r. dastjerdi

Black spot disease (Ophiognomonia leptostyla) is an important disease in walnut growing areas all over the world. Four promising walnut hybrids; H 1-1, H 1-7, H 2-12 and H 2-1 were evaluated for susceptibility to using factorial arrangement in completely randomized design. Hartley and K72 were included as resistant and susceptible controls, respectively. The experiment was conducted in spring 2021 and 2022. Fully expanded walnut leaflets were inoculated by fungal conidia (105 spore ml-1). Number and size of necrotic spots were recorded at 15-day intervals until 45 days after inoculation. According to the data of 45 days after inoculation, the maximum number of necrotic spots belonged to H 2-12 while the largest spots were developed on H 1-1 and H 1-7. First acervuli appearance was occurred 43-44 days after inoculation on H 1-1 and H 2-12. All evaluated hybrids were susceptible, but symptoms development and disease severity varied. The average of NLA ranged from 20% in Hartley to 90% in H 1-7. H 1-7, H 1-1 and H 2-12 as well as K72 exhibited high level of infection and was considered as highly susceptible. Hybrid H 2-1 with the average NLA of 52% was classified in moderately susceptible group.

Anthracnose, caused by Ophiognomonia leptostyl Fr., is one of the most destructive walnut (Juglans regia L.) foliar diseases in the world. To facilitate development of cultivars in new growing areas, four recently released cultivars in Iran (‘Alvand’, ‘Chaldoran’, ‘Caspian’, and ‘Persia’), a local promising genotype (C25), ‘Hartley’, ‘Ronde de Montignac’, and K72 were examined for their response to the anthracnose attack. Fully expanded leaflets of grafted plants were inoculated by fungal conidia in two consecutive years. The number and size of necrotic spots were recorded at 15-day intervals until 45 days after inoculation. According to the data of 30th day, the maximum number of necrotic lesions belonged to ‘Alvand’ while the largest spots developed on K72 and ‘Chaldoran’. Cultivars were categorized into six susceptibility classes depending on Necrotic Leaflet Area (NLA). The average of NLA ranged from 0.61% (‘Ronde de Montignac’) to 99.94% (in K72). All tested cultivars, except ‘Ronde de Montignac’ and ‘Hartley’, were susceptible, but symptoms development and disease severity varied among the cultivars. ‘Persia’ exhibited a low level of infection and was relatively resistant. ‘Caspian’ with an average NLA of 20% was slightly susceptible. ‘Alvand’ and C25 grouped as susceptible and moderately susceptible, respectively. K72 and ‘Chaldoran’ showed the maximum level of infection. The amount of disease was intensified in ‘Caspian’, C25 and ‘Alvand’ between the days of 30-45 after inoculation, while ‘Ronde de Montignac’, ‘Hartley’ and ‘Persia’ appeared consistently more resistant even 45 days after inoculation. These three cultivars could be used in integrated management approaches to control anthracnose in walnut orchards.

The immediate spread of life-threatening diseases such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can put a great deal of strain on healthcare professionals. Considering the important role of healthcare workers during the epidemic and the impact of life-threatening diseases on them, this study aimed to assess the general health of healthcare workers during the first peak of COVID-19 epidemic in Iran, and to investigate the factors affecting health status of the study population.

In this prospective pre-post observational study, the healthcare workers of South Khorasan province, Iran formed the target population. Data collection was initiated on May 9th, 2020, which is between the two peaks of the epidemic in Iran (March 31th, and June 4th). In this study, 173 individuals were entered the study. The data collection tools included a 28-item version of the Goldberg Standard General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and a demographic checklist. Data were entered into SPSS v.22 for analysis at the significance level of P ≤0.05.

This study was conducted on 173 healthcare workers with an age range of 20-66 years and a mean and standard deviation (SD) of 35.2 ± 8.9 years. The mean total score of the GHQ-28 was 16.1 ± 7.9 one month before the COVID-19 epidemic, while it increased by 5.0 points and reached 21.1 ± 11.2 during the epidemic (P <0.001, effect size = 31.0%). Adjusted R-squared values for the somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia, severe depression, and social dysfunction subscales and the GHQ-28 were 32.8%, 55.5%, 72.3%, 11.6%, and 38.4%, respectively.

The scores of the GHQ-28 and its four subscales raised significantly during the COVID-19 epidemic compared to the previous month, showing that the health status of healthcare workers was deteriorated. Also, rotational work shifts along with experiencing nonspecific symptoms of COVID-19 could adversely affect the health status of healthcare workers.

