fuzzy logic

Nowadays, social vitality is one of the most important needs of human societies, as citizens, especially those living in large cities, have less opportunity to think about themselves and their needs and may suffer from depression. Since happiness is influenced by various structures of urban society, it can also impact the development and prosperity of citizens and urban communities. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method, aimed to locate a playground in the metropolis of Shiraz based on the criteria of a happy city. Initially, by reviewing the literature, 8 criteria of a happy city including suitable slope (less than 15 degrees), placement in non-agricultural and unprotected areas in terms of natural resources, distance from water channels, distance from fault lines, availability of required vacant lands, access to main city thoroughfares, access to metro, and distance from existing parks were extracted for playground location. Then, the information layers of these criteria were prepared in Shiraz using the geographic information system, and after fuzzyfication, the layers were overlapped. The results showed that the fuzzy multiplication operator, due to its greater caution compared to other operators, provides more ideal locations for playground construction. The fuzzy multiplication operator introduced four optimal sites for playground construction, which after further investigations using satellite images, it was determined that two sites located in the vicinity of Barfforoushan towards Bazine Township and near Husseinieh Hashemi and Dr. Hasabi highways, and the other in the lands at the entrance of the new Sadr City and near Dr. Hasabi highway and Golistan Township, are more desirable and suitable for playground construction considering the criteria of a happy city.

Earthquake is one of the natural disasters that occurs suddenly and directly affects human life and urban and rural environment. Among the earthquake damages, we can mention human casualties, destruction of buildings and bridges, accumulation of building debris in the boundaries of roads and streets, destruction of electric poles, disruption of movement in the transportation system (Rikalovic, 2014). In order to determine the level of earthquake risk in a region, conducting seismicity studies has a high priority. Also, in order to identify vulnerable places in a city in order to make major decisions in the field of building improvement and retrofitting, it is necessary to carry out structural and demographic seismic vulnerability research (Ansal et al., 2009; Coburn & Spence, 2002). The occurrence of severe earthquakes in the region (two earthquakes with a magnitude of 6.4 and 6.3 on the Richter scale on November 14, 2021 near the city of Fin, Hormozgan province) and the presence of active faults such as Main Zagros and Zagros Trust in the vicinity of Haji Abad city showed the region is exposed to the vey high risk of an earthquake occurnece that can cause the destruction of buildings and population losses in this city. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to assess the seismic risk, buildings and population vulnerability of the city due to a probable earthquake in order to determine the vulnerable areas against earthquake hazard.

Materials & Methods:

In order to carry out this research, geological, topographical and hydrological data and demographic data were collected from related organizations in Hajiabad city. Based on field studies, the number of buildings and the type of structures in each neighborhood were collected, and a map of the distribution of buildins and their types was depicted. Then, these data were prepared in the GIS system and prioritized and weighted using multi-criteria decision-making methods such as Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Fuzzy Logic.The sub-geological criteria include: distance from the fault, thickness of alluvium and the type of soil and sediments, hydrology includes: depth of underground water and topography includes: slope and irregularity of topography. After weighting these criteria and sub-criteria of each, they were  ombined using weighted linear combination (WLC) method, and an earthquake hazard map considering an earthquake scenario with a magnitude of 1.7 on the Richter scale was produced in the city. Later, the degree of buildings vulnerability based on the fragility curves that were developed based on past research in Iran were estimated in the classes of without destruction to completely collopsed, and the vulnerability of the population was calculated based on the statistics of the Bam earthquake in the classes of the number of healthy people, injured, injured and hospitalized, and dead people.

Results & Discussion:

The results of seismic microzonation map showed that 3.68 square kilometers of the city is in a very high risk area. Then, based on building vulnerability assessment methods and fragility curves, the destruction level of buildings in the city was evaluated, and it was found that due to an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.1 on the Richter scale, about 80% of the buildings in the city were destroyed over 70% destruction level, and about 11,000 people from the city's population were seriously injured or killed as a result of this earthqauke occurence.

