data based theory

The objective of this study was to identify the strategies and outcomes of teachers' professional learning community. 

The present study employed a qualitative method based on grounded theory using the Glaserian approach. The research population included the Director General of Education of Khuzestan Province, the Deputy for Educational and Cultural Affairs, the Deputy for Planning and Educational Innovation, the Deputy and Expert in Technical and Vocational Education, the Head of the Education Department, and school principals in Khuzestan Province in 2024. Purposive sampling was conducted using sequential sampling until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in 18 interviews. Data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis through MAXQDA software. 

Ultimately, 8 categories and 22 axial codes related to teachers' professional learning community were identified. Based on the results, individual strategies, group strategies, organizational strategies, and social strategies were recognized as strategies for the teachers' professional learning community, while individual outcomes, group outcomes, organizational outcomes, and community outcomes were identified as the outcomes of the teachers' professional learning community. 

In this regard, teachers should be involved in school decision-making processes, provided with opportunities to implement changes, encouraged to undertake innovative actions, supported in collaborating to acquire new knowledge, and provided with financial resources and necessary facilities for their professional growth and development.

This research aims to develop a theoretical and applied model that encompasses the dimensions and components of knowledge-based entrepreneurship development based on the characteristics of entrepreneurs’ social networks. To achieve this goal, the grounded theory method was used, through which the lived experience of entrepreneurs in the growth centers and science and technology parks of Sistan and Baluchestan province was conceptualized. The statistical population of this research is the founders or entrepreneurs of the mature technology units located in this science and technology park, who were selected for interviews based on theoretical sampling mechanisms, 18 people. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data. To do this, MAXQDA software was used. Based on the research findings, 11 components were identified, including business stages, social network, networking, impact on society, industry transformation and innovation, constraints, enablers, technology ecosystem, strengthening local economy, product innovation, and social culture. These components were categorized into five dimensions antecedents, pivotal phenomenon, contexts, interveners, strategies, and consequences, and the relationships between them were examined. Finally, theoretical contributions, practical suggestions, limitations, and suggestions for researchers were discussed.

In the statement of the second step of the revolution, emphasis is placed on human power and its role in achieving the goals of the revolution. In this regard, the present study was performed with the aim of designing a model for training and improving human resources with a data-based approach. Information was collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews, which asked questions about causal, interventional, contextual conditions, effective strategies, and the consequences of training and improving human resources. Cooperation with universities and educational centers, team building, talent management, development of working relationships, promotion of entrepreneurship, learning culture, organizational culture, employee participation, performance evaluation, transparency and communication, efficiency policies, research and development, motivation and encouragement, financial support, employee empowerment, planning, career advancement, balance and diversity in employment, support for work-family balance, and facilitation of decision-making were identified as the most effective categories in the research.

AbstractStudying academic procrastination among students can provide scientific support and necessary decision-making strategies for higher education institutions to promote students’ mental health. This study aimed to model academic procrastination among graduate students and identify strategies for dealing with it, through a qualitative approach and using data-based theory. A total of 15 faculty members participated in this study and were interviewed purposefully and based on the rule of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was conducted based on three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Scientific and research incompetence, inefficiency of the university system (weak mechanisms of the student recruitment system, ineffective management and educational laws, weak effective communication between the university and industry and society, and lack of justification education), the labor market and job opportunities are among the causal conditions for the formation of procrastination. In contrast, students use passive or active strategies (adaptive strategy and illegitimate opportunity strategy) against procrastination. Social beliefs, the existence of shortcuts, family support, and academic alienation of professors as intervening conditions, and the nature of academic disciplines (in the humanities and basic sciences), lack of scientific and research equipment, multiple roles, and in-person or virtual education as background conditions affect strategies. The consequences of this behavior are the weakening of scientific credibility and professional ethics, and the weakening of the cultural capital of society. In general, continuous procrastination behavior can be a meaningful response to social, cultural, and organizational conditions. This behavior is not only a result of individual factors, but also a reaction to macrostructures and social expectations, which at the same time indicates individual agency in managing the situation.

Internal audit is an independent and impartial consulting and assurance activity in order to value and improve the operations of an organization. Therefore, as an important element of the corporate governance system, it can play an important role in creating a suitable platform for the Prevention of fraud and financial abuse. The aim of this study is to present a model of silence failure of internal auditors in Iranian companies. So this research is a fundamental type of research in terms of purpose. Based on the interpretative paradigm, this research was conducted with a qualitative approach and using the data-based theory scheme. The research data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in the field of Finance and auditing, selected by theoretical sampling method. In order to validate and validate the data, the methods of the expert judgment approach and the percentage of agreement between the two coders were used. The research data were analyzed in the form of a process called coding, in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding with the help of the 2020 version of the mexicodia software and separated into separate concepts, and a total number of 23 categories were obtained. Finally, within the framework of the paradigm model, a comprehensive model of the failure of the silence of internal auditors was presented, which includes the pivotal phenomenon (failure of the silence of internal auditors), 6 categories for causal conditions, 5 categories for contextual conditions, 4 categories for interventionist conditions, 4 categories for strategies and 3 categories of consequences related to the pivotal phenomenon of research. The results of the study show that the types of biases, along with psychological abnormalities, affect the underlying and interventional conditions that include mental, cultural, individual and organizational factors, and the interactions of these components have led to a major phenomenon in the form of evaluation, classification and coding, which causes the silence of internal auditors to fail.

