جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تمایل به پرداخت » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

In this research, due to the importance of the infectious disease of influenza, the willingness to pay for the use of the influenza vaccine and the factors affecting it were investigated. The method used to calculate the willingness to pay is the contingent valuation survey based on the use of the  One-One Half Bounded(OOHB) Dichotomous Choice method. In this method, first, by using a pre-test questionnaire, the bid amounts were estimated using Cooper's method (DWEABS). Through the Mitchell and Carson formula, the sample size of 357 people was determined for the whole country. In the following, based on the log-normal distribution and the maximum likelihood method (MLE), the median and mean willingness to pay for the use of influenza vaccine were estimated to be 10800000 and 12300000 IRR, respectively. The results of the research showed that getting the influenza vaccine before, the importance of health issues, income, education, and disease background are the influencing variables on willingness to pay for the influenza vaccine

The corona pandemic is a phenomenon that has caused a crisis in the world due to its rapid spread and unstoppable nature. This crisis, however, seems to have a purely medical and health-related nature. But it is a multidimensional phenomenon which effects and consequences can be studied and evaluated in various fields.The purpose of this study is to propose an appropriate approach in implementing the choice experiment method from the perspective of heterogeneity expressed in individuals’ preferences. In the present study, using the choice experiment method, the factors influencing the selection of individuals from the options of the selection sets (including mental illness, unemployment, change in social activities, family problems, concerns about social discriminations) have been identified. Because in choice experiment some respondents may not consider all the features or levels provided; This causes heterogeneity in the behavior of respondents. To investigate the effect of this heterogeneity on the selection process of different individuals in the sample population (Tehran), in this study, a new approach of endogenous attribute attendance in the logit model was used. The information required for the research was obtained by completing 384 questionnaires completely randomly by different people in 2021. The results of estimating the two logit models in terms of endogenous attribute attendance (EAA) and conditional logit indicate that the average tendency to Payment for features defined in the model (EAA) is higher than the conditional logit model.Because the EAA model considers the probabilities of the absence of certain features in individuals' preferences, it will have reliable results for estimating the willingness to pay.

Hand-planted forests cover 14,000 hectares in Tehran province, and this amount shows the high importance of these forests. This study examines the tendency to protect hand-planted forests in Tehran at different living standards using conditional valuation and a two-dimensional selection questionnaire. To investigate the factors affecting the willingness to pay, the logit model has been used by the maximum straightforward method. The required data has been used by completing an online questionnaire with a sample of 404 respondents with double selection and presenting three proposed amounts of 4 thousand Rials, 7.5 thousand Rials and 15 thousand Rials. The results show that people are willing to pay for the protection of hand-planted forests in Tehran. The average willingness to pay annually is equal to 115744 Rials per person. Most of this tendency is to pay consequentially rather than conscientiously. The variables of income, education, gender and household population are the most important positive and significant factors influencing the willingness of people to pay for the protection of plantation forests.

Iran is one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world which has a lot of ethnic and religious diversity. Given the importance of people's donation in helping victims of natural disasters, knowing the impact of factors such as religion and ethnicity on people's donation which is the subject of this article, is very important in post-disaster relief. For this purpose, a field study was conducted including the completion of more than 900 questionnaires in the cities of Qorveh, Takab, Sanandaj and Znjan and the city of Bijar was selected as the hypothetical city where the earthquake occurs. Contingent valuation method and double bounded dichotomous choice questionnaire were used to estimate the willingness to donate. The logit model was used to analyze the results which showed that the effect of religion on people's donations is greater than the effect of ethnicity.

Policymakers consider environmental quality, economic growth, and health as important factors in sustainable development. Air pollution is one of the major issues in environmental quality. Failure to pay attention to air pollution leads to increased health costs, increased mortality of children and the elderly, decreased public welfare, increased crime and violence, pollution of ecosystems, etc. Therefore, policymakers and economists consider air pollution as one of the main obstacles to the economic development of countries. In modern urban management, the presence and cooperation of the people are considered as a key component in sustainable urban management. Therefore, examining the preferences of people in dealing with air environmental goods, awareness of the level of economic participation, and willingness to pay can be an effective step to reduce air pollution. In this regard, the Willingness to Pay (WTP) by the residents of District 5 in Tehran to improve air quality has been evaluated. For this purpose, the contingent valuation method was used to obtain the estimates of Willingness to Pay. Then, the feasibility of purchasing electric buses using the public participation in one year and the benefits related to this issue in terms of reducing air pollution costs, noise pollution, fuel consumption, and costs of maintaining diesel buses were investigated in this study.