According to the results of this research, we found that the city of Hajiabad is surrounded by two main faults inclusing Main Zagros and the Trust Zagros faults, which has made it impossible to imagine any safe area in the city. On the other hand, the increase in population and urbanization has caused the extensive development of the city. Therefore, we need efficient disaster and urban management from the relevant organizations to prevent damage and overcome these crises. These measures inculdes rehabilitating worn-out buildings with low-quality materials, preventing construction in the high-risk areas of the city, making suitable plans to increase the resistancy against earthquakes in the city. Moreover, in order to increase security and speed up relief and response operations, in the areas where the risk is very high, according to the regulations, medical and fire stations should be built. In the vulnerable areas of the city where the population density is high, parks and open spaces should be built for temporary and safe accommodation after the earthquake. Therefore, the results of this research can help experts and urban planners in the field of urban management and crisis management to implement macro policies to reduce the risk of earthquakes, improve preparedness against earthquakes, and prioritize the retrofitting of buildings in this city.

Flood is one of the main natural disasters and an important global issue, so that with the increase in the occurrence of floods, the concerns about the increase in death and economic losses due to it increase. Floods occur every year in Iran due to its large size, climatic diversity, land use changes and changes in the temporal and spatial scales of rainfall. The current research is based on the combination of Fuzzy and Hierarchical (AHP) logic models to assess the flood risk of Khuzestan catchment areas. In this research, the parameters of maximum precipitation, distance from waterway, density of waterway, vegetation and slope were used. Digital maps of parameters were prepared using ArcGIS 10.3 software. The probability of flood occurrence for each class of each factor and the importance of each factor compared to other factors in the occurrence of floods were checked by expert opinions and the corresponding weights were calculated in Arc GIS 10.3 software. The obtained weights for each class were applied to the corresponding layers. Finally, flood probability maps of the investigated area were prepared and the vulnerability was evaluated in 5 classes: very high, high, medium, low and very low. The results indicate that the precipitation factor has the greatest impact on the occurrence of floods and the lowest impact is related to the vegetation factor, and of the total area of 6292521 hectares of Khuzestan province, 9.74% is in the very low risk assessment class; 53.47% low risk assessment; 21.10% of moderate risk assessment, 6.97% high risk assessment and 8.69% very high risk assessment.

In addition to natural disasters such as floods, which cause great damage to the environment and human societies, the phenomenon of dust also causes irreparable damage to urban environments, transportation systems, respiratory systems, etc. Identifying Potential Dust Source Areas is considered the first step to control and prevent this phenomenon. Various researches have been conducted to identify dust sources, but most studies have relied on small-scale images. This research aims to use medium-scale satellite images to identify local areas prone to dust production. Google Earth Engine was used to analyze factors influencing dust generation, including slope, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use, soil salinity, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil moisture, wind speed, precipitation, and Land Surface Temperature (LST). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign weights to these elements. The resulting weights were: soil moisture (0.264), NDVI (0.208), wind speed (0.153), precipitation (0.107), land use/soil salinity (0.081), LST (0.064), DEM (0.024), and slope (0.020). The inconsistency index (0.015) indicated a high degree of consistency between the assigned weights, which is below the acceptable threshold (1). Due to the lack of ground-based air quality measurements, the Aerosol Optical Depth product (a satellite-derived measurement of airborne particles) was used to validate the resulting dust source maps. The final map showed that the potential for dust generation decreased closer to the heights of Sahand and increased closer to the lake.

Earthquake should be considered as one of the most prevalent and destructive natural disasters that all the countries of the world, especially Iran, face with. Therefore, it is important to evaluate urban resilience against earthquakes. Urban resilience is a new and under researched concept in urban studies and urban planning. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb, like any other city, against earthquakes. It seems that considering and resorting to some sources we can understand the vulnerability of Iranian cities. It is necessary to use a suitable model and various types of spatial and non-spatial data. Moreover, the analyses related to the geographic information system and most importantly, the review and analysis of the current global experiences should be considered. Taking these issues into account, we can achieve the risk map of Iranian cities against earthquakes. Additionally, by making the necessary preparations, this phenomenon can be turned into a planned process in crisis management caused by natural hazards. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb against the risk of earthquakes. For this purpose, the integrated model of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and fuzzy Gamma operator (Gamma) were used. Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP) was applied for weighting the variables. The final goal was to see the status of urban resilience against earthquakes in Islamabad Gharb.

