problem

Following the Renaissance, the course of social thought in Europe has witnessed the emergence of two separate thought systems: «modern» and «postmodern». The paradigms above have greatly influenced the understanding of security players from security in the contemporary era, and based on their epistemological foundations, they have employed theoreticians and have defined and interpreted security issues from the point of view of those intellectuals. While explaining the causes and factors of a security issue’s occurrence and consequences, the paradigms provide solutions to solve the identified challenges based on the proposed formula of the same theory. Therefore, in the present article, the views of two influential thinkers of the modern and postmodern paradigms, Emile Durkheim and Jacques Derrida, will be examined to analyze their ideas in the field of security and unearth new insights on how to recognize, explain, and manage security issues.

Using the qualitative method and content analysis technique, the present research analyzes the social thoughts of Emile Durkheim as a classical and modern thinker of sociology and Jacques Derrida as the most important postmodern figure on the security issue. Relying on a comparative analysis based on theoretical support, it extracts the dimensions of the security problem from the opinions of the two above-mentioned scientists presented in the researcher-made analytical model.

Analytical results indicate that as far as security is concerned; Durkheim, emphasizes the establishment of some security mechanisms such as social laws, regulations, and norms through security players of governance to regulate people’s behavior and prevent conflicts that can disrupt social order, as well as the socialization of people based on common values and norms, and in more general terms, training people and others to enter the system of social distribution of tasks in a fair and satisfactory social environment. In contrast, Derrida challenges the fixed concepts of security by highlighting the inherent contradictions and deprivations in the imposed discourses of security players. Derrida argues that efforts made to establish absolute security often lead to the marginalization or suppression of certain groups, and by densifying and intersecting the social gaps, and creating security issues, pave the ground for the possible radicalization of the rejected groups (security crisis).

Therefore, it seems that combining these two viewpoints to achieve a theoretical synthesis for a comprehensive approach to security is pretty essential.

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of teaching social studies concepts through digital storytelling on the social problem-solving skills of elementary school students in Mazandaran.

The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test structure and a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all primary school students in Mazandaran province. The sample size included 80 third-grade students. Among them, 39 students were assigned to the control group, while 41 students formed the experimental group who participated in 13 sessions focused on social concepts and skills, integrated with digital storytelling. Data collection involved a social problem-solving questionnaire, and covariance analysis was used for data analysis.

The results revealed significantly higher average scores in social problem-solving for the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Additionally, girls in the experimental group outperformed boys in solving social problems after digital storytelling sessions.

Overall, digital storytelling emerges as an effective tool in learning environments for facilitating the social problem-solving skills of digitally native students.

The country's higher education management system has always faced many issues that it is not able to deal with all of them easily. Therefore, it is necessary to know the nature of the issues in this field in order to provide the best management and governance methods. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the complex issues in the higher education management system of the country.

This research was a type of qualitative research that was conducted in 2023 using thematic analysis method. The research community included professors and experts with academic education in public administration, executive managers working in the Ministry of Ataf, and researchers and experts in higher education, and sampling was done using a targeted non-probability method. Data collection continued until theoretical data saturation and 15 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software was also used for coding.

The findings of the research showed that identity crisis, quantification, centralization, process complexity and diversity of governance and legislative authorities are among the complicated issues in the country's higher education management system.

As a result, deep attention to each of these issues by the managers of the country's higher education system can lead to the sustainable development of the country, improving the quality of service provision and reducing related costs, increasing the transparency of processes, etc. with such issues to be used by them.

