commitments

What has been learned from the Quranic verses is that the fulfillment of the covenant has a wide scope and includes within its many fields international obligations, and the widening of the circle of international obligations stems from the agreements in the two stages of implementation and limiting the breach of covenants. In the light of the Qur’anic verses, we see that the close interdependence between the arena of action and the ethical recommendations is what is required by divine wisdom to ensure the goodness of people to protect it from any harm. In this essay, using the method of legal interpretation, it was shown that fulfilling covenants and fulfilling international obligations is on the one hand an instinctive matter, and on the other hand, it is fixed as a Qur’anic value in the context of piety linked to this legal principle. just as the interpreters of the Holy Qur’an concluded that the ugliness of breaking covenants is considered an innate matter and fulfilling a covenant is a value by itself and we must always be just and fair. Interpreters through their understanding of the Quranic verses have shown that the value of justice in international legal relations proves the values of piety.

Regulatory governance is inextricably linked with the two terms: regulatory state and regulatory institutions. The role of the state as a transitional regulator is more prominent in the modern sense. Due to the move towards the postmodern regulatory state, the role of government as a regulator has diminished and regulators are increasingly addressing this. In this paper, using library sources, the mutual obligations of the regulatory state and regulatory institutions to each other have been collected. Then, with a descriptive-analytical method, each of the obligations is analyzed. The purpose of this study is to show the need for balanced interaction by looking at the gaps in the structure of Iran's regulatory governance. The research findings indicate that: first, to understand the regulatory state accurately, one must go through the external description stage and dissect the organ-like function of its internal components; second, the realization of regulatory governance in Iran requires the separation of the government from regulatory institutions. Finally, a unified legal plan in Iran that adequately guarantees the reciprocal obligations of regulatory bodies and the government is essential.

One of the changer titles of rulings ('anāwine Mobaddele Aḥkām) in shi'a jurisprudence is "merging". Merging means public destruction (Nābudi 'orfi) of the subject and belongings of rulings. One of the jurisprudential effects of merging is to remove hardship from the life of obliged (Mokallafin) through using this rule in the current urbicultures. Like the use of stupefier drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Regarding merging and its regularity in Shia jurisprudence texts, no independent discussion has been found and therefore the writers have tried to prove the rule of merging like other widely used jurisprudence rules in an argumentative and convincing manner while examining examples of merging in shi'a jurisprudence and its documentation.Therefore, this article seeks to solve this problem, what are the evidences and foundations of the merging rule with a comparative look at its jurisprudential examples? This article, with a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources has come to the conclusion that the investigations carried out on the documentation of this rule show that there are two types of reasons for this rule: the first reason is the rule "the names are the pivot of the rules" (Al-Ahkam Taduro Madaar Al-Asma) And the second reason is the narrations that prove this rule in a comparative way. According to the writers, both of the reasons are sound.159 Of course, the merging rule is applied to the rulings in which the subject is the title of the object not the object itself; Because the subject is not the same in all rulings, and those rulings that are burdened on the subject itself not it's title, its Shar'I ruling does not change in contract (Sharṭe Ẕemne 'aqd) and compensation for lesion, have come to say that there is not a single system for financial compensation; However, considering that in recent years in the laws of Afghanistan, Imami jurisprudence has been used as the basis of legislation alongside Hanafi jurisprudence, in this article, the degree of conformity and differences between the laws of this country and the Shia jurisprudence has been expressed through a comparative study of the laws of the country.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the basics of the obligation to implement the same contractual obligations in jurisprudence and the law of the Imams and the Ahl al-Bayt. In this article, the subject has been studied descriptively-analytically with a qualitative approach. One of the common methods of compensation in Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law is the obligation of the obligee to fulfill the contractual obligations. According to this method, if the obligor refuses to fulfill his contractual obligations, he will be obliged to fulfill the mentioned obligations, which will be done by the competent authorities in accordance with the legal prescription. In Imami jurisprudence and Iranian law, the obligation to fulfill the obligation is done in two ways that are parallel to each other: direct executive action and indirect executive action, which are divided into two types, namely financial obligation (such as confiscation of property) and physical obligation (imprisonment). Turns. The purpose of indirect enforcement action is to put the obligee in a situation where he is forced to fulfill the obligation by relying on the methods and guaranteeing legal enforcement. According to Articles (239), (238), (237) and (220) of the Civil Code, the obligation to perform the obligation by relying on direct executive action takes precedence over other methods and has priority, and if it is not possible to rely on this method. Other methods must be used.