This applied research used a descriptive-analytical method. For this study many resources were used including documentary and library studies, information about and provided by the municipality of Islamabad Gharb city, and other reports including studies that were previously conducted in this field on the city. Moreover, the studies and plans that have been carried out by the deputy of planning of the governorate should be added to the sources. Two integrated models of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and fuzzy Gamma operator (Gamma) were used to evaluate the resilience of the city of Islamabad Gharb against earthquakes. Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP) was also used to weight the variables. For evaluating the resilience of the city against the earthquake, two integrated models of WLC and gamma with values ​​of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 were used and the final maps on five classes (very low, low, medium, high, and very high level of resilience) were prepared. Moreover, for evaluating the accurancy and correctness of the final maps produced by the two models, the results of total quality index (QS) were used.

Total quality index (QS) was applied for ensuring the accuracy of WLC models and fuzzy gamma operators of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 to prepare earthquake resilience zoning map. Higher QS of zoning model or method indicates that the calculations and predictions for resilience zoning map are highly accurate. By using the QS we can measure the accuracy of the calculations related to the WLC model and fuzzy gamma operators. Moreover, the QS value of each resilience class related to each of the mentioned models can be obtained separately. In addition to these two cases, it is possible to compare the accuracy and correctness of calculations related to each resilience class with the accuracy and correctness of calculations of other resilience classes. The QS values for very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience classes related to the zoning map created by WLC model, respectively, were 0.007, 0.293, 0.001, 0.247 and 0.063. The QS value of "low" resilience class (0.293) is higher than the QS value of other resilience classes. This can be interpreted that the calculations related to the area of ​​the low resilience class have been done with more precision and accuracy than other resilience classes. The following classes are high, very high, very low and medium resilience classes. Moreover, the QS for the WLC model is the algebraic sum of the QS values ​​for very low, low, medium, high and very high resilience classes. Taking into account the QS, the accuracy and correctness of the WLC model for the preparation of resilience zoning map against earthquake risk for the city of Islamabad Gharb was 0.611.

The QS index can be used to calculate the accuracy of the performed calculations related to the WLC model and fuzzy gamma operators. It is also possible to obtain the QS value of each resilience class related to each of these two models separately. Moreover, the precision and accuracy of calculations of each resilience class can be compared with the precision and accuracy of calculations of other resilience classes. QS value for the very low, low, medium, high, and very high resilience classes pertaining to the zoning map created by WLC model were, respectively, 0.007, 0.293, 0.001, 0.247, and 0.063. The QS value of low resilience class (0.293) is higher than the QS value of other resilience classes. We may interpret it that the calculations pertaining to the low resilience class have been done with more precision and accuracy than the calculation of other resilience classes. Other classes are, respectively, high, very high, very low, and medium resilience classes. Moreover, the QS for the WLC model is the algebraic sum of QS values ​​for the very low, low, medium, high, and very high resilience classes. Taking the QS, the precision and accuracy of the WLC model in preparing the zoning map of resilience against earthquake risk for Islamabad Gharb city is 0.611.

 Erosion is a critical geomorphological process with significant environmental implications, including land degradation, fertility loss, and negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. It is recognized as an environmental hazard due to the substantial damages it can cause.

 This research uses geomorphometric indicators and a fuzzy approach to zoning the soil erosion potential in the Khiavchai area of Meshginshahr. Various variables were used, including slope, aspect, surface curvature, range length, Melton's roughness coefficient, stream power index, drainage density, topographic wetness index, distance from the river, vegetation, precipitation, and geological formations. The information layers were combined based on their impact on erosion using different fuzzifier functions. The fuzzy gamma operator in a GIS platform was utilized to combine and overlay the indicators. 

 The results revealed that approximately 8.4% of the study area exhibited high erosion potential. In comparison, around 18.7% had a high erosion potential, primarily located in the middle parts of the watershed. The high erodibility in these areas can be attributed to erodible geological formations, steep slopes, and high drainage density. Other contributing factors include predominantly southern and western slope aspects, longer slopes, and poor vegetation. 

 The indicators used in assessing erosion-prone areas provide insights into the geomorphological and hydrological conditions of the study watershed. The prepared erosion map can serve as a foundation for prioritizing soil conservation management measures and reducing the impact of erosion. 

Innovation:

 This research employs a combination of geomorphometric indicators and a fuzzy approach to assess soil erosion potential accurately. The practical application lies in utilizing the study's findings to prioritize areas for effectively implementing erosion mitigation and soil conservation measures in land management.

