution networks of Qom are within permissible limits of national standards and EPA guidelines. Only the amount of manganese was higher than the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permissible limit.

Background and Generated dye wastewater by the textile industry is usually toxic, non-biodegradable and resistant in the environment. Eggshell is one of the inexpensive material and for the reason the vesicular structures can be used as a proper adsorbent for pollutants removal. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of eggshell for removal of acid orange 2 dye from aqueous solution. In the experimental study was determined the efficacy of variant variables such as contact time (15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min), pH (3, 7 and 11), adsorbent dose (10, 25, 50 and 75 g/L), and initial dye concentration (25, 50 and 100 mg/L). The concentration of dye by spectrophotometer ultraviolet/visible in the wavelength 483 nm was examined. The results showed that with increasing contact time and adsorbent dose, the dye removal efficiency was increased, but with increasing pH and initial dye concentration the removal efficiency was decreased. The maximum of removal efficiency of acid orange 2 dye got in the optimum pH: 3, contact time: 90 min, adsorbent dose: 50 g/L and initial dye concentration: 25 mg/L. Adsorption of acid orange 2 dye (R2 = 0.87) follow the Freundlich isotherm. Eggshells can be used as an inexpensive and effective adsorbent for the removal of acid orange 2 dye.

Identification and selection of entrepreneurial businesses، are key activities to encourage people to do entrepreneuship. The majer goal of the current study is to identify، and prioritize the effective components in selection off superior entrepreneurial businesses. The research method is mixed method. Friedman rank test has been used to analyze the data. The findings has revealed that the following components are suitable for nascent entrepreneurial businesses. Individual skills، team work، social skills، high energy levels، organization of resources improved، culture of innovation and creativity، are considered as enablers. Other components such as utility/usefulness، efficiency، vision، sales growth or income business، the economic effect on the community، return on investment and profitability in the results. In addition، findings have showed that enablers and results respectively are weighted 54 and 46 percent. Individual skills is the most important and return on investment is the least significant factor in study’s findings.

Identification and selection of entrepreneurial businesses are key activities to encourage people to do entrepreneurship. The major goal of the current study is to identify and prioritize the effective components in the selection of superior entrepreneurial businesses. Mixed method is employed to examine this issue. Friedman rank test is used to analyze the data. The findings have revealed that the following components are suitable for nascent entrepreneurial businesses as enablers: individual skills، team work، social skills، high energy levels، organization of resources improved، culture of innovation and creativity. Other factors included in the ranking comprise utility/usefulness، efficiency، vision، sales growth or income business، the economic effect on the community، return on investment and profitability in the results. In addition، the results show that individual skills are the most important and return on investment is the least significant factors in selecting superior entrepreneurial businesses.

One of the prerequisites for the students planning to promote entrepreneurial capabilities in our higher education system is the "domain" of entrepreneurial curriculum. It is of great importance when it becomes evident that we are faced with a range of characteristics and entrepreneurial capabilities. For an effective curriculum design, we have to determine the "scope" and the "sequence" components. This study has identified two key characteristics of entrepreneurship in the curriculum aimed at promoting students' abilities. An interpretative structural modelling method (ISM) is used in a qualitative research along with the viewpoints of eight Iranian successful entrepreneurs. and top 13 entrepreneurial features as the ultimate goals of the curriculum in entrepreneurial universities. The communication structure of interrelationship is drawn in the form of an interactive network. On this basis, it is found that the "confidence", as the most important entrepreneurial characteristic in all of 12 selected features, has direct and indirect impact. Additionally, with a view to the results of similar research on the relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics in an interactive structure obtained in this study, some applications of an effective curriculum design in entrepreneurship have also been discussed.

The purpose of this research is content analysis and evaluation of scientific production of entrepreneurship with thematic approach and methodology. The research covers 92 articles published in the Journal of Entrepreneurship Development in the period 1387-1390.The findings from content analysis of this Journal suggest that the dominant themes in research are corporate entrepreneurship and business creation and development. Most studies are focused on the data sources. Interviews and observation research tools have been infrequently used. Quantitative aspect is the dominant method of analysis in entrepreneurship research while the qualitative and mixed method being consistent with the dynamic and complex nature of entrepreneurship is not often used. Studies are mainly cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have not received great attention. Furthermore, the statistical analysis techniques become more complex over time and the use of structural equation modeling is growing. The dominant analysis level is the individual and organization. Most studies are focused on a single analysis level and incorporate entrepreneurs, business founders and managers of governmental and non-governmental organizations.