The scientific pathology of resistance literature research is one of the necessities of this field, which can be useful in identifying scientific problems and weaknesses and achieving research-oriented solutions and policies in this field.The research method of this study was exploratory. Information was collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with eleven professors and experts, and thematic analysis method and MaxQuda software were used to analyze them.The categories extracted from the perspective of the interviewees about problem analysis in resistance literature include: separation of question and problem in scientific researches; The conflict between the mind and the object as the origin of the formation of the problem; Formation of the problem free from bias and resistance; authenticating the scientific method; Updating issues in the field of resistance literature and in-depth insight into them.   Damages in the field of research in two levels of scientific and research damages; And structural and organizational damages were investigated.To solve the problems at both levels, solutions were presented by the interviewees, among which the following can be mentioned:Determining policies, guidelines, and road map; Identifying strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats through fundamental research and situational assessment; Forming an information bank and networking of activists and those interested in this field; Expanding national and international communication by holding a conference.

Finding and formulating the problem is the basis of scientific research. Determining the problem requires fundamental questioning and it is not an impromptu thing, but rather a dynamic, regular, systematic, and logical process that takes place before determining the title of the research by going through the nested and systematic layers of the phenomena. In studies, researches, and scientific productions that take place in universities and educational centers, problem-solving is considered the first and most important step. In fact, it can be said that problem-solving is the recognition and application of knowledge, skills, and abilities that lead to the correct response to the situation or to achieve goals.. When we reach a goal, we are able to solve a challenge or a problem or achieve a better situation, which is problem-solving. By identifying and categorizing obstacles to problem-solving, it is possible to help students identify important and necessary problems. If the problem-finding obstacles are identified and subsequently removed, problems such as lack of progress in scientific productions and repetitive and invalid researches will be avoided. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to "identify the obstacles of research problem solving".

Literature Review:

Fotis Kasoulas and Georgia Mega (2007) in a research titled "Creative and critical thinking in the form of problem-finding and problem-solving: a study among elementary school students" found that factors such as relevance and reasoning which are related to critical thinking in problem solving by students play a role. Frank Labanka (2008) in his research entitled "The effect of problem-solving on the quality of scientific research projects arising from an authentic research environment using an open problem" found that factors such as the use of expertise and previous experiences and creative thinking such as flexibility, adaptability, new approach, play a role in the problem-solving process. In Krista Ritchie's (2009) research entitled "Problem-finding Process in Research Education: Focusing on Students' Experiences", it was shown that personality traits such as lack of motivation, lack of interest, anxiety, and other negative emotions affect students' problem-finding performance. In the research of the Guardian (2013) with the title "Research Problem Solving; Undeniable Necessity in Postgraduate Theses", it was shown that obstacles such as collecting information without having a research plan, without examining the background and existing research and not recognizing the limitations of the research, determining the research method before determining the subject, disregarding the appropriate theories and available resources in formulating the research problem, are common mistakes that threaten researchers in setting up the research topic. Problem solving is not a one-dimensional process and the researcher must consider all aspects uniformly to choose the right problem. Mira Begi (2015) in a research entitled "Problem-finding in research; Limitations and solutions focusing on thesis writing and indigenous theorizing in Iranian sociology" stated that problem solving requires critical and creative thinking and in a word, it requires a set of personality traits. In addition to this, the necessary infrastructure for problem solving should also be provided. Baghmirani (2016) in his research entitled "Development of the Conceptual Model of Research Problem-Finding Using Directional Content Analysis Method" found that the concept of problem-finding is in personality characteristics in five dimensions, in behavioral characteristics in four dimensions, in thinking characteristics (Creative) can be developed in six dimensions, (critical) thinking in two dimensions and educational feature in five dimensions.

This research is fundamental in terms of its purpose and in terms of gathering information, it is library research that has also benefited from field techniques. In terms of method, this research is a kind of content analysis which was done with the Claysey method. The statistical population of this research was made up of the faculty members of the public universities of Tehran province. 10 people were selected as a sample using the sequential pooled sampling method. A semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. Four criteria of validity or acceptability, certainty of stability, confirmability, and transferability or fit were used to evaluate the validity and accuracy and robustness of the data.