Soil erosion is one of the most important geomorphological processes on the earth's surface, which has accelerated due to human intervention. This process causes many damages such as loss of fertile soils, destruction of infrastructure and filling of dams. In the assessment of soil erosion, several factors should be used in a combined and integrated manner. In this regard, in basins without data or with limited data, a set of geomorphological indicators can be used in combination with other indicators and the erosion potential can be evaluated. In the current research, the erosion potential of Firouzabadchay catchment area located in Ardabil province has been evaluated. In this regard, 13 indicators, mainly geomorphological, were used. In order to combine and overlapped the layers, fuzzy logic was used in the context of the geographic information system (GIS). The results show the high potential of soil erosion in the surface of the Firozabad catchment area. Several factors are effective in the erodibility of the basin's soils, which in this context can be the wide outcrop of Quaternary alluvial formations, gypsum marls, lahar and volcanic ash, weak vegetation, predominance of steep slopes, high drainage density, existence of numerous streams, high values of roughness number and long slopes. In zones of the study basin where several factors affecting erosion have favorable conditions, the rate of erosion has intensified. In this regard, we can mention the central sub-basins of the study basin, which are among the critical areas of the basin due to the presence of alluvial and marl formations, weak vegetation, high slope, high drainage density and several other factors.

The 63.20 kV substations serve as the energy injection points from the transmission network to the distribution network. Determining the substation's location is important from both technical and economic perspectives for regional electricity companies and electricity distribution companies. This research aims to identify the optimal location for constructing a 63.20 kV substation, distinguishing its methodology from similar studies by considering criteria specific to electricity distribution companies and the internal interactions and influences of these criteria.

This study employs the network analysis process (ANP) and fuzzy logic within Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on expert evaluations, 13 criteria were identified as primary factors for substation location. ArcGIS software was utilized to create criteria layers. To standardize the criteria layers, data were normalized between 0 and 1 using fuzzy membership functions. The ANP method was then used to determine the final weightings of the criteria, which were applied to their corresponding fuzzy maps. For the final analysis, the gamma operator with the gamma values of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 was employed. Optimal gamma value selection was implemented using the gamma correlation coefficient test in SPSS software, leading to the calculation of the correlation coefficient and standard deviation.

The standard deviation calculations indicated that a gamma value of 0.7 has higher accuracy compared to other values. In the final map, areas around the city of Kahak were identified as the optimal location for constructing the 63.20 kV substation in Qom province

 Today, urban furniture has been considered by city managers and planners due to its significant role in improving the quality of urban life. Therefore, a small change in the quality of each of its components has a direct impact on the quantity and quality of its components and other variables. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of urban furniture in regions 1 and 2 of Tabriz using fuzzy logic inference system in Matlab software environment. The present research is descriptive in terms of methodology and applied in terms of purpose. In order to collect data and information used in the research, the library and field survey method has been used. The components used in this study include two components of beauty and fit of urban furniture and urban furniture standard, each of which was examined in the form of three main indicators based on fuzzy logic inferences. The results showed that region 1 and 2 of Tabriz is not in a good position in terms of the quality of urban furniture with a score of 0.39 and 0.35, respectively, and has not been able to satisfy the people. Therefore, there is a need to review the approved urban furniture programs as well as to develop new programs based on the strengths and weaknesses of the areas under study.Finally, it should be noted that the use of comparative methods to assess the quality of furniture in different urban areas can provide a comprehensive view of recognizing the differences between areas in terms of urban facilities, the necessary planning to establish spatial justice between deprived areas and provided areas.