Through this investigation 18 promising local apple genotypes along with Gala, Fuji, Red Delicious and Golden Delicious cultivars were evaluated for tolerance to fungal cankers in Kamalshahr horticultural research station, Karaj, Iran, during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Preliminary field assessment confirmed the presence of Cytospora. and Neofusicoccum in infected trees. The results showed that the relative susceptibility of genotypes to cytospora chanker was different. H1-SH and T51 genotypes with the average infection score of three were identified as susceptible, B-K-KH together with Fuji cultivar were moderately-susceptible, and SBA genotype and cv. Golden Delicious were identified as low susceptible. Artificial inoculation of Neofusicoccum isolates on dormant excised apple twigs confirmed the pathogenicity of isolates and showed different responses of genotypes to pathogen. Under field conditions, the infection score for sooty canker ranged from zero to three (in MD-N2 genotype). GO-N3, ME6, B-K-KH and SBA genotypes as well as cv. Fuji, cv. Red Delicious and cv. Golden Delicious were grouped as moderately susceptible. Simultaneous infection to both fungal cankers observed on five promising genotypes; T51, SBA, S-O-G, H1-SH and B-K-KH, as well as cv. Golden Delicious and cv. Fuji. It can be concluded that there are invaluable resistance sources among promising local apple genotypes, under natural infection, to be selected and used in apple breeding programs.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that can affect the physical, psychosocial, and social adaptation of patients. This study aimed to assess the psychosocial adaptation of patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to the Diabetes Research Center of Birjand.

In this descriptive‒analytical study, 120 diabetic patients who referred to the Diabetes Research Center of Birjand in the spring of 2013 were selected through convenience sampling. Data collection tools included Demographic Information Form and Psychosocial Adaptation to Illness Survey (PAIS), whose content validity was confirmed by 10 members of the faculty; its reliability for 20 patients was calculated as 0.94 using the Cronbach's alpha. The obtained data was analyzed in SPSS (version 15) using independent t-test and ANOVA at the significant level of P<0.05.

The overall mean score for psychosocial adaptation in the study was 1.28±0.43 which was at a moderate level. As education level increased in participants, the overall mean score for psychosocial adaptation and the components of family environment, social environment, and psychological disorders also increased in a significant way. However, mean scores of psychosocial adaptation in vocational environment, sexual relationship, and social environment decreased along with increase in the duration of diabetes.

The results of this study showed that psychosocial adaptation of type 2 diabetic patients was moderate and that demographic factors were effective on psychosocial adaptation of these patients. Therefore, it seems necessary to plan for educational and caring interventions by health centers to enhance psychosocial adaptation, and hence, more effective medical treatment.

To study the psychological well-being of people in society especially students of different levels of education is of great importance particularly when considering the disparities in intelligence structures and its impact on psychological and educational performance. The current study was carried out to assess and compare this well-being in gifted and non gifted high school students in Birjand.

In this investigation, the causative-comparative approach has been used. The statistical population of the research consisted of 394 high school students that were chosen by random sampling. Subjects filled out Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and level of statistical significant was considered for t test as P<0.05.

The mean of personal growth score of psychological well-being was higher in gifted than no gifted students, which was statistically significant. No other difference was observed in other factors in these groups.

Due to the importance of personal growth and its role in future life of students a peculiar effective planning should be considered in this field.

Since medical field students play an important role in health-medical system in future, paying attention to their mental health is of great importance in order to increase their motivation and health security. The present study was conducted to determine mental health status of the students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences.

In this analytic descriptive research 500 university students were studied by using SCL-90-R questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS and t-test, chi-square test, Pearson correlation (P<0.05).

Research findings showed that 33.3% of investigated university students were entirely in health. The most important psychotic problems of the students were as: psychosis, physical complaints, aggression, anxiety and depression, respectively. T -test showed a significant difference between the means of physical complaints and aggression scores of male and female students.

The results of current study showed that medical field students are predisposed to have tendency to mental disorders due to stresses. So it is required to determine risk factors as well as to plan a stepwise program to reduce them.

In every organization ,man power is the most important element. of excellence and progress and is the essential factor in the realization of its goals. Since job satisfaction plays a significant role in achieving organizational goals as well as individual and social health, thus the influencing factors must be examined by the public sector so they cold correct the weaknesses and reinforce the strengths through careful recognition of opportunities and threats . the present study was conducted toward the above-mentioned objective. 

The study is a descriptive - analytical research conducted on 324 randomly selected personnel of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The data collection tool was job description index. The data were analyzed by Analysis of variance (ANOV A) and k2 by means ofSPSS software.

The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between gender and job satisfaction regarding promotion system and salary (P < ',' 0). There was also a significant relationship between the personnel with different educational backgrounds in five job types. Personnel vlith degrees higher than bachelor were more satisfied with their jobs and salaries. Theses People, however, showed less satisfaction with their supervisors, colleagues, and promotion system. A significant relationship was also observed between service rank and job satisfaction. The Most amount of dissatisfaction concerning payment was related to clinical and "health" care Personnel. 

In order to increase job satisfaction, modifications must be done in areas like the present evaluative methods, payment systems, personnel's attitudes toward their jobs, and manager - personnel relationships. Taking personnel's needs into account, and planning precise long-term schedules can also be effective in this regard.