The Paris Agreement is one of the most important global climate change agreements that has created requirements in international and domestic laws that have affected the rights of individuals and human rights in various cases. The purpose of this article is to explain the human consequences of climate change. Emphasis is placed on human rights considerations and the 2015 Paris Convention. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results of the study showed that climate change and measures taken to reduce climate change and adapt to the adverse effects of those communities and nations have been severely affected and a threat to the destruction of people's culture, uninhabitable land ‌ Their deprivation of livelihoods, the global spread of deadly diseases, and the serious threat to human rights to international peace and security. The negative impact of water resources and the effective enjoyment of the right to water and food has also been exacerbated by climate events, such as floods and droughts. Therefore, States Parties to the Convention on Climate Change should incorporate general support into the climate change system in their climate change activities and, by providing sufficient transparency, the opportunity for public participation in decision-making processes. - Create a catch. It is therefore necessary to integrate human rights considerations into the relevant processes of the United Nations Structural Convention on Climate Change, including any institutional and legal structure resulting from the agreed results of the new negotiations.

The crisis of deficit financing of long-term liabilities in the Social Security has been one of the most important issues facing the organization in recent years. The present study deals with the effect of parametric corrections in financing long-term commitments with the aim of introducing the optimal model of parametric corrections.

In order to achieve the objectives of the research by changing the three main parameters including: premium rate, retirement age and premium payment history, their impact on the resources of the Social Security over a period of 70 years according to actuarial and related computing software ( ILO – PENS and PRAST) estimated. The research data were also analyzed based on statistical calculations and SPSS software. Finally, the findings of both methods are compared.

A- According to the obtained results, in case of applying any of the above reforms, the end point in the resources of the will be postponed until 2035, 2036 and 2038, respectively, and the necessary resources will be provided to pay the long-term obligations. B- The priority of each parametric correction is introduced and managers can make decisions based.C- The results of the findings of both methods are compared.

 By carrying out parametric reforms, the Social Security, in the short term, while resolving the current financing crisis, providing the necessary resources to meet long-term commitments, also has ample opportunity to plan structural and long-term reforms.,

Pursuant to Article 216 of the Civil Code and the well-known theory of the jurisprudent, the condition of non-ambiguity can be applied in sales advertisements. The main question in this article is what is the legal effect of vague advertising on the transaction? The most important effect of advertising is to create commitment and responsibility that creates rights and obligations for marketers, including advertisers, customers and advertisers. In this study, a qualitative and descriptive method was used and the purpose was to analyze the types of advertising civil liability and its effects on transactions. It seems that de-ambiguity in advertising can be considered by identifying the main components of advertising, the identity of the marketer, the owner of the ad and how to ensure the safety and health of the transaction recipients, as well as legal mechanisms to compensate for damages in sales ads. to be taken.

Firstly, advertising in broadcast and non-broadcast media should be independent of the obligations in the transaction, and secondly, the obligations related to advertising differ in the intensity and weakness of the ambiguity in the transaction, hence in advertising (ad producer, publisher, the marketer and the seller) are each responsible for the community of furniture. In the end, it is suggested that by determining the implicit condition of de-ambiguity for the sale advertisement, its violation should be considered in the society subject to supervision and compensation of material and moral damages outside the contract.

Commitments and agreements have long been used in various societies, and cultural, political, social principles and standards and relationships between governments and political systems have also affected the situation of commitments and agreements. Considering the social approach of Islam to categories such as commitments and agreements, the purpose of this study is to examine the principles and criteria expressed from the perspective of Islamic international law in the field of commitments and agreements emphasizing Shiite jurisprudents’ viewpoint. Therefore, a kind of approach of Quranic research and study of jurisprudential texts and sources in the field of economic and social issues can be seen in this article as for this reason, the descriptive – analytical method has been used. The question is: What are the principles and criteria of the Quran from the perspective of Islamic international law in the field of commitments and agreements? The findings of the present study indicate that Islamic international law derived from the verses of the Quran, by raising the issue of loyalty and obliging the parties to comply with the terms of the commitments and agreements, denial of hardship and seizure (u’sr wa haraj) and negation of domination (sabeel), no foreign domination on Islamic society in terms of commitments and agreements, fulfillment of covenants and fulfillment of obligations, expresses a special approach in the field of commitments and agreements.

Nuclear powers do not seem to have a guarantee of reducing their nuclear capability, and they are not blocked from developing. This situation has been aggravated especially with the ratification of international conventions. The purpose of the present study is to identify the concept of governments' obligations in the non-proliferation system and its executive territory and to examine the challenges and gaps in this field. The main question of the present study is w h a t are the obligations of states in the non-proliferation system and their e x e c u t i v e territory in disarmament?
The commitments of governments in the non-proliferation system have outweighed their individual interests over the interests of the international community, namely the preservation of international peace and security, prot e ction of people's right to self-determination, protection of human dignity, preservation of common heritage humanity, the environment and the new in te r national economic order, as a whole and have hindered its growth and excellence.