Systems for assessing groundwater vulnerability are designed to protect groundwater resources from pollution. The DRASTIC method is a well-known approach for determining groundwater susceptibility. One drawback of the DRASTIC method is that it relies on expert judgment to rank parameters, which introduces uncertainty. This study used a new generation of Fuzzy Logic (FL), called the Z-number theory, to estimate the specific vulnerability of aquifers and address this uncertainty. The specific vulnerability of the Ardabil and Qorveh-Dehgolan aquifers was estimated using two scenarios: the DRASTIC parameters as inputs and nitrate concentration values as output. The vulnerability of the aquifer was also evaluated by comparing the results of the proposed models with those of the DRASTIC model, which served as a benchmark. The analysis showed that the Z-number Based Modeling (ZBM), which considered data reliability and weighted the rules appropriately, produced higher-quality results than the classic FL. In the Ardabil plain, the ZBM yielded results that were 53% better (using seven inputs) and 184% better (using four inputs) compared to the classic FL. In the Qorveh-Dehgolan Plain (QDP), the ZBM produced results that were 127% better (using seven inputs) and 311% better (using four inputs) than the classic FL. The irregularity and non-linearity of the data, such as the high coefficient of variation (CV) in the Ardabil plain compared to the QDP, may contribute to the high CV value in the plains. Therefore, in plains with high CV, the quality of the extracted Z-number-based rules may be lower.

The concept of the fragility of the state is one of the key words in the political sciences that were considered in the post-World War II period, and especially after the end of the Cold War. The Central Asia has also been one of the geographic regions that has sparked many views and analyzes on the states in the region and their fragility. But it should be noted that the paths that lead to the fragility of governments are not the same, and it is possible to draw different patterns from the ways leading to the fragility of the state. According to this the main research question are, what is the state of fragility in the Central Asia? What are the characteristics of paths that lead to the fragility of the Central Asiaern states? Considering the exploratory nature of the main research question, no hypotheses have been presented and interpreted for the results. To answer the questions, with the benefit of fuzzy logic, the top paths that are created by the combination of several factors are examined. The survey also shows that 10 governments in the Central Asia are fragile states and can identify four causal paths among them. Also, among the factors involved in these causal paths, the government's lack of legitimacy and the existence of conflicting groups can be identified as an unnecessary imperative for the fragile states of the Central Asia.

Urmia city is a region with high potential for the development of industrial centers. However, in the last few decades, the indiscriminate development of industries in this area has led to environmental and socio-economic problems. This study aimed to identify areas prone to the construction of an industrial town in this city and evaluate the existing areas. In order to collect the required data of this descriptive-analytical study, library studies were used. Moreover, in order to achieve the goals of the research, the combined Boolean and fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation method were used. At first, relying on seven criteria of distance from the city, slope, height, fault, waterway, communication lines and land use, maps of restrictions and factors were drawn. In the second step, the fuzzy primary suitability map and the Boolean primary suitability map were prepared and finally, based on the correlation coefficients and standard deviation of the operators, gamma 0.5 was chosen as the most appropriate gamma to overlap the two mentioned maps. The results showed that about 94% of the area of ​​the region is completely unsuitable for the establishment of industries and only about 6% of the area are approximately suitable to completely suitable. Regarding the evaluation of the establishment of the existing industrial areas, it was found that the industrial town of Phase 1 and 2, Karimabad industrial area and the electronics and food industry town are located in the inappropriate area of ​​establishment. Moreover, ​​8 square kilometers of the Phase 3 of the industrial town is located in the suitable area for settlement and 1 square kilometer is located in the unsuitable area for settlement.

Choosing suitable points to establish daily neighborhood markets, as service units, is an important task for urban planners in the field of location sciences. It is related to facilitating urban access and controlling urban traffic. The purpose of this research is to locate neighborhood day markets in Zabol, considering proper distribution to enhance accessibility and improve intra-city travel demand. The research method used in this study is descriptive and analytical. Initially, the positive and negative factors influencing location were identified and examined. Then, through data collection, information layer preparation, classification, internal valuation of the layers, and weighting and overlaying of information layers using fuzzy logic in a GIS environment, the lands of Zabol were prioritized for creating neighborhood day markets. Six favorable points for locating day markets were identified. Furthermore, considering the characteristics of each selected point and calculating the accessibility of the forty neighborhoods in Zabol, the forbidden search algorithm was applied to solve the hub location problem. The software provided the best possible answer after 100 iterations, with a final weight of 531, within a time frame of 11 seconds. The algorithm’s findings indicate that points 1, 2, 4, and 5 are the most suitable for locating day markets.

High education institutess are a key factor in the educational process. Centers that have a suitable location and are designed in a systematic program help the development of urban society in a suitable and efficient way. However, site selection of the high education centers, including Azad University, is a complex issue that involves many evaluations (technical, political, social, environmental and economic).

