s. maleki

In the last few decades, growth and many changes in the economic, social and cultural dimensions of the world have caused a transformation in different aspects of the life of rural communities, which has led to extensive changes in agriculture, production, ideology, environment and performance. Many structural developments have changed agriculture, which has been the dominant activity of villages over time, including changes in farming operations, farming systems, farming types and farming patterns. Cultivation pattern refers to the allocation of arable land to the cultivation of various crops; but each of them has special economic, social and technical structures in its belly.Cultivation pattern is a pillar of agricultural system science that can play an important role in achieving the goals of rural and agricultural development, which will bring prosperity and improve the lives of farmers. Therefore, the correct choice of any cultivation pattern can play an important role in the life of the farmer and the rural community.

According to the nature of the subject and its goals, this research is descriptive-analytical and among theoretical and applied researches. The choice of classification variables was also chosen according to the variables that are available.In order to collect information, a documentary and field method was used for the questionnaire, in which the data related to the variables considered by the researcher were included. Second-order factor analysis model was used to investigate the status of the indicators of the change of the cultivation pattern from water-based crops to sour tea in the villages of Kut-e Abdollah district including economic development, socio-cultural development and environmental development. SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze the data and explain the model of the effect of cropping change on sustainable rural development.

The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of changing the pattern of cultivation to sour tea on sustainable rural development with the structural equation modeling approach. The results of the fit indices show that all the fit indices of the first-order factor analysis of economic, socio-cultural and environmental development questions were confirmed. Therefore, according to the reported value of the fit indices, it can be seen that the data are statistically consistent with the factor structure of the structural equation model of the hidden variables of the research; therefore, the model of structural rates of the research has a suitable and acceptable fit. The results of fit indexes of the second-order factor analysis model show that all the fit indexes of the second-order factor analysis of rural development components are suitable, except for the GFI and RFI indexes, but due to the very small difference in the values of these indexes, the optimal value can be ignored.

The findings of the research show that the structural model of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis has appropriate fit indices, therefore economic development (0.98), socio-cultural development (0.94) and environmental development (0.84) are among the factor loadings. It explains the model that shows the effect of changing the cultivation pattern in different dimensions of sustainable development of rural areas.So, changing the cultivation pattern to sour tea is effective in improving economic, socio-cultural and environmental development. Therefore, according to the results, it can be said that changing the cultivation pattern to sour tea has played an effective role in the development of Kut-e Abdollah district. Therefore, it seems necessary to know more about the angles of these changes, which will require more study.

Unbalanced development of different land use/cover in basins without considering the contribution of all components, can cause serious damage to the stability of the entire basin. The development of agricultural areas by increasing the amount of water use and creating dams upstream of rivers are the most important threats to wetlands in many places. Jazmorian wetland is one of the seasonal wetlands in the south-east of Iran. The most important source of water supply for this wetland is the Halil-Rood River. To investigate the land use/cover changes of Jazmurian wetland and  Halil-Rood River, the time series of Landsat satellite data for the years 1354, 1374, 1387, and 1401 were used in the present research. The Landsat satellite images were classified using a hybrid classification method and the land use/cover of the study area maps were prepared. The accuracy of the prepared maps for the latest image was calculated by preparing the error matrix, calculating the kappa index, and the overall accuracy of more than 0.8 and 9%, respectively. The investigation of the prepared maps showed that the area of land under water increased from 1354 to 1374 and then decreased from 119,552 hectares in 1374 to 723 hectares in 1401. The area of agricultural land increased from 2131 hectares in 1354 to 133913 hectares in 1387 and declined to 105795 hectares in 1401. The results of this study show that in this period, with the construction of a dam upstream of the Halil-Rood River, and the development of agricultural lands, the water volume level of the wetland decreased, and the wetland completely dried up in 1401. The present study indicates the necessity of considering different components of a watershed in development planning to achieve sustainable development.

the countries of Iran and Afghanistan. A long period of drought has happened in this area by human interventions after 1999. The objective of current study is to predict the Hamoun wetland situation in scenarios with and without human intervention using the Markov model-automated cellular for 2019 and the next forty years. Land cover maps of the study area using satellite images for 1987 as a normal year, 1991 as a wet year, and 2019 as a year with human effects were prepared. Then, prediction model for 2019 were prepared using 1987 and 1991 cover layers in four scenarios, prediction models were prepared for the next forty years in normal, drought, and wet conditions. If the natural process of watering of Hamoun wetland continues, lower than 362735 hectares of wetland should become watering in 2019, while, according this year land cover map, less than 50000 hectares of wetland have water. Also, by continuation of the current trend and the effect of human activities in the 40-year models, 11230 hectares of the area will be watering, and if the natural process of the wetland continued using the model of 2019 this amount was equal to 373311 hectares. The results of the research show the completely different situation of the Hamoun wetland in the case of no human intervention in the watering of this wetland in 2019 and the model of the next forty years.

