spatial patterns

Recognition of spatial patterns of drought plays an important role in monitoring, predicting, confronting, reducing vulnerability, and increasing adaptation to this hazard. This study aims to identify the spatial distribution and analyze the spatial patterns of annual, seasonal, and monthly drought intensities in Iran. For this purpose, the European center Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) data for the period 1979-2021 and the ZSI index were used to extract the drought intensities. To achieve the research goal and explain the spatial pattern of the frequency of drought intensities (Extreme, severe, moderate, and weak), spatial statistical methods such as global Moran’s I, Anselin local Moran’s Index, and hot spots were used. The results of the global Moran’s I showed that with increasing intensity, the spatial distribution of drought events has become clustered. The spatial distribution of the local Moran’s Index and hot spots also confirms this. Very clear contrast was observed in the local clusters of high (low) occurrence as well as hot (cold) spots of severe (Extreme) yearly droughts in the south, southeast, and east. In autumn, weak to Extreme droughts show a southeast-northwest pattern. But in spring and winter, the spatial pattern of drought is very strong as opposed to severe and moderate drought. Despite the relatively high variability of maximum positive spatial Autocorrelation of severe and Extreme monthly droughts, their spatial pattern is almost similar. The spatial clusters of severe and very severe droughts in the northwest, northeast, and especially on the Caspian coast, are a serious warning for the management of water resources, especially for precipitation-based activities, such as agriculture.

The physical environment consists of the arrangement of mass and space, how the arrangement of mass and space performs an important part of morphological studies. The body and physical form of the city includes structures shaping public spaces and masses consisting of private space, in which the possibility of the occurrence of various social and economic functions and activities have been provided. Space is a manifestation of the pattern of establishment. The arrangement of spatial elements and how they relate within the framework of communication axes in a certain geographical area or area in relation to each other, forms the spatial structure or environmental system of a city. Understanding the interaction between humans and the environment has been one of the challenges of archaeological studies in recent years. For this purpose, it is necessary to study many spaces and areas with the landscape archeology approach. In the meantime, the use of remote sensing techniques has been significantly effective in landscaping archeological studies. This article tries to focus on geographical factors and landscaping attractions, including commercial and agricultural potentials, which increase the population in an area and the reasons that cause population distribution, and vice versa, the effects that population has on the landscape, as well as Emphasis on sites in western Iran and eastern Iraq during the Sassanid period to answer why the pattern of distribution of architectural spaces by a case study of three Parthian-Sassanid sites with similar distribution and spatial structure in western Iran (Qasr Shirin and western Gilan) and eastern Iraq (Clare) And how to create such a particular pattern with governmental, religious, and military uses and replicate it in the region.

Background and Purpose: 

The present study was conducted with the aim of "investigating the geography of drug distribution in the metropolis of Tehran" to identify important points and locations of crime in the distribution of drugs.

The research method is descriptive and to identify and analyze the spatial patterns of crime distribution in Tehran, GIS and medium center tests, standard deviation ellipse, cluster test and kernel density estimation have been used.The statistical population of the present study includes all crimes related to drug retail that in a period of one year from April to March 2019 in the second base of the Tehran Anti-Narcotics Police, the Greater Tehran Disciplinary Command.

The results show that the spatial distribution of crimes in the study area follows a clustered and centralized pattern and the most important center of drug-related crimes in this area is adapted to the area of ​​140 police stations in Bagh-e Feyz.It was also found that most drug retailers were first heroin and then glass (methamphetamine).The general trend of the ellipse shows the standard deviation of the crime of drug retailing in the study area in the south-north direction, the average center of which is near the intersection of Ayatollah Ashrafi Isfahani Highway with Shahid Mirzaei Boulevard in the protected area of 140 Bagh-e Feyz police station in the north.

In general, the spatial distribution of drug retailers in this area, based on the zoning map drawn, from east to west, has a decreasing trend and the concentration of retailers is consistent along the Yadegar Imam Highway and Farahzad Valley.