In this study, the data needed to estimate the WTP to improve air quality were obtained by completing a double-bounded dichotomous choice (DDC) questionnaire. The questionnaires were randomly distributed among the citizens in District 5 of Tehran. The questionnaire consisted of three parts including demographic information, perspectives, and willingness to pay questions. Open-ended approaches were used to determine the willingness to pay in the sample. The SPSS, Shazam, and Wolfram Alpha software packages were used for different estimates and statistical operations. It is to be noted that 557 out of 827 intercity buses in District 5 of Tehran are diesel buses such as Benz O-457, Shahab, Scania, etc. The possibility of replacing worn-out diesel buses with electric buses equipped with night charging was investigated. Then, the necessary data for analyzing the cost, environmental and economic benefits of this project were obtained from Tehran Municipality Bus Organization, a review of the Internal and external sources, and statistics related to the level of public participation.

According to the results, 85.9% of the statistical sample was willing to pay at least between 30,000 to 70,000 Rials per month to improve air quality, and 37.5% of them stated that their maximum WTP was more than 70,000 Rials. Also, 36.7% of those who were not willing to pay or were willing to pay less believed that improving air quality is one of the responsibilities of the Environment Organization and the municipality. This can be interpreted that, although the government and the responsible institutions have a responsibility to improve air quality and promote public health conceding that there is a common language between citizens and institutions related to environmental pollution control, one cannot expect much success in preventing and solving air pollution problems in metropolitan areas. The results revealed that 85.9% of the respondents were positively willing to pay while the average predicted willingness to pay by each person was 61450 Rials per month. The results also showed that the suggested monetary charge, income, and awareness factors affect the willingness to pay. Income and awareness factors had a positive effect, and only the suggested monetary charge factor had a negative effect. For the negative factor of the bid amount, it is emphasized that the probability of saying yes to WTP decreases by an increase in the bid amount. As it was found, the municipality could replace 18 diesel buses with electric buses in District 5 of Tehran using public participation. This plan has a profit of about 26.696 billion Rials to reduce air pollution, noise pollution, fuel consumption, and the maintenance costs of diesel buses.

The results of the study provide insight for the municipality about the amount of income from environmental charges on air pollution that local citizens are willing to pay to improve air quality. Awareness of this amount can be an effective step to plan financing projects to reduce air pollution in the region, such as using the facilities of E-city, giving special scores to private companies to make the E-shopping system competitive to reduce travel demand and pollution during peak hours, optimizing the public transportation system in District 5, investing in air pollution reduction plans and helping public organizations to promote public culture to improve air quality. Since environmental funds are one of the sources of financing public services in the municipality, it is recommended that city managers use public partnership to improve air quality and offset costs.

Economists have recently recognized the role of natural resources and the environment in human welfare and have made great efforts to evaluate environmental goods and services. The present study examines the recreational and conservation values of the National Botanical Garden of Iran and measures the willingness of people to pay a visit. Using the logit model and the contingent valuation method (CVM), the amount of willingness to pay by visitors is calculated for recreational and conservation values of the Garden as well as its annual recreational value. Required data is collected in 1396 through the completion of a 200 questionnaires from Botanical Garden visitors per year. The results show that the average willingness to pay per visitor to maintain the value of recreational-conservation services of the Botanical Garden is 226980 Rials, which has a positive relationship with the growing level of income and the decreasing proposed amount and a negative relationship with the increasing household’s size and the increase in the bid variable. According to the results obtained, 71% of Botanical Garden visitors tend to spend at least 100, 000 Rials of their monthly income to maintain its services. Given the annual number of current visitors (18, 000-13, 000 people) and their willingness to pay, the total annual economic value of the Garden is calculated at 4.8 billion Riyals and the value per hectare of the Garden is estimated at about 28 million Riyals.

Healthcare insurance coverage services in Iran are limited, and out-of-pocket costs are very high. Supplementary health insurance grants extra coverage and additional healthcare services in the presence of limited health insurance services to the individuals and protects them against huge healthcare costs. One of the obstacles to expanded health insurance schemes, especially in supplementary health insurance, is an undetermined willingness to pay (WTP) for these types of coverages. The objective of this study is to estimate WTP for supplementary health insurance. Data collected from small and medium enterprise employees in 7 areas Iran including Tehran, Shiraz, and Bandar-e Abbas in 2017 and the contingent valuation method and a logit regression model was implemented to analyze the data. Results show that WTP for supplementary health insurance is 70.23 thousand Tumans. Education level, employment status, real income, current health conditions, history of chronic disease, number of doctor visits, real healthcare costs, and satisfaction from healthcare services are all found to affect WTP for supplementary health insurance.