The result of the analysis of 10 interviews was 16 general themes or categories and 77 primary concepts. Of course, 386 primary concepts were obtained at the beginning, and after careful examination and removal of synonyms, the number of concepts was reduced to 77 codes. Identified classes include self-deprecation, passive linearity, lack of motivation, lack of work, lack of skills, ignorance, negative consensus, inferential analysis, superficiality, weak intelligence related to individual obstacles, dry educational management, inefficient human resources, weak content related to educational obstacles, family scientism, individualism related to cultural barriers; structural instrumental gap related to structural barriers; and institutional instability is related to institutional barriers to problem solving.

Evidences and surveys showed that a set of obstacles prevent a person from choosing an important and necessary issue. The analysis showed that there are problems and obstacles in the five personal, educational, cultural, structural, and institutional dimensions that fuel the individual's inability to solve problems. In the context of individual obstacles, it can be pointed out that novice researchers have characteristics of self-deprecation, passive linearity, lack of creativity, sufficient purpose and motivation, unfamiliarity with domestic and international databases, and relative lack of proficiency in English, ignorance and knowledge gaps, lack of analytical power and inference power, as well as the negative correlation of inference analysis that can make a person face problems in problem solving. Along with personal obstacles, a set of non-personal obstacles can be seen; some of these obstacles are related to educational obstacles. The inappropriateness of university research regulations and guidelines and the managers' approach to problem solving and research is a linear and binary approach; an approach that destroys creative thinking. The weakness of human resources (inexperience of professors and faculty members) of the university can also be a problem. Familiarity with the research method can be considered as the alphabet of problem solving. Until the course units of the research seminar and research method are not taught correctly, we cannot hope for the success of the students in problem solving. The weakness of the course content, which refers to the provision of inappropriate teaching resources, non-native and not up-to-date resources, is one of the educational obstacles. In the field of cultural barriers, we can mention the avoidance of science and insufficient education of parents, which fuel the individual's weakness in problem solving. Facilities and infrastructures are needed for problem solving. Failure to provide equipment indicates the existence of a structural tool gap, which in turn is considered a potential risk for the problem-solving process. The lack of problem-solving institutions is another obstacle to research problem-solving. If these institutions are created in the heart of the library, information science specialists serve the scientific communities through a new channel by identifying and classifying the important and necessary issues of society.

It can be concluded that problem-solving is a conscious, creative, and meticulous process of searching, identifying, refining, finding, and choosing a research problem among several problems; a set of individual and non-individual factors (educational, cultural, structural, and institutional) make this process difficult. This research helped to identify and categorize research problem-finding obstacles with an interpretive approach. Considering the limited literature of scientific communities in the field of problem-solving obstacles, it can be claimed with a high confidence factor that a significant part of the scientific community's knowledge gap in the field of problem-solving obstacles was filled with the new information of this research. Also, this research has shown the interdisciplinary nature of information science and epistemology.

The aim of the current research was to identify the characteristics of the four elements in order to provide a problem-oriented curriculum model in the elementary school mathematics course. There were 19 participants and the sampling was done purposefully. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The problem-oriented curriculum template was designed using the characteristics of the elements and with the method of qualitative content analysis in the elementary school mathematics course. The identified features were validated by fuzzy Delphi method and Shannon's entropy method was used for data processing. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 main categories including the characteristics of goals at three levels of cognitive, attitudinal, skill, content, evaluation, teaching-learning strategy and 46 sub-categories were identified.                          In the fuzzy Delphi section, all features were confirmed by obtaining a de-fuzzified value greater than 0.7. The results of Shannon's entropy determined that the characteristics of starting teaching with a challenging question, creating a suitable educational environment, continuously monitoring the quality of learning strategies and communicating with students' talents have attracted the most attention and obtained the highest ranks and had a higher importance factor than other characteristics

This research begins with discussions in the field of “Methodology of Science”; and then it is followed up by proposing topics in the field of “epistemology of science” and finally, it tries to provide a research division for students of different educational levels based on them. Although the audience of this research is social science students; But it is also relevant for other fields of humanities. Acknowledging that some of the researches of Iranian students are considered to be of its top type; at the same time, we are of the opinion that most of them are not within the framework of a scientific work - in the sense that is intended by this article. We consider the reason for this deviation from scientific criteria to be their inability to reach the “expected problem”.Theoretical framework: the current research is data-based and therefore lacks a specific theoretical framework; however, its main idea, on which our proposed division of labor is based, originates from Randall Collins' views on “scientific society”.