The Qajar Era is one of the most important periods of Ta'ziyah flourishing and attention has been paid to the construction of religious buildings such as Hoseiniyeh and Takaya in Iran. Ardabil has long been regarded as the origin of Shia and was considered as one of the major centers of ritual and religious activity in Iran. This study aims to identify and study the architecture of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed, which is one of the most important Hoseiniyehs in Iran in terms of architecture, antiquity and extent of construction and is the oldest north-west Hoseiniyeh of the country as well as the first and most designed Hoseiniyeh in Ardabil city. Along with the role of the Hoseiniyehs in the Ta'ziyah, the houses have also been influenced by religion and rituals from the beginning. In addition to Hoseiniyeh, this study examines the spatial patterns of a number of historical Qajar houses in Ardabil that have been influential in the physical formation of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed. The purpose of physical comparative study of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and historical houses of Ardabil is to answer the following questions: "How has the spatial and architectural pattern of houses affected the Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed model during Qajar era in Ardabil?" And "What are the similarities between the architectural aspect of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and the historic houses of Ardabil?" This research is a qualitative and analytical-descriptive one. After field studies and reviewing the documents and gathering information from Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and historical houses, the role of influential factors on the physical formation of Hoseiniyeh and houses was determined by introducing and examining the characteristics of each building and comparing a number of important indicators. And it was determined that the architectural style of Hosseiniyeh Mojtahed is influenced by the spatial pattern of historical houses in Ardabil and it was built based on the common architecture and architectural frameworks of the Qajar period.

The patterns of demographic distribution in different time periods are various manifestations of complex stages of socio-spatial transformations in regions of a territory. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial patterns resulting from population distribution in the provinces and counties of Iran between 2011 and 2016. This enables us to explore the socio-spatial consequences of these patterns in relation to transformation of urbanization processes and urbanization rates of regions. The present study has been compiled in two descriptive-analytical levels using population and housing census data and using combined techniques in analyzing findings based on Hot Spot and Cold Spot commands (based on Moran and Entropy coefficients) in GIS software. The research findings show that the counties located in the center of the country have high rates of in migration and those that located in the eastern and western regions of the country are in the periods of out migration. This indicates a reduction in the agricultural sector activities in fertile areas and a promotion in the employment patterns in the service and industry sectors in the center of the country. This trend has weakened both the cohesion and spatial balance in the territory. It is obvious that the pattern of population distribution in the regions of the country is contrary to the principles and optimal framework of territory spatial planning.

With the physical and social expansion of cities and their transformation into heterogeneous population and social centers and increasing economic poverty, the cause of urban damage and unbridled growth of anomalies in cities has emerged. In such a way that with the expansion of cities, centers are formed in their area where more crimes occur than in other areas.

The present study was conducted with a descriptive 3- analytical approach and the statistical population of the study is all crimes related to theft that have occurred in the city of Varamin. Also, in order to identify and analyze the spatial and temporal centers of crimes, SPSS and GIS softwares have been used and in order to measure the level of institutional trust, a questionnaire has been used.

According to the research findings, the patterns have identified five crime centers, including the central part of the city, Khairabad neighborhood, Goltepe, Amrabad and Sakineh Banoo. Also, the time pattern of crimes has shown an increase in the occurrence of crimes on the weekends and Saturdays. It has seen an increase in crime, then peaked in the afternoon and resumed with the resumption of public activities from 5pm to 9pm.

According to the findings of the study, it has been determined that the pattern of crime in the city of Varamin is a cluster that has required the formation of crime centers. According to this issue, the purpose of this study is to identify the spatial and temporal patterns of crimes committed in order to improve the quality of law enforcement services and help identify the challenges facing urban management in reducing and eliminating criminal goals to improve the quality of life of city residents. Varamin is.

Inappropriate distribution and a lack of attention to environmental problems, including capacities of space pattern deployment of rural service centers. Optimal deployment of rural services under optimum centers, easy access to these services and economic benefit and stability of the rural environment. The objective of this paper, the spatial analysis in locating the villages to determine the centrality of the services sector in Sardoeiyeh, the method of fuzzy compared with that of the two method used. Ruling approach on the research, descriptive and analytical - is the nature of that can be applied. For this purpose, to weight to a questionnaire data, in the form of ideas and pundits experts, including 10 experts and specialists judge has been used in this field to analyses and weight of research data, also fuzzy models and hierarchical fuzzy gamma. Given the use of natural and human indicators used in this study, to achieve the optimal pattern in determining the centrality of rural services from two ways to weighting FAHP method and information layers and also the use of GAMMA software operator in the geographic information system as space analyst several villages with appropriate measures such as the population , the height and surface slope and also avoid natural hazards like a rift in the region , and that is also prone to earthquakes points to the centrality of adequate detection. Although studies in the research, subject to become writing, but is to be mentioned in the field of fuzzy - technique and comparison of such methods are the latest such methods to determine the centrality of nothing so far has been.

