structural equation modeling

The aim of the present research is to provide a model of the components of deviant behavior management based on organizational culture in the Ministry of Health and Medicine. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and survey in terms of method. Using the theme analysis method, 35 abstract concepts were identified and finally converted into 6 categories and the conceptual model of the research was designed. The statistical population of the research is all the managers, experts and senior employees of the Ministry of Health and Medicine. 167 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula, and the required data were collected using a questionnaire. The conceptual model was presented with the collection of experimental data and the structural equation modeling method of validation and the final model of the research. Examining the measurement models and analysis of factor load values shows that the components of strengthening creativity and innovation have the greatest effect and the components of creating and promoting organizational ethical culture have the least effect on promoting organizational culture. Also, the investigation of the structural model of the research and path analysis shows that the variables of strengthening creativity and innovation, effective organizational leadership, meritocracy, management of occupational and family conflicts, and promotion of organizational spirituality have a positive and significant effect on the promotion of organizational culture. While statistically, the variable of creating and promoting organizational ethical culture does not have a significant effect on the promotion of organizational culture.

Recently, the Covid-19 crisis has faced many financial risks in the hotel industry, in such a way that due to the lack of income, it has led to the closure of some hotels and the unemployment of their employees. Therefore, the financial resilience of the hotel industry was taken into consideration to predict financial distress. In this research, the financial resilience model of the hotel industry is presented in order to predict financial distress with a quantitative approach (structural equation modeling). After reviewing the background of the research, the attitude of hotel managers was investigated through a researcher-made questionnaire. The participants were selected from among 135 hotels in Tehran province in the spring of 1402. The present research method is descriptive-correlation. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used. The results show that the intervening factor "environmental protection" does not have much effect on the financial resilience of the hotel industry in order to predict financial distress. Therefore, the hotel industry can provide the basis for financial resilience in order to predict financial distress through the use of identified strategies, so that this industry can become financially resilient in crisis conditions and continue his life.

Internal audit is an independent and impartial consulting and assurance activity in order to add value and improve the operations of an organization. The main purpose of this research is to validate the failure model of silence of internal auditors in Iranian companies. Based on the paradigm of positivism and the logic of deductive reasoning, this research has a quantitative approach and in terms of its purpose, it is an applied research, and in terms of its implementation, it is a descriptive-survey research and in terms of time, it is a type of cross-sectional research that It was done in 1402. The research community includes all the members of the audit committee, internal auditors, financial managers and heads of the accounting department of the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange and the Iran Foreign Exchange. A number of 500 people were selected as the statistical sample of the research through the structural equation modeling sample size calculator and using the simple random sampling method.The data of the research was collected using a questionnaire prepared based on the qualitative research findings of Esmaillu et al. (1402). Data analysis was done using SPSS and SmartPLS software. The findings of the research show that the causal conditions (organizational culture, management support, encouragement for training and innovation, adherence to the principles of professional behavior of internal auditors) on the failure of internal auditors' silence and the failure of internal auditors' silence on strategies (encouraging internal auditors to Participating in decisions and plans, giving the appropriate position to the internal audit unit, formulating transparent policies for reporting and handling) and strategies on audit outcomes (increasing transparency, improving reports, improving the risk management system) and improvement of the internal control system) has a positive effect

Companies with the most efficient value chain thus address success factors and engage less in tax avoidance. This study investigated the effect of value chain efficiency on tax avoidance, shareholder wealth, and cash flows, and then delineated the impact of tax avoidance on shareholder wealth. Moreover, the impact of two key characteristics, company size and debt ratio, on tax avoidance was assessed. The statistical population included the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, Iran, of which 142 cases were selected as the study samples by screening, and investigated within an 11-year period (2011-2021). The results demonstrated that value chain efficiency has a negative effect on tax avoidance, but a positive impact on shareholder wealth and cash flows. On the other hand, tax avoidance does not influence shareholder wealth, but increases cash flows. Besides, company size has a positive effect on tax avoidance, whereas debt ratio reduces it. According to the results, the synergy of value-creating activities improves operational results by increasing cash flows and also improving the market value of the company. On the other hand, companies that have a more efficient and favorable value chain are less involved in tax avoidance. From a practical point of view, based on the results, tax avoidance cannot be considered a policy aimed at misleading the real value of the company's shares, and managers, investors, and analysts can make better decisions by relying on the operational and non-operational capabilities of the value chain that actually lead to wealth creation.