The proposed work division of this article is the result of a “systematic review” of 51 scientific research articles written by masters and doctoral students. In the framework of the aforementioned proposed division of labor, the “Hijab issue” section; And during the systematic review of the previous researches that have been done regarding hijab; Formulated.

By planning seven types of process to reach the problem; we have shown which triple education level is suitable for each student.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how to create entrepreneurship opportunities for soldiers during their military service. To achieve this goal, with a qualitative approach and analytical descriptive method, collecting information through a library study and by summarizing and consensus of points of view and based on the collective wisdom of a number of professors and experts, the appropriate framework considering the innovative approach in solving problems On the one hand, and on the other hand, increasing skills and increasing the spirit of entrepreneurship, two basic criteria of "knowing the problem" and having the necessary "capacity" to solve it were counted. The findings show that the military period, on the one hand, is a good opportunity to use their knowledge capacity and capability due to diversity and plurality in creating opportunities or solving the problems of the armed forces, and on the other hand, by providing the necessary platforms by the armed forces, it can increase knowledge, skills , ability and capacity of entrepreneurship and employment of soldiers. From this point of view, while presenting a three-stage model for the development of soldiers' entrepreneurship, including creating a platform for entrepreneurship, guiding the entrepreneur in the action stage and finally stabilizing and institutionalizing entrepreneurship, the four methods of "soldier acceptance based on previous self-declaration", "soldier acceptance based on crowdsourcing" Baz", "soldier acceptance based on limited crowdsourcing" and "soldier acceptance based on self-declaration" were presented as methods of recruiting soldiers.

Current modes of education require STEM education to integrate four disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) into one larger discipline. However, the implementation of integrated STEAM training is not an easy task because many issues arise after its implementation. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to gather evidence from the latest empirical studies to explore the main issues related to integrated STEAM education. PRISMA guidelines were used to track relevant articles from 2010 to 2019 using Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Hence, a total of 17 articles were identified. The findings showed that the teacher is the most important factor in the integrated education of STEAM. The knowledge of teacher is the key to the implementation of STEAM integrated education, but teachers in the field of STEAM education are still unaware of the content of STEAM. Therefore, STEAM teachers must immediately have in-depth knowledge of STEM content to ensure successful implementation of STEAM integration.

Open education, in light of an amazing technological development, has transformed the educational system with changes in "educational culture" and an emphasis on the "learner-centered" principle. Since this has not been taken into account in Iran's educational system, the present article critically examines the issue of imperfect construction of an open education system in Iran. To analyze the issue historically, a genealogical method propounded by Foucault has been applied. Genealogy explains the evolution of historical moments in their internal power relations, as Foucault says: it is a discourse which intertwines power and knowledge. The "genealogical analysis" refers to an epistemological strategy formed in various domains of history, political and social sciences. To explain the aforementioned problem, we need to focus on both traditional and modern education discourses in the discursive space of open education. In response to the main question of the article i.e., what could have caused the imperfectness of open education in contemporary Iran? The findings indicate that "neglect to scientific software and discursive aspects", which followed the dominance of instrumental scientific view; "immature understanding of open education" which reduced it to complementary education and "bureaucratic relations" which are in conflict with the democratic character of post-modern education, have all led to the "imperfectness of open education" which has deepened the challenge of the alienation of "science" from culture and society.