During the last two decades, the geographical analysis of delinquency and attempting to identify the spatial factors of social anomalies have been important using the GIS and statistical and graphical techniques for coping and preventing police and police administration. The identification of environmental and spatial factors of the crime and trying to eliminate these factors or reduce its effects is known as the most important preventive method for the occurrence of abnormalities. Spatial-temporal analysis is two important dimensions of criminal events. This kind of analysis provides valuable information for solving problems and responding to security and law enforcement problems. The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the spatial and temporal patterns of theft of crime in the area of ​​Municipality of Zone 2 and the area of ​​police control of Tabriz Metropolis. The purpose of this study is to use a descriptive, comparative, and analytical method. For statistical analysis and graphic data of delinquency data, GIS software, which is implemented under the name of Geographical Analysis of Crime by Naja in police stations, has been used. The statistical population of this research is the collection of robbery crimes that occurred during the period of research in the studied area. The research findings show that spatial and temporal spatial patterns proposed by the system are consistent with real and field patterns, and the geographic analysis system of crime has the necessary efficiency in analyzing patterns and identifying massive corpora.

Spatial patterns of migration in different periods to take a different spatial forms, in a particular time and place so that cities can immigration / high transmittable experience. Unbalanced patterns of immigration and settlement concentrated around particular it usually has important economic, social and political activities are leading to the formation of the spatial arrangement is different from other areas. This paper aims to identify spatial patterns of migration between city and country in 1385 and 1390 and to identify the characteristics and spatial patterns of dominant done. The research method used is descriptive analysis and data on population and housing census used different techniques have been used for analysis.
The results show that the municipalities located in the border areas that are geographically on the periphery of the country has a high origin and the majority of the host city at the center of the country. The area is also the largest area of the country (61 percent of the country) in the city that have high immigration (95 city). 80 city high that only 3% of the area of origin into account. Other city had the lowest dynamics of immigration (78 city). These findings suggest that the center-periphery relations in the country is still in need of policy to achieve regional balance in the country''s planning system.

As an indicator of the intensity of the heat temperature air is a basic element of understanding and view of the solar energy received by the Earth's irregular changes included extensive. Ice cold waves and one of the most important phenomena in Climatology is the study of daily temperature changes over time arises. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial variability of core cooling in the North West of Iran during the various waves. For this purpose minimum temperature data and climatology station 42 were the highest during the period of the country's Meteorological Agency. The day was considered as a cold wave that has a standard score equal to or less than 2 / -1. In accordance with this definition programming using MATLAB software environment days with cold wave extraction and analysis of spatial autocorrelation Moran was studied and analyzed. The results of this study indicate that although core cooling waves of distributed heterogeneous spatial distribution has been but the major focus of this core cluster pattern in the eastern part of the study area is high. The results of the analysis showed that in the course of recent decades addition to the marked decline in the range of core cooling, The intensity of cooling cores for different durations, especially the continuation of five and six days has been reduced.

Leisure is a new social area that in the context of modernity, contemporary social and cultural changes, and the growth of culture of consumerism, has realized its meaning and importance. Spending leisure time is one of the major functional areas in cities. The purpose of this article was an analysis of the leisure patterns in Kermanshah in order to find the right solution for leisure time development in the region. The obtained results showed that there was a direct relationship between leisure time, urban infrastructures, social- cultural attractions and the historical-natural attractions. The relationship between leisure time and other factors, i.e., historical, social-cultural attractions, urban infrastructure and natural attractions, according to the multivariate regression was 0.609, 0.089, 0.102 and 0.478. Thus, the highest correlation was between leisure time and historical attractions. Also using the Spearman method, it was seen that there was a significant and positive correlation between leisure time and urban infrastructures (r= 0.555) at the 0.99 of confidential level which meant that infrastructure was considered better than spending leisure time as far as the families satisfaction was regarded. Thus, the highest correlation using Spearman method was between leisure time and urban infrastructure. Also using one sample t -test, except for the dimensions of natural attractions in other cases proved the significant difference between the mentioned variables.

In many large cities and dense spatial pattern of educational applications for various reasons، such as the placement of the annoying User Account industrial، military، hospitals، Oil Station، medical use… and the situation is not so good. Which cause undesirable physical and psychological impact on the quality of schools and students. Therefore، in this study high school in Ahwaz region 2 and 4، for example، has been studied. The Variables، office، residential، commercial، cultural، sports، landscape، military، religious، fire stations، Oil station، health - medical، industrial، Terminal and main street. In order to assess the effect of weighting the variables in the ultimate goal of FDAHP model is usedAfter determining the final weight of the item using Raster Calculator and multiplication، weight is applied in layers. In order to provide a final layer using the Raster Calculator and select the operand، the layers overlap with each other are combined. Final results of layer integration show that most of the schools in the district 2 are in a inappropriate state of adjacent and compatibility pattern with other adjacent uses. So spatial distribution pattern of high schools in district 2 is not eligible. spatial distribution pattern of high school in district 4 show that most schools of district 4 is in a proper state of placement and adjacent with compatible and incompatible uses. So spatial distribution pattern of high schools uses in district 4 is appropriate.