Developing capital markets through Islamic securities can improve the efficiency and management of the money market, achieving macroeconomic goals, and financing public sector. One of the most important and costly organizations in the economy is the Prisons' Organization. Despite the numerous needs of the prisons, the financing of Islamic securities is still not applied for this organization. Therefore, it is necessary to measure individuals' willingness to pay for Islamic securities. The present study, seeks to measure the willingness to pay, for both for -profit and non-profit Islamic securities to finance prisons and analyze the factors affecting it. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), has been used to estimate the willingness to pay and rank-ordered probit, has been used to analyze the effective factors.the findings show that, the average willingness to pay of the citizens of Isfahan for profit Islamic securities is 17000000 Rial per family in one year, and the average of willingness to pay for non-profit securities, is 2600000 Rial per family in one year. Also, the variables income, type of assistance, the degree of trust to state institutions and aid intentions at the 95% confidence level affect on purchasing profitable Islamic securities and age, income, type of assistance, the degree of trust in state institutions and the assurance intention at the 95% confidence level and the prisoners' record at 90% confidence level have affected the probability of purchasing non-profit Islamic securities.

 With the development of urbanization, financial needs of municipalities have increased. Nowadays, municipalities have the responsibility of providing public services in cities, but the annual budget allocated to them does not suffice to fulfill some needs. These financial needs have forced municipalities to use new methods to provide resources, including the third sector, that is, using donations and charity contributions. The present study aims at investigating people's willingness to pay a part of their financial resources in the form of donations (the third part) in order to fulfill urban public needs through conditional valuation. For this purpose, 613 questionnaires were distributed among groups of different incomes in the city of Isfahan. The data were analyzed using logit model. The results showed that people's willingness to donate is affected by the following seven variables: gender, awareness of urban needs, concern for the city, divine motives, clarity of the donation process, the existence of a reliable institution, and the offered prices. Each family in Isfahan was found eager to pay 641760 Rials (641760 Tomans) per month to support urban public services; therefore, the number will be 36 billion, 169 million Tomans per month for all the families living in Isfahan. The present research is of applied and descriptive-causative type. In this study, a questionnaire was designed using the available techniques in the contingent valuation method and then the required information was collected and analyzed. Sampling method was done according to Michael Carson Table. The contingent valuation method (CVM) is a method for expressing on-market goods, which provides the ability for individuals to understand that goods or services by designing an imaginary market for the the desired goods (which is not priced). In this way, the amount of willingness to pay will be asked in the form of a questionnaire. The most important step in the conditional valuation is designing the questionnaire, because if the principles are not met for the design of the questionnaire, the results of the research will not have much conceptual validity. In addition to the proposed amounts, factors affecting the willingness to pay will be examined in this questionnaire. The method of estimating the willingness to pay is based on the logit model. In the logit model, the dependent variables are qualitative, while the independent variables can be a combination of qualitative and quantitative variables. The variables of this model are investigated according to two modes: payment modes (one) and non-payment modes (zero). In which the p is probability of the occurrence of the desired event in the i-th observation and y_i is also the value of a random variable that can be zero or one depending on the situation. By placing = and taking logarithms, the sum of probabilities will be calculated and the estimation of independent coefficients (i.e. the vector β ') will be obtained by maximizing it. And finally the function of the willingness to pay the financial needs is introduced in the following: To measure the willingness to pay the utility function, the benefits of services and goods are analyzed in Rial. In this case, to meet the urban needs, the utility of the person for paying this amount is more than the state of non-payment . By substituting this utility function in the probability function and integrating it, the amount of willingness to pay will be calculated. The results of the estimation are presented in the following table: Table 1 Estimated logit model results Logit Model Estimation ResultsSignificance level Z Statistical Standard deviation Estimated coefficient Variable 0.0067 -2.710162 0.293147 -0.79447 GEN 0.0000 4.238563 0.287065 1.216743 AWARE 0.0091 2.607097 0.306768 0.799775 IN 0.0449 2.014169 0.287612 0.579300 MOTI 0.0004 3.535187 0.340699 1.204436 TRANS 0.0143 2.450453 0.277963 0.681137 TR 0.0000 -12.021892 3.82E-06 -4.59E-05 BID 0.0289 2.183995 0.507315 1.107974 Width from origin MCF = 0.508 Prob (LR Statistic) = 0.000 LR Statistic=0.403 At the 95% confidence level, gender is negative and also significant. The reasons for the less willingness of males for participating in payment are their dissatisfaction with the attitude of employees and the municipality officials and the unfairness of many rules of this organization. At the same level of confidence, the awareness variable is positive and significant, because increasing awareness in society increases the participation rate and the sense of responsibility of the citizens. The positive and significant relationship with the interest variable at the 95% confidence level showed that individuals are sensitive to the progress of their city, and every effort is made to increase it. Motivation is another positive and significant variable at the 95% confidence level, as religious backgrounds in Iran are high and the rate of willingness to pay is effective. At the same level of confidence, transparence is positive and significant, because increasing transparency in the municipality reduces the possibility of corruption and leads to the informed decision making. Trust is another positive and meaningful variable at the 95% confidence level, which shows that people's trust in trusted institutions is one of the key factors in attracting resources and capitals. At the 95% confidence level, BID has a negative and significant. The negative sign in this variable show the demand law, in other words, When prices rise, the willingness to pay will decrease. The average value of WTP after estimation was 64176 USD at the 95% confidence level (see Table 2). Table 2 The value of respondents willingness to pay The value of willingness to pay ignificance level Z Statistical Standard deviation Estimated coefficient Variable 0.0000 10.04 2789.96 64176 wtp The findings showed that every household in Isfahan is willing to pay 64176 tomans per month to meet urban needs; this amount will be 36 billion and 169 million tomans for all households in Isfahan. As 34 percent of the statistical population is willing to pay, the total available resources from the popular assistance in Isfahan are about 12 billion and 626 million tomans per month.