Economic corruption is a collection of criminal behaviors in which its Perpetrator abuses his position and situation and through it has illicitly gained privilege or financial benefit for himself or the other person with influencing the economic and administrative soundness is important. it is understood as a public problem by politicians. This matter for having many aspects affects different fields and areas and creates different concerns that the political-security is one of these concerns. This paper attempts to answer the question that in the process of criminal lawmaking in the area of economic corruption how the political-security concerns play role in the stage of the definition of the problem. It has employed the method of the grounded theory. The findings indicate that two basic concepts of the integrity and utility of the system of the government make the political concern and with connection to the existence and legality of the system of the government this problem is highlighted in the thought of the activist. This concern in the justification of the economic corruption as a problem appropriate to be adopted criminal policy and to encourage the decision-makers to call attention to it plays a role as an influential force.

The films of the 40th Fajr Film Festival have been considered as the subject of this article, which has been evaluated by direct observation of all films participated in the festival (February 1-11, 1400) and has been expressed by descriptive analysis. The three aspects of reviewing films are the atmosphere and the point of connection of the film, the suspension and problem of the film, the result and the induction of the film. This article has specifically addressed the aspect of problem and suspension. Considering that the image and the film inspire the image of the future of the society on the psyche of the audience, examining its issues, orientation and social etiquette will clarify the future of the society.‌ ‌ From this perspective, understanding the issues of the films present in the festival will lead to a better understanding of the issues of tomorrow's society. Evaluating the films of the festival, it is concluded that most of the issues of the films are in a general category or have a separate imaginary aspect of society that does not correspond to the issues of the people of the society. It provides an incorrect address of the ideals and problems of society and invites the audience to form and lead them to the raised issues, or expresses the correct problem- oriented statements. But has not established proper space creating and induction for communication and desire of the audience.

The nature of science is intertwined with research and the research is based on the problem. Problem is the basic pillar of science and in this field of knowledge, problem finding is the most important activity. These propositions are the assumptions on which the present article is based. This article is a discussion of theoretical considerations and therefore, it lacks empirical evidence and observations derived from it. In this research, an attempt has been made to study the status of the problem in social science research and the knowledge requirements of problem finding based on the teaching of philosophy of science. Hence, the nature of the problem and its importance have been considered in social research. That problems are the beginning and the end of the search for scientific truth, and in the cognitive realm, problem finding takes precedence over problem solving. On the other hand, the extent and complexity of social problems and the context of their occurrence, their historical nature and the instability of cognition and its reasons have been discussed. In the following, some of the cognitive considerations and necessities of doing social research have been introduced in a reasoned manner, which are necessary to move in the direction of living and dynamic knowledge. Among these considerations, epistemological, ontological and methodological assumptions have a special status, because they determine the logic and position of the researcher towards the research reasoning system.

Iranian cinema has a governmental origin and so far we can find all kinds of positive and negative confrontations between policymakers and filmmakers. An important part of these confrontations has been effective in identifying problems and shaping the agenda of policy makers in cinema. Important factor in the policy-making in an individual-centered system is the issue of personality that influences these confrontations. In this study, by asking the question of how the state acts as the main player in the policy-making process in the face of problems in the field of cinema, the dimensions of the problem and the policy maker’s personality are examined. And typology of the different types of responsiveness and expectation in the field of policy making has adapted by using a behavioral model in developmental psychology. In this adaptation, characteristics were drawn for the four types of "authoritarian", "authoritative or decisive", " unengaged” and " permissive " in the field of policy-making, and then by using a survey method and designing a closed questionnaire, Necessary data were collected from 53 people related to Iranian cinema. The findings of the study indicate that the general approach of policy makers in Iranian cinema in choosing a problem or solution is based on "the urgency of the problem" and "external pressure" and "doing something in the management period". And, somewhat contrary to them, "Paying attention to the needs of filmmakers" is less of a concern for policy makers in Iranian cinema.