Goal:

The most important goal of the research is to implement the correct and appropriate model for the location of higher education centers for the effectiveness of uses in the city.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and field in terms of method and nature, and the final weight of the criteria in preparing the location map was calculated using fuzzy hierarchical multi-criteria decision-making analysis. Based on this and by applying the weights of each criteria in the ArcGIS environment, the suitability of the lands of Babol city for the establishment of new higher education centers with an emphasis on the Islamic Azad University was determined.

Geographical area of research:

Babol City is located in Babol Township of Mazandaran Province.There are 18 high education institutes (including universities and high education institutes) in this city.

According to the opinion of experts, the criterion of the distance from flood-prone areas is the first priority with a relative weight of 0.098, and the land value criterion is the last priority with a relative weight of 0.035 to influence the optimal site selection of the high education institutes. According to the site selection map of high education institutes in Babol, the most suitable land for creating these centers is in the southwest and west part of the city and in the area of Farhangian, Nilufer, Azadegan, Taleghani and Andisheh complexes, as well as the current location of the Islamic Azad University of Babol branch.

There are three important points in choosing the location of university units with a sustainable development approach:1)Identifying the effects of the components of location and spatial distribution of high education; 2)Identifying the effects of the components of the stakeholders' satisfaction with high education; 3)Identifying the effects of the spatial components of high education site selection.

Flood risk maps and Flood zoning techniques are useful tools to manage this hazard in the catchment and mitigation of flood impacts. In South Baluchestan and Kahir Basin, due to the existence of winter and summer precipitation regimes, the occurrence of flash floods is inevitable due to the establishment of rural communities and settlements in flood-prone areas, the flooding has caused many damages to the region's vulnerable population. In order to zone flood risk and prepare flood risk maps, climatic data, hydrological, land cover, and topography of the basin were prepared from reliable sources and according to scientific studies, 12 variables affecting flood risk in the form of five main components (Hydrology, vegetation, land cover, climate, and topography) were prepared. According to the regional conditions of the basin, using the opinions of experts based on scientific methods, the weight of each variable and component was determined by Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). Using two methods of fuzzy overlay, Weighted Overlay, and the Geographical Information System facilities, a map of variables and components was prepared after reclassification and fuzzy membership function with appropriate operators. The results showed that the fuzzy overlay method concerning its dominant logic has a better distinction of flood-prone areas and can help determine flood hazard micro-zonation in the drainage basins like the Kahir basin. By comparing the results from the real data of the January 2020 flood obtained from satellite images. Due to poor infrastructure and high economic, the risk of flooding may be more harmful and widespread in the future.

In the current age of increasing population and urban expansion,Have Increased use of motor vehicles in cities And forecasts of car park locations in these cities have been taken into consideration. The expansion of Mashhad in recent decades and the increasing number of cars and related problems such as traffic, increased fuel consumption, air pollution, waste of time citizens etc. The need to pay attention to the use of urban public parking in urban development plans is increasingly emphasized. Currently, District 1 of Mashhad Municipality is facing traffic and environmental problems due to its high density of administrative and commercial uses. Therefore, locating public parking spaces to reduce traffic congestion and its problems seems to be an effective step in urban planning. This is an applied and descriptive-analytical study. Data were collected through library and field studies from relevant organizations. Arc GIS and fuzzy logic model-ANP were used for these analyzes. According to the studies carried out in this field, 8 criteria for parking location were selected and using ANP model and fuzzy logic, each criterion was weighted and mapped in ARC GIS software and finally different layers on The convention and the right place to build a public parking lot have been identified. The results of this study show that the distribution of public parking lots is in good condition but the number of parking lots is less than the demand.

The optimal zoning of urban development directions based on environmental capabilities is one of the most important urban development planning; choosing the right urban development direction may make a city face fewer challenges and problems in the future, including natural hazards. It may also cause urban development may be done properly. Considering the significance of the subject, the present study aims to zone the areas prone to the development of settlements in the boundaries and outskirts of Poldokhter city. According to the subject and objectives, SRTM 30 meters high digital model, a 1:100000 geological map of Iran’s Geological Organization, a Landsat satellite image, and digital layers of information were employed as research data. The most important research instruments were Arc GIS (to prepare the desired maps) and Expert Choice (to implement the AHP model). Also, in this research, fuzzy logic models (to fuzzify the layers and also to combine the information layers, and prepare the final map) and AHP (to weigh the information layers) were used. As the results indicated, many parts of the urban area and outskirts of Poldokhter are lowly suitable for urban development. These areas, mainly including the northern regions of Poldokhtar urban area, have little potential for the physical development of residential areas due to the high elevation and slope, being in the mountain units and the alluvial valley. Accordingly, only parts of the southern areas of Poldokhter city are susceptible to the physical development of residential areas due to the low elevation and slope and being in the plain unit.