With respect to the rapid development of the road transport industry, improving safety and valuing accidents have become an essential issue in public policy. Over the past few decades, studies based on the estimation of valuing statistical life have played a unique role in the cost-benefit estimations of investment in the transport sector. In this regard, this study has been conducted using the stated choice method and the mixed logit model to examine the willingness to pay and the value of statistical life among the Tabriz drivers. The research data were collected through a questionnaire from 300 people who travel daily in the city for various reasons. The statistical value of life and injury for Tabriz city was 18663384 and 135005 Tomans respectively. According to the results, investing in road safety improvement projects is necessary to reduce casualties and injuries.

Rice is the most important agricultural product that plays an important role in feeding the world and Iran agricultural economics. Rice consumers are looking to buy more utility attributes of the product. Thus, the measurement attributes that create desired utility is necessary. In this study, using choice experiment approach, consumer preferences and willing to pay for various attributes of rice is examined. Data was analyzed through 120 questionnaires in sari with orthogonal design in the Sari city by the conditional logit model. The results showed each household of Sari to improve rice consumer situation willing to pay on average 17850 Tomans per kg. Knowledge of the basic attributes of rice and individual preferences can lead to changes in the structure of researches and production of this strategic product.

The ancient and historic site of Bisotun is one of the most reliable archaeological works of the world, which was registered in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2006. This research studies the economic value (including recreational value and existential value) of Bisotun Historical Complex using the Logit and Probit valuation models. The statistical population of the study was visitors to the historical monuments of Bisotun in 2013. The results of the survey showed that a large number of visitors are willing to pay a fee as an entrance to this complex and have fun in the area around the historic monuments. In addition, the results showed that income and education variables in both methods of Logit and Probit are one of the most important factors affecting the WTP rate of visitors to visit the historical complex of Bisotun. The average WTP calculated for the economic value of Bisotun’s historical monuments based on Logit and Probit models is estimated to be 47659.2 Rials and 50149 Rials per visit, respectively. Moreover, according to the visitors’ statistics of Bistoun historical monuments, which the Cultural Heritage Department of Kermanshah Province has announced it for 250,000 people for 2012, and assuming that the average annual number is the same, the total annual value of the complex of historical monuments using the Logit and Probit models are estimated at 11914800000 and 12537250000 Rls, respectively.

Sports clubs often generate some private and public goods, thus they are economically valuable for cities. The main objective of this study is to find economic value of Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan football club for city of Isfahan. Both the use and non-use values of this professional sport team are estimated using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The study is based on a survey conducted through interview and obtaining information from citizens with the sample size of 344. The results show that the average willingness to pay for the existence of Sepahan football club in the premier league competitions is 164800 Rials (United States Dollar = 42,000 Iranian Rial), for winning the premier league cup is 139700 Rials, for winning the knockouttournament cup is 117600 Rials, and for winning the AFC Champions League cup is 24480 Rials. Also the average willingness to pay for watching Sepahan matches in the stadium and watching the games from Television respectively are 44330 and 27730 Rials.