Industrial development is necessary to create employment and achieve welfare. Nevertheless, due to the important environmental effects of these uses, it is necessary to consider the environmental issues in industrial area land allocation. The current research used the multi-criteria evaluation method and the combination with fuzzy concepts to investigate the land capability for industrial development in the Plasjan sub-basin in the Zayandeh-rood river basin. Evaluation criteria were determined by literature reviewing and using experts' knowledge, and standard applying fuzzy method via proportional functions and weighted using the hierarchical method. The combined classification of satellite images prepared the land use and land cover map. Then, the standardized criteria were combined in the form of a weighted linear combination and the industrial development capability model was prepared for this area and classified into five land capability classes. The results showed that environmental considerations have the most weight with 0.23, and geological and soil texture criteria have the least weight with 0.06. According to the results, only 213 hectares of the region were allocated for industrial and mining use at the time of the study. In comparison, 2325 hectares of the region have very high industrial potential which shows the capability for increasing industrial areas. Also, the highest class of land capability was related to areas without the capability for industrial development with an area of 246375 ha, equivalent to 60% of the entire region, which shows the importance of conservation of the important functions of this region in water supply and ecological resources.

This research was conducted with the aim of phenomenological analysis of faculty members' lived experiences about teaching agriculture courses in the virtual education platform during Corona Virus pandemic using a qualitative approach. The statistical population of the research was the faculty members of the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment of Arak University. Out of the population and with respect to the diversity and homogeneity in the academic year of 2022-2023, 20 faculty members were selected as a sample by purposeful sampling. Qualitative data were collected through five semi-structured interviews with open some questions until the emergence of the theoretical saturation. The thematic analysis was used as a method to recognize, analyze, and report the results obtained from the qualitative interviews.  Four criteria proposed by Spezial, Strobert and Carpenter were used to check and ensure the validity of the research findings. In the first stage of the data analysis, the information was written and presented in the form of some draft texts. After defining the unit of analysis, the categorization and coding the concepts were implemented. MaxQDA software was used to code the collected data. The findings of the research regarding the phenomenological analysis of faculty members' lived experiences about teaching agriculture courses in the virtual education platform during Corona Virus pandemic included factors like training, facilitation, infrastructural weakness, and psychological effects. From the participants’ point of view, virtual education opportunities included strengthening educational technology skills, expanding online teaching skills, expanding education, and strengthening virtual education infrastructure. Also, the threats of virtual education included educational issues, lack of cognitive presence, infrastructural problems, and lack of rules. It is worth mentioning that although the participants listed some threats for the virtual education, they proposed some solutions to make education more effective, strengthen infrastructures, and establish laws. According to the results of the present research, improving the teaching and content production skills among the professors of the agricultural college, improving the infrastructure of virtual education, and formulating specific rules in the field of virtual education were highlighted as the main practical recommendations.

The core idea of spatial data infrastructures (SDI) is based on "Design". The word "design" bears a deep philosophical meaning as it becomes a complicated yet practical tool owing to the confluence of experts from different disciplines, and not one particular science area, to borrow the people a grant of recognition/understanding and problem-solving. The primary purpose of developing an SDI is to design a designer; that is, it can design the recognition pattern and a suitable management strategy of the dynamic world for the end-users based on the input disseminated transdisciplinary data and information. Such a secondary (yet as important) design is underpinned by the synergistic conglomeration of data and information, eventually increasing the collective wisdom and co-intelligence in a society. Current research sets out to assess the applicability of designing a provincial SDI framework for the agriculture and natural resources sectors, availed by organizational coordination and the notion of crowdsourcing. Due to swift growth in farmers and, on the other hand, watershed stakeholders as a larger management unit, attaining a holistic grasp on the existing and potential strengths and weaknesses to assist such a sizeable beneficial spectrum would only be surmounted by producing and developing an SDI. Integrating SDIs with game engines would create an interactive environment, leading to a better understanding of the environment and the involved processes and converting data & information into knowledge and wisdom.