EThe current research aims to design a model. The model will develop the emotional intelligence of primary school students.

The research method is the qualitative method of grounded theory. The participants were child psychology and counseling specialists. They were familiar with elementary schools. Theoretical sampling selected 21 people for in-depth interviews. They continued until they reached theoretical saturation. Members validated the findings by using the matching method. They also did test interviews. To analyze the data we obtained, we used open, axial, and selective coding. The results of data analysis show 796 main ideas.

The results of data analysis show that 796 primary conceptual propositions with 70 sub-categories and 20 main categories in the form of 6 dimensions of the paradigm model include: causal conditions (intra-individual factors, interpersonal factors, family, educational system), phenomenon main (education of emotional intelligence), strategies (educational strategies, strategies related to family, strategies related to education and upbringing, game strategy), contextual conditions (awareness, creating opportunities, home and school alignment, attention to individual characteristics, internalization of social skills), Environmental conditions (social environment-economic environment, cultural environment, political environment) and consequences (individual excellence, social excellence, economic excellence) were identified.

The integration of categories based on the relationships between them, around the focus of developing emotional intelligence, forms a paradigm model that shows the model of developing emotional intelligence of elementary school students. As a result, the development of emotional intelligence of primary school students can lead to the development of their healthy social personality.

The aim of the current research is to design the model of elementary teachers' insight in online education based on the data-based theory. The statistical population of the research includes elites and experts in the field of curriculum planning and educational management, and the sampling was done using the purposeful snowball sampling method. A semi-structured interview was conducted with a total of 16 experts and the researcher reached theoretical saturation in the data. Strauss-Corbin analysis method was used to analyze the obtained data. After the open, central and selective coding stage, the mentioned model was paradigmatically divided into 5 dimensions of causal conditions, contextual conditions, strategies, intervening conditions, consequences; and was formed including 17 component; and its result has been identified in causal conditions, attention to continuous educational discipline in the field of online education, the existence of interaction between classmates and the teacher, commitment to online education and communication. The category of online education path has been extracted in the section of strategies; the realization of cognitive goals has been extracted in the section of program-oriented concepts and dynamic planning items; and opportunism of online education, transparency in the acquisition of professional skills, and technology-oriented education have been extracted in the section of contextual conditions in the educational concept; the technical adaptability of schools and the ability to plan online education have been extracted in the concept of knowledge of resources and equipment; and strengthening self-efficacy, strengthening professional self-monitoring have been extracted in the topic of consequences in the scientific and technical category and the cognitive concept of understanding timely thinking in decision-making.

intervening conditions, strategies and consequences of presenting a public policy model in the country's tax affairs organization. Public policy making is a process during which some issues are brought to the attention of the government, solutions are developed for them, and a policy is approved and implemented from among the solutions. In terms of methodology, this research is a qualitative research (foundation data theory). The sampling method is theoretical and purposeful and the sample size is 14 experts in the field of policy making in the country's tax system. The content of the research is using the semi-structured interview technique and Structured and compiled with experts. The findings during the process of open, central and selective coding indicate that the ideal general policy model of the country's tax organization includes the above conditions (3 categories and 12 conceptual codes and 173 primary codes), background conditions (4 category and 23 conceptual codes and 168 primary codes), intervening conditions (6 categories and 22 conceptual codes and 220 primary codes), strategies (3 categories, 8 conceptual codes and 48 primary codes) and outcomes (2 categories, 4 conceptual codes and 30 is the primary code.

The purpose of this research is to present the model of training strategic managers of the country based on the data-based theory approach in the Ministry of Economy and Finance. According to its purpose, the research method is applicable, and qualitative in terms of implementation; content analysis type, and, exploratory in terms of nature. The statistical population of the research includes 12 university professors in the field of management and senior managers of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and the sampling was done in a purposeful and snowball manner, and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation. Grounded theory was used for data analysis, and MAXQDA 2020 software was used for coding the interviews. The results indicated that a total of 8 categories and 50 indicators were identified and extracted, and in the results of the leveling of the final model of the country's strategic managers training model, the consequences are the most effective factors in the country's strategic managers training model using the data-based method and, phenomenon-based and strategies are in the next priority. Contextual conditions and intervening conditions are placed in the third level of influence on the final model of training strategic managers of the country according to the data-based method, and causal conditions have the least impact on the final model of training strategic managers of the country.