Despite self-replenishing nature and lack of negative external effects of new energies, the energies entail higher costs than the conventional energy resources. The governments cannot afford these extra costs, and it needs to take part the public. This study examines extent of public participation in the funding of these costs. The study employed the double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) contingent valuation (CV) method. We release 400 questionnaires under five corresponding prices. Two cost-related questions were asked from each participant (once twice the original price, and once half of that). The interviewees determined the extra cost they would incur, taking into account seven factors, namely: regional economy, demand for electricity, environmental considerations, diplomatic relations, safety, ethics, and the economy. The results suggest a willingness-to-pay of 46360 Rials (≈1.2USD) per month. The findings also indicate that the items including willingness to new energies, importance of environment and influence of the energies have the highest effect on the willingness of payment.

The economic valuation of natural resources is an effective management tool for managers while making decisions in the field of planning of development projects. The economic valuation of environmental and natural resources provides a framework for environmental protection and a response to changes in environmental conditions while balancing economic and social needs of society. The present study estimates the recreational value of Yazd Mountain Park, through comparison of contingent valuation method (CVM) and travel cost method (TCM). The local tourism demand function was estimated by a Logit model in CVM and by Maximum Likelihood model in TCM. The results indicate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) about 2400 Iranian Rials (IRR) per visitor and recreational value of the park near 7680 IRR per household. The annual recreational value of the park was estimated about 3360 billion IRR in CVM and nearly 10000 billion IRR in TCM. Accordingly, the recreational value of park is overestimated, since visitors regard the park services as pure public good, and do not express their WTP properly, so that the cost of visit per household is far higher than the willingness stated. Therefore, the estimated values can be used in determining the appropriate entrance fees. As well as high levels of estimated values reveal the need for protection, development and improvement of the quality and features of this park

The purpose of this study was to estimate the value of recreation and conservation garden flowers at Chamran Park in the city of Karaj.  For this purpose, 125 questionnaires were collected in 2013 from visitors to the garden have been analyzed. The analysis of collected data indicate that 79 percent of respondents to the conservation garden and 89 percent were willing to pay for entertainment value. The results indicate that the maximum willingness to pay per person for the conservation and recreational value respectively is estimated 19778.5 and 4834.9 Rials. According to the results the most important factors affecting willingness to pay for preservation value bidder are income, occupation and attitude and willingness to pay for recreational value bidder, education and attitude. In this regard, it is suggested that the officials of garden flowers, to create two choices dues and fees for citizens to apply for entry to the garden.

One of the important prerequisites of economic progress is participation of people in provision of public and quasi-public goods. One of the areas of public participation in the provision of goods and services is "Waqf". Waqf methods have changed to fit the circumstances of time and place. Issuing Waqf securities is a new way that enables different people with different income levels to participate.
The main objective of this study is to determine the factors affecting the willingness to pay of individuals to establish a waqf institution for financing education. So, we have used the two stage Heckman model to determine the factors affecting willingness to pay for waqf securities. In this model, as the first stage, the willingness and unwillingness to purchase waqf securities are examined, and then as the second stage, the factors affecting the degree of willingness to pay among those who are willing to do so are evaluated.
The results show that, with a 95% confidence level, the head of household’s monthly income, paying fee to school, gender, education level and age are the factors affecting willingness to pay for waqf securities, and job, type of school (public, exemplary-public or private) are factors affecting the degree of willingness to pay for these securities for financing education.

Many studies show that organic products have no side effects of current products. Due to the absence of a specific market for organic products in Iran¡ this study¡ using contingent valuation approach and willingness to pay estimate the value of its organic products. In the recent times due to the issue of human health and safety of food products is one of the most discussed issues in human life has become. The study included 300 families in Shiraz and select from the questionnaire to measure willingness to pay of double binary logit model is used. The results showed that the most important factor influencing the increase in demand in product quality and support producers of organic products can contribute to an increase in organic crop production. The results showed that the variables of age¡ education¡ weekly consumption of milk and inorganic¡ income¡ introduction to organic¡ organic orientation and whirligig of the importance of the nutritional value of the product and the dependent variable was a significant relationship exists significant interest in the relationship. Average willingness to pay for organic milk production 15 160 rials per kg¡ respectively.