Due to the development of using composite pipes and fittings in transmission lines and refineries of petrochemical and gas industries, knowledge of mechanical behavior and their optimal design in working conditions is essential. In this study, by using the Taguchi experimental design method, a numerical model is presented to investigate the behavior of composite pipes, made of glass fibers and different resins, against impact loads due to drop weight at different operating temperatures. The pipes are produced with three types of epoxy resins, vinyl ester and polyester and have been tested in the temperature range of -15o C to 100 °C. In order to evaluate the model, the results of the numerical model in different cases are compared with experimental ones and the effect of each of the control factors on the mechanical response of the pipe is evaluated. The results show that the pipe with epoxy resin and temperature of 100 °C has the best performance against impact load and also with increasing ambient temperature, the load carrying capacity of the pipe decreases and the impact time of the impactor increases.

Population growth followed by increasing human needs has caused widespread environmental changes in various ecosystems. Change detection is necessary to properly manage the ecosystem and protect the structure and functions of ecosystems. Landscape ecology provides concepts, theories, and methods for assessing and managing lands. In the current study landscape metrics were used to assess spatio-temporal changes in the Sistan Plain. Landscape metrics were created at class and landscape levels. These indices were calculated, using land use/cover maps of 1977, 2000, 2015, and 2021. Results showed that at the class level, the highest number of patches and fragmentation of the vegetation cover was occured in 2000 and the lowest number of vegetation patches was in 1977. With the inflow of water from Helmand and Farahrood rivers in 2015 and 2021, the vegetation cover, comprising a variety of Tamarix sp, Aeluropus sp, and Phragmites sp, has increased. Due to the inundation of Hamoun and Farah rood rivers, the water and vegetation cover has fewer patches with more connectivity. The highest number of patches in the water body class was in 2015, due to the limited inflow from the Hamoun wetland and the lowest number of water body patches was observed in 1977. This study shows that landscape metrics can determine changes in arid ecosystems. Also, these metrics can quantify the changes in ecosystems and be used in ecosystem management of arid lands.

The parents and especially the mothers’ awareness play a major role in education of healthy sexual behaviors in pre-school children. The present study aims to compare the effects of sex education with two methods of educational pack and group discussion on awareness in mothers of pre-school children in the selected kindergartens of Alborz Province center.

This is a semi-experimental study comparing the before and after education situations in three groups including the educational pack, group discussion and control group. The population includes the mothers with a 3-6-year-old child in the selected kindergartens of Alborz Province center (2019-2020), among them, 99 people were selected by stratified random sampling method. After dropping 9 people, the number of samples reached 90 people who were divided into three groups of 30 people. Data collection was done with using a questionnaire of mothers' awareness of sexual education of pre-school children of Mobaradi, et al. For experimental data analysis, descriptive (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential (paired t-tests and chi-square) statistics were used in SPSS software version 19.

In educational pack group, the mothers’ average awareness was reported 28.63 before the education and 30.87 after the education and in group discussion; the mean scores were 30.63 and 34.17 respectively. The comparison of the groups showed that in discussion group, awareness increased more than educational pack group and control. The educational pack group had more awareness than the control group (p<0.05).

The results of this research showed that group discussion education is more effective than the educational pack in order to increase the awareness of mothers of pre- school children in the field of sex education. Therefore, in child sex education, it is recommended to use these methods, especially the group discussion method.

This study aimed at identifying and prioritizing the development strategies regarding handicrafts in the villages of Khuzestan province of Iran. It was mainly conducted with a developmental-applied approach in a combined method of Fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATEL) and SWOT model through descriptive, analytical and survey techniques. The study results indicated the following as the most prioritized strategies in the development of handicrafts in villages of the province, respectively: conducting national and international handicraft exhibitions in the villages targeted as tourism and handicrafts; arranging complete insurance for handicrafts artists with licenses to work; establishing permanent handicrafts markets and bazaars in the ports of the province; introducing handicrafts of Khuzestan province through various educational media to government officials in charge of development expenditure; focusing on the development of e-commerce for handicrafts of the province; setting research priorities and coordination needed for timely reception of three percent of development credits; creating educational and promotional films and presentations in the markets for handicraft sales of the province; introducing active handicrafts cooperatives to government agencies of Khuzestan province for spending one percent of the construction budget of handicrafts purchase from these cooperatives; paying special attention to the educational dimension and facilities for the vulnerable economic centers of the province's handicrafts; and providing the experts with the specialist handicraft training by leading professors to prevent the obliteration of some indigenous branches of Khuzestan province.