The nature of the drought is multidimensional and dynamic, and drought risk management plays a vital role in studying drought risk and vulnerability. Iran is always facing this meteorological phenomenon by being in the middle latitudes. Drought risk is defined as the risk index and vulnerability index function. In this study, vulnerability index with physical components including altitude, water system, land use and socio-economic components, the ratio of net production to total production, population density in agriculture, population density, the ratio of rainfed land to total land and number of livestock (1000 heads Per square meter) using standardized fuzzy membership functions and criteria, and each is given a specific weight according to the AHP method. All the maps are combined, and the map of land vulnerability to drought is obtained. According to the results, the southern, southeastern, and central regions are relatively less vulnerable to drought. As we move west, north, and northeast of the country, the number of vulnerabilities increases, the causes of which can be significantly affected by the characteristics. He knew the climate and physics of these areas. Finally, the drought risk map was drawn with the SPI index for 12 months, and after weighing and converting it into a fuzzy map, it was combined with the vulnerability index map. The drought risk map indicates the prevalence of relatively high drought risk in a large area of Iran. With the help of these maps, it is possible to develop micro or macro development plans, especially in the agricultural sector for each part of the country.

Flood is one of the natural hazards in the world that is caused by natural and human factors. Every year, the country of Iran is suffered from the occurrence of small and large floods in different seasons of the year. The purpose of this research is to investigate the flooding situation in Jajarom city by using fuzzy logic and analyzing the factors affecting flooding in this county. Therefore, in the study area, the factors affecting the occurrence of floods were first identified, which include height, slope, slope direction, rainfall, vegetation cover, lithology, geomorphology, land use, permeability, density of waterways and distance from the river. Then the criteria were fuzzified according to the required functions, and in the next step, flood zoning was done in the target area using different operators. The results of the research showed that 1,127.1 square kilometers of the study area is at low risk, 573.573 square kilometers are at medium risk, 593 square kilometers are at high risk of flooding, and 654.2 square kilometers are at very high risk of flooding. It was also found that all the cities of this county are in the range of medium to very high risk and about half of the villages are in the range of medium to very high risk. In addition, about 77% of the main roads of the county are in the range of medium to very high risk. These results show that many areas of Jajarm county, especially the residential areas, are very prone to flooding, and in this context, applying solutions such as trying to correct inappropriate land uses, restoring natural vegetation, scientific monitoring, and using flood warning systems locally is an important step in reducing damages.

One of the most important natural hazards is floods, which will cause a lot of damage if they occur. One of the most important ways to deal with this natural hazard is to zoning the flood potential. The present study was conducted with the aim of zoning the risk of floods in Fariman city with emphasis on urban and rural areas in 1399. This type of research is an applied type in which fuzzy logic, hierarchical analysis and GIS software are used. The eight criteria studied in this paper include slope, distance from the river, altitude, geology, land use, rainfall, drainage density and vegetation. Based on the results obtained from the combination of layers by fuzzy overlap method and the final weight obtained from the fuzzy hierarchy analysis model, in which the height variable with a weight coefficient of 0.271 is the highest and land use with a coefficient of 0.040 has the lowest impact on flooding. The study area has. Therefore, according to the flood risk classification map of Fariman city, it can be stated that very high risk areas 17.8%, high risk areas 14.2%, medium risk areas 20.4%, low risk areas 22.5% and areas with high risk Occupies very little risk with 25.1% of the city area; It should also be noted that the city of Freeman is in a very low danger zone. In terms of rural settlements, most of the settlements in this city are in the zone of moderate vulnerability. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary attention be paid to the improvement, design and implementation of watershed and aquifer management projects and the location of new cities and towns, as well as rural development projects in the study area. Planners and decision makers should also take the necessary action to reduce the risk of proper location of infrastructure and location of city facilities.