Successful organizations all over the world pay close attention to human resource in terms of an organizational decent and valuable resource in order to constantly ensure their sustainable performance. This study is carried out to investigate the root causes of the problems in human resource systems in Iranian government organizations. This is an applied developmental research which follows a descriptive non-experimental method for data collection. Due to the descriptive and exploratory nature of the issue and the need to discover fine details and in-depth information, and because of the lack of previous comprehensive studies relating to the root causes of human resource management problems in Iranian government organizations, Delphi method is employed to conduct the research. The research population includes 19 experts, elites, policy makers, planners and managers, professors and human resources specialists who were somehow involved in the human resource process. They were selected by purposive sampling method. A questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by experts, was employed to collect data through Likert scale. All factor were then tested by Kendall test and were confirmed or rejected. Finally, HR problems were identified separately for each function, and then the roots of each problem were identified. This research is based on root cause analysis model. The tool used to identify RCA is the 5 whys tool.

Salafi terrorism from its inception until now, it has gone through a process of transformation and created different forms of terrorism. Recognition of this process is essential According to the root cause of the development and evolution of this phenomenon. The study seeks to examine Salafist terrorism through documentary study with Using qualitative approach and Foucault's genealogical approach. It seems that the origins and problems of Salafist terrorism have always been external threats, which appear in the form of critical identification with radicalism. Salafist terrorism has evolved in the idea and construction of power. Salafi ideology has evolved from the stage of the idea of ​​Takfir and jihad to the critical Egyptian Salafi discourse and the Salafist terrorist organization from a logistical institution to a kind of umbrella of globalization with decentralized nuclei. Salafi terrorism can be divided into two types: Arab (Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Iraq) and Indian (India, Pakistan and Afghanistan).

The purpose of physics instruction is leading students to progress towards expertise in physics, to develop the ability to apply physics concepts to physical situations and reason with them, and to solve a wide range of problem types, including novel ones. Problem solving is central to physics instruction. Problem solving, however, as is traditionally used, is not as effective as it should be in achieving these goals and needs to be reconsidered. In this paper, according to results from physics education research, demonstrate that why traditional ways of using problem solving are ineffective for promoting true physics expertise and rethinking instruction and problem solving are explored. The purpose of physics instruction is leading students to progress towards expertise in physics, to develop the ability to apply physics concepts to physical situations and reason with them, and to solve a wide range of problem types, including novel ones. Problem solving is central to physics instruction. Problem solving, however, as is traditionally used, is not as effective as it should be in achieving these goals and needs to be reconsidered.

In this paper, attempts have been made to reconstruct and formulate the various Islamic thinkers' interpretations and interpretations of the meaning of Islamic social science from the perspective of Morteza Motahari. In this regard, the meaning and concept of Islamic social science is described from the angles of Motahari's perspective, so that in one impression, he presented four interpretations of the concept of Islamic sciences based on the criteria of subject and goal, theorist. In another reading, Motahari writes that Islam has two kinds of links with social science: one direct link, since Islam has a theoretical circle of knowledge and practical rulings about the social world, the other is the indirect linkage through ethical recommendations such as trust, chastity , Justice, Goodness and self sacrifice. His other conception lies in the statement that Islam is not a sociological school; since in the Hebrew Book of Islam, no social material has been expressed in terms of common sociological terminology and in its usual language and within the framework of conventional divisions. , But at the same time, the great deal of social science is completely inferential and extracted from the Holy Qur'an.

Jurisprudence and expediency are controversial issues that took place after the Islamic Revolution before the jurists and thinkers for practical reasons. In the 1979 constitution, legislation by Parliament was limited to the compatibility with the Islamic law and constitution, and thus the Guardian Council was determined for the maintenance of this state of affairs. In practice, Parliament had passed laws according to the expediency and necessity that were met with Guardian Council opposition, and during this period, there were tensions and impasses in the country. Expediency Council was created after instances of interference with the late leader of the revolution to solve such problems, for his initiative and according to his Command on 6 February 1988.  This entity in the 1989 revision of the constitution has been a legal status.This paper reviews the fundamentals of jurisprudence expediency, the genesis of the Expediency Council, and the most important duty of this council.