In this paper, the nonlinear forced vibrations of nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli nanobeam that is utilized in nanoelectromechanical systems are studied using the analytical method of multiple time scales. Based on non-linear strain gradient elasticity theory, governing equation of Euler-Bernoulli nanobeam with von-karman geometric nonlinearity is derived using Hamilton principle. In the next step, using the Galerkin method, the partial differential governing equations for simply supported boundary conditions are reduced to time variable ordinary nonlinear differential equation. Subsequently, the nonlinear forced vibration equation is solved using a multiple time scalar method. After solving the nonlinear excited equation, primary and secondary resonances of nonlocal nanobeam are studied. The region of acceptable sub-harmonic responses is identified and for different values of nonlocal parameter, the frequency response curves and response amplitudes versus excitation amplitude is plotted in all resonances as primary, super-harmonic and sub-harmonic. These results show that using nonlocal strain gradient theory is a fundamental necessity for analyzing nonlinear vibration of nanobeams. The results of this paper can be used to improve the design and optimization of nanoelectromechanical systems.

In this study, to evaluate the rain- fed land capability in the west of Gavkhooni basin and Plasjn sub- basin, a multi- criteria evaluation method was used. First, by reviewing the literature and expert knowledge, proper data were determined. Criteria and constraint were standardized by Fuzzy and Boolean methods repeatedly and the criteria weights were determined using the analytic hierarchy process. Calculated weights showed that soil and climate criteria with 0.27 and 0.26 had the highest weights among other criteria. Criteria and constraints were combined by considering criteria weights and using the weighted linear combination method; then the rain- fed land capability model was prepared. By re- classing the prepared model, the rain- fed land capability map was produced in 6 capability classes. The results showed that 178430 hectares of the study area was related to very high and high rain- fed capability classes. To determine the rain-fed agriculture sustainability, rain- fed agriculture locations were determined in each land rain- fed capability map. The results showed that 19686 hectares of rain- fed areas were located in high and very high capability and 5999 hectares were the in lower classes.

The present paper seeks to examine factors affecting the sense of security of religious tourists on the border of Mehran as a model of border towns. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data was collected through library studies and a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and hypotheses. Findings show that there is no meaningful relationship between personal characteristics of respondents between their age and their sense of security. There is a significant relationship between the sense of security and gender, the sense of security and education of the respondents, and the sense of security and the status of the marital status of the respondents. In terms of touristschr('39') safety, the security of a person with T=37.4 is most secure. Road safety with a T-value of 97.2 is in the lowest category security. According  the Sperman test, in the study of the relationship between total safety indices and sub-indicators of tourism development, the highest correlation coefficient between total security and re-visit with a correlation value of 5.30 is obtained. In examining boundary measures for border city security, the predicted variables predict 0.79% of the safety sensitivity variance, and all variables significantly predict safety. The efforts of security officials to secure security on both sides of the border with (Beta=0.526; has the highest impact on the variable of security.

Due to the complexity of medical education and the importance of teaching in the field of medical sciences, it's necessary providing an appropriate context to prevail over this complexity and to develop interventions in educational issues. Communities of Practice (CoPs) are one of the strategies for developing appropriate interventions for medical training, which can help faculty members and students to prevail over complexities of medical education. So this research aimed to Identify and Rank Components of CoPs in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. It was applied in terms of objective and descriptive-survey in terms of methodology. The population consisted of 802 faculty members of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and the sample size was 210 people using a purposive sampling method among Dean of faculties, education and research managers, vice-chancellors of education and research and faculty members with academic ranking of (professor, associate professor, assistant professor) who participated in two or more workshops. The instrument was a researcher made questionnaire consisting of 35 items that its validity and reliability was conformed (CVR=0/78, CVI=0.92,a= 0.89, ICC=0.92). Data were analyzed by Exploratory Factor Analysis and Friedman test using SPSS,  Excel and Mont Carlo PCA. Based on expletory factor analysis six components including participatory leadership; aims; formal and informal structure; boundary and size; and interactions were conformed. Results of Components ranking showed that participatory leadership was the most important component (mean rank=4.60). Aims (mean rank=3.86), informal structure (mean rank=3.21), boundary and size (mean rank=3.12) were located in subsequent rank. Interactions and formal structure were less important components (mean rank=3.10). Based on the results, important components of CoPs including participatory leadership, aims and informal structure were identified to share knowledge and experiences among members. In this research, it was determined that the structure of these communities can be determined according to the formation approach, management styles, the type of participation of members, and the type and manner in which members are present in communities. The formal aspect of the structure of communities was also less important than the informal aspect.