The category of knowledge has always been the subject of human discussion, and its yield in the field of economics is the presentation of the knowledge-based economy concept, which emphasizes on the production and distribution of goods and services and takes into account the share of knowledge. Employment in the knowledge-based economy is characterized by increasing demand for highly skilled workers, and the member countries of economic cooperation and development tend to have high-tech intensive knowledge in the production and employment sectors. In developing countries, knowledge-based economy and knowledge-based employment are carried out in a scattered manner and a fixed and incomplete pattern. In Iran, the issue of educated unemployment in the provinces is one of the problems that has always attracted the attention of provincial officials. According to the statistics, 49% of the graduates of the universities in Yazd have bachelor's degrees, 26% associate degrees, 20% master's degrees, 2% professional doctorate degrees, and 1% specialized doctorate degrees in the fields of humanities, technology, engineering, art, medicine, basic sciences, agriculture and veterinary medicine. Most of the male graduates are in technical and engineering fields and humanities, and the female graduates studied humanities and arts. Most of the graduates are from the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (20%), technical and vocational centers (20%) and Islamic Azad universities (19%). Most of the graduates of the province studied in Yazd, Meybod, Taft and Ardakan cities. According to the statistical yearbook of Yazd Province, the unemployment rate in the population of graduates or students studying in higher education is 14031, and the number of the unemployed is 45912. Therefore, one of the main problems in the province is the growing unemployment rate, especially among university graduates looking for a job. Also, the slow trend of sustainable employment and employment of students in the country hinders the full realization of the knowledge-based economy. In this regard, the present study seeks to provide solutions to increase the employment of knowledge-based people in Yazd Province.

Given the lack of theoretical foundations regarding the concept of knowledge-based employment and the need to recognize its dimensions and a comprehensive explanation of the factors affecting the development of knowledge-based employment in the field, this exploratory study is conducted on fundamental themes, dimensions and concepts through interviews with experts. In the target community, the other related sources were extracted and, at the same time, the data analysis and coding were performed using the Atlas IT8 software.

The process of analysis in theorizing began with the coding of the data, and then the relationship between the categories produced in the open coding stage was established. In this process, one category was recognized as the central or main category and then the other categories were set as sub-categories. Under the various headings of the paradigm model, the main category was related, and, in the last stage, the concepts were regularly related together. According to the results, the development of employment as a causal condition, the interaction of university, industry and government as a central category of information and communication technology, social capital, policy institution, innovation and marketing, education system and macroeconomic conditions of the country as institutional factors were identified as the context for regional development, economic growth, development of knowledge-based companies, and dissemination of collaborative learning based on mutual trust as strategies, interactions and actions. They provide a framework for the development of knowledge-based employment.

Interaction of university, industry and government in the context of institutional conditions such as institutional convergence, dissemination of institutional learning, cohesion and integration of the institutional structure of society under the influence of intervening factors such as information and communication technology, social capital, political institution, innovation and marketing, education system, and the macroeconomic conditions of the country lead to strategies of interaction and action such as regional development, economic growth and development, development of knowledge-based companies, and the dissemination of collaborative learning based on mutual trust. The result of these strategies is the development of knowledge-based employment with issues such as networking between academic institutions and knowledge-based companies, the consideration of science and technology policy as national assets, possession of a well-educated human resources, production of knowledge based on community needs in practical contexts, the activity of universities as scientific-economic institutions and academic groups as knowledge enterprises, improvement of technological capability in major industries, networking between academic institutions and private companies, activities and interdisciplinary learning based on real operational issues, and integration of science and technology by developing strategies and macro-policies.

The subject of pricing in the oil market has undergone changes as the market evolves over time. Today, PRA reporting to private institutions that disseminate information, and especially prices in the world oil market, play an important role in determining the price of oil in the physical and paper markets. Concerns over the activities of these institutions have led to the formation of oversight bodies. However, the question remains as to what is the appropriate model for the interaction of price reporting institutions and supervisory bodies in a way that results in a more efficient oil pricing mechanism. The purpose of the present study is to review the theoretical foundations of the activities of price reporting institutions and supervisory institutions, using a data-base theory and using the opinions of experts in global oil markets, to provide a model for the relationship of these actors. Following the implementation of the foundation's data strategy, 60 concepts were constructed, categorized into 7 sub-categories and 4 main ones. At the theoretical coding stage, a conceptual model was developed for the relationship between supervisory bodies and price reporting institutions.

Integrated Reporting As the latest development of reporting, it has created a new era of providing and communicating financial and non-financial information and value creation. This has made business sustainability and social responsibility more important. The main purpose of this study is to formulate and explain the model of factors affecting integrated reporting by heuristic mixed method. For this purpose, first the qualitative part, using the data method of the foundation and interviewing 19 experts by snowball sampling method, integrated reporting categories and stimuli including causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences were formulated and modeled. The final was presented. In the quantitative part, research hypotheses were developed and to test them, a questionnaire was designed and information was collected by 368 people who did not participate in the qualitative part. Hypotheses were collected and tested by structural equation method using smart PLS software. The results of the quantitative stage showed that the causal category (legal requirements and conditions and political and economic relations) affects the central category (integrated reporting), the central category (integrated reporting) affects strategies, the intervening condition (instructions and characteristics of the company's management) It affects the strategies, the context conditions (accountability and evaluation system and company facilities) affect the strategies and the leaders (creating a responsible institution and setting the standard and training) affect the consequences.