One of the main arguments that have posed a serious challenge to utilitarianism is an objection by Bernard Williams, according to which this theory alienates individuals from their interests and projects in favor of the greater good. Consequentialism, he argues, is concerned with what state of affairs the world contains; and utilitarianism is grounded on negative responsibility, which is inherent in consequentialism; so, it alienates an individual from the projects and attitudes with which she is closely identified, thereby causing her to lose her integrity, which is of special moral importance. This essay, reviewing and analyzing Williams’ criticism of negative responsibility, shows that this responsibility is the implication not only of consequentialism but even of pursuing personal projects; and raises doubts about its relation to the attack on integrity in several respects. It also calls into question the basis upon which Williams claims that utilitarianism alienates us from our moral feelings. Then, mentioning some objections to Williams’ view and responding to them, it discusses the importance of integrity and its moral status. Finally, it examines whether it is necessary for a moral viewpoint to be consistent with our deep personal projects if integrity is to be protected.

Boko Haram are among the radical Sunni insurgent groups who are opposed to the secular government of Nigeria. The insurgents of this group resort to violence and different kinds of crimes.The current study, through a descriptive-analytical approach, has sought to determine why, though limited to the borders of Nigeria, Boko Haram’s actions have taken an international nature to them. In the current study, the actions and approach of the insurgents of this group, which violates the human rights principles and humanitarian law and threaten the international peace and security, have been investigated. On the other hand, it seems Boko Haram is terrorist insurgent group which ignores the international laws and principles. Finally, the results of the study indicate that, in addition to the governments, the insurgents of the rebellion groups such as Boko Haram are also bound to abiding the humanitarian law principles, and observance of the minimum fundamental and unenlightened humanitarian rights in domesticc struggles. Also, regarding the commitment of the international crimes by the Boko Haram’s insurgents, the Nigeria Government has the priority over the International Criminal Court in prosecution and trial of the criminals, based on the subsidiary jurisdiction principle.

One of the basic principles discussed in international jurisprudence is adherence to international commitments. According to Islam, this principle is considered to be one of the noblest human virtues as well as an essential condition of iman (faith) which, if breached, would amount to disbelief and faithlessness. Muslims are obliged to comply with this principle even in their encounter with non-Muslims. There are certain verses in the Quran such as the verse 1 of chapter al-Maedah where the Quran says "O you who believe! fulfill the obligations" and there are also narrations one of which is the famous tradition from the Prophet (S) who said: "Muslims are on (i.e. stick to) their conditions" which clearly denotes that one should remain committed to the conditions and agreements. The Holy Prophet's foreign policy and that of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali (AS) are clear evidence of the necessity of complying with this principle.

Although the term “natural commitments” has been created by the western law, it seems that it can be given a basis of authenticity in the Islamic legal system. This article tries to look into the case within the framework of jurisprudential doctrines. Issues such as Res Judicata as well as decisive oath can be known as examples of natural commitments. Lack of sanction for such commitments is not in contrast with Islamic regulations; because judgments are made based on apparent proof.
Although civil debt falls when the decision is made, debt naturally remains effective in case that apparent judgement is made based on false foundations. Such debt when paid, would not be refundable.

The Cinema is a phenomenon that has opened its way to the societies over the past 100 years, especially in the current era that the pleasure of visual culture has been overcome on benefit, introduced itself to mankind in different forms and formats. Therefore, the film industry and producing TV and cinema programs are largely spread by taking advantage of technological growth. Because this phenomenon has very important role in creation of culture , the change of culture and acculturation of society, it has influenced on various people in different ways , it means that the effect on Western culture is different from East because of cultural backgrounds' differences of the two civilizations .Mass media such as radio, television and newspapers play a significant role in education, guidance and raising social consciousness of adolescents and youth and its contrary will follow deviance, corruption and crime. The mass media like many of findings and human made can be helpful or harmful. Therefore, radio, TV, films and press are not determinative and effective tool on social deviances but are a tool in the hands of humans

Concept of “economic man” is one of the principal assumptions of economic approach to law. Based on this assumption, economic approach, a modern and leading school of thought in legal philosophy, seeks to explain and predict individual behavior in legal framework and make recommendations and prescriptions so as to improve the effects of laws and regulations on legal actors. In this paper, in addition to definition of economic man, two claims suggest: First, there isn’t a unique version of economic man and at least, we face four versions of this concept. Second, although in economics and economic analysis, economic man is the prevailing and current paradigm, in order to give a more accurate explanation of human conduct and make a more exact prediction of it, it’s better to combine this theory with other theories and findings of other social sciences such as psychology and sociology