One of organizational and interpersonal forms of severe abuses in today's corporate environments, organizational bullying. This familiar term in the behavioral, previously examined in the wider social environment, but cannot deny the importance of the environment today because organizations have received considerable attention. The purpose of this study is, The effect of organizational bullying with individual sleep quality with respect to a mediating role rumination among Hospital female nurses. Statistical population this study, Hospital female nurses Gorgan Sayyad Shirazi is that of a total of 220 female nurses who work in shifts: morning, afternoon and night working at the hospital, 141 were selected through Cochran formula the sample size. Research results showed that organizational bullying significant negative effect and on sleep duration and Sleep of Useful, and play a positive role in reducing the amount of sleep is female nurses (Sig =0.05). Finally, with the arrival of mediator rumination, organizational bullying effect on sleep quality in order to strengthen further negative moderated, And was determined, emotional rumination, exacerbate effect bullying organization to reduce sleep quality. But Work-related rumination, can greatly affect the organization's bullying little effect on sleep quality and sleep quality further.

The goal of this study was present regression models for predicting resistance of joints made with screw and plywood members. Joint members were out of hardwood plywood that were 19 mm in thickness. Two types of screws including coarse and fine thread drywall screw with 3. 5، 4 and 5mm in diameter and sheet metal screw with 4 and 5mm were used. Results have shown that withdrawal resistance of screw was increased by increasing of screws، diameter and penetrating depth. Joints fabricated with coarse thread drywall screws were higher than those of fine thread drywall screws. Finally، average joint withdrawal resistance of screwed could be predicted by means of the expressions Wc = 2. 127× D1. 072 × P0. 520 for coarse thread drywall screws and Wf =1. 377× D1. 156 × P0. 581 for fine thread drywall screws by taking account the diameter and penetrating depth. The difference of the observed and predicted data showed that developed models have a good correlation with actual experimental measurements.

Considering the importance of soil in supplying food for the increasing human population, knowledge of soil quality, including physical, chemical, biological and mineralogical properties are important. Spatial variability of soil properties is related to environmental factors such as climate, slope position, topography, slope gradient, elevation, parent material and vegetation. Topography variability and soil formation cause the significant differences in soil characteristics in a hillslope. The main objective of the present study was to assess some physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil quality in a loess hillslope of Toshan area in Golestan Province, Northen Iran. Therefore 135 samples were collected at random systematic method (0-20 cm depth) at three aspects and four slope positions. Soil texture, bulk density, organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity, pH, microbial respiration rate, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) and mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates were measured for studying soil quality, including physical, chemical and biological. The results indicated that the lower slope positions had the highest amounts of clay, OC, MWD and the lowest CCE and soils in north-east aspect had higher OC compared to other aspects. Therefore, it is concluded that most soil properties are dependant largely on slope position and aspect that could have a long-term influence on soil development and evolution. Among the soil properties, OC is a suitable indicator for assessing the effects of slope position and aspect on soil quality in the studied area.

A new probabilistic approach was adapted to the negative impact of climate on stream flow. To generate climate change scenarios in the future under the A2 emission scenario، the HadCM3 model was employed. By introducing climatic variable time series in future periods to the IHACRES hydrologic model، long-term stream flow simulation scenarios were produced. By fitting statistically different distributions on the runoff produced by using a goodness-of-fit test، the most appropriate statistical distribution for each month was chosen and relevant statistical parameters were extracted and compared with statistical parameters of the runoff in the base period. Results show that the long-term annual runoff average in the three future periods compared to the base period. Despite the reduction in the total runoff volume in the future periods will decrease compared to the baseline period، the decrease is related to the medium and high flows. In low flows، the total runoff volume for future periods compared to the baseline period will increase 47، 41، and 14%، respectively. To further assess the impact of annual average runoff on flows، it is necessary to examine correlation of time series using the stream flow transition probability. To compare the stream flow transmission probability in each of the future periods with base period stream flow in each month، stream flow was discretized and performance criteria were used. This approach was adapted for the Aidoghmoush River، East Azerbaijan. Results indicated a low coefficient of correlation and a high error indicator.