Considering the importance of sustainability reporting among stakeholders, this research aims to explain a model for internal organizational factors affecting sustainability reporting disclosure. Such a model can help account thinkers and company managers understand the factors influencing sustainability report quality. we obtain the organizational factors influencing sustainability reporting with first-order factor analysis, and then, along with other variables of the research, we obtain the effect of the obtained organizational factors on the disclosure score of sustainable reporting. Then we obtain the consequences of sustainability reporting with seemingly unrelated regression methods. The research sample also includes information related to 194 Tehran Stock Exchange companies, for the fiscal years 1390 to 1400, compiled from financial statements, management reports, and audit committee information. The findings based on the measurement model and first-order confirmatory factor analysis show that twenty factors can be effective in reporting sustainability. We have obtained the effect of these factors on the disclosure score of the sustainability report and then we have examined the consequences of sustainability reporting. The results show that the factors affecting the sustainability report are classified in the form of eight dimensions company size, board of directors, ownership structure, regulatory structure and corporate governance structure, strategicness of the industry, profitability, and financial leverage. Also, there is a reciprocal relationship between sustainability report disclosure and return on equity

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of learning styles with the Honey and Mumford cognitive approach on auditor self-efficacy. The Descriptive-Survey method and the standard questionnaire instrument have been used in this research. The statistical sample of the study includes 513 auditors working in auditing organizations and auditing firms that are members of the Iranian Society of Certified Public Accountants. Also, the test of research hypotheses has been done by modeling structural equations using LISREL software. Test evidence shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between learning styles with Honey and Mumford's cognitive approach and auditor self-efficacy. Also, pragmatist, activist, Reflector, and Theorist learning styles have the greatest impact on the auditor's self-efficacy, respectively. The results show that learning styles affect the auditor's self-efficacy. Thus, learning styles affect auditors' belief in their ability to successfully perform tasks, decisions, and professional judgments. Therefore, the results of this research introduce the concepts of Honey and Mumford cognitive learning theory into behavioral research texts in auditing.

The higher the level of corruption in a society, the greater the number of justifications for immoral actions and behaviors. Therefore, companies that operate in highly corrupted environments face a weaker financial reporting system. The current research aims to explain various types of financial corruption and investigate their relationship with financial misstatements. Based on the theoretical foundations, three dimensions of administrative-operational corruption, administrative corruption, and political corruption were identified, and their components and indicators were explained.

The research employed a survey method with a cross-sectional design. The statistical population of the research included faculty members, financial managers, and members of the public accountant community. The sample size comprised 193 individuals, and the data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire. To check the validity of the questionnaire, content validity was used and to measure its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used. SPSS and AMOS software were used to test the hypotheses.

The results indicated a direct and significant relationship between the commercial and political aspects of corruption and financial misstatements. However, no significant relationship was found between the administrative-operational dimension and the financial misstatements. Moreover, the results of the regression analysis indicated the presence of positive and significant relationships between the dimensions of commercial and political corruption indicators and financial misstatements. In addition, the results of Structural Equation Modeling showed the acceptability of the collected data and the fit of the conceptual model of the research.

It can be argued that corruption in hiring employees and managers alone is not a sufficient factor for the occurrence of corruption and, consequently, distortion in financial statements. However, corruption in the employment of managers and employees can lead to distortions in financial statements through embezzlement, receiving bribes, extortion, influencing company tenders, fraud by managers, and conflict of interests. Also, the results showed that connection with political parties and dependence on the government, connection with special customers and not dealing with new customers and ethnocentrism can lead to distortion in financial statements. This type of communication not only affects the financial resources of the companies but also motivates the managers to provide reports and financial statements under the opinions of the government. Furthermore, on one hand, bribery through management collusion with other people can lead to the concealment of facts and provide misleading financial statements by lengthening and complicating financial reports. In addition, management can distort financial statements through manipulation of financial reports and fraud for personal gain. On the other hand, purchasing goods, materials, and services needed by the company's employees from institutions or companies in which they or their relatives have interests can increase the cost of goods and services, thereby reducing profits. Embezzlement also leads to illegal changes in the company's assets and liabilities. These changes can have serious effects on the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting. Moreover, extortion by employees can lead to the removal of customers and suppliers of raw materials of the company, hence the financial statements are also subject to change. Based on the results of the structural equation model, the indicators used to measure the existing variables have appropriate factor loadings and can be used to measure the variables of administrative corruption, commercial corruption, political corruption, and distortion in financial statements. Also, the results indicate the impact of financial statements on commercial corruption and political corruption.

considering the influential position of the Audit Committee(AC) in the corporate governance system, it is very important to pay attention to the efficiency and effectiveness of this committee. the purpose of this research is to evaluate the power of generalizability and validity of model of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of AC, which was extracted using the qualitative research method of grounded theory. during 2022, using quantitative research method and questionnaire tool, the required data was collected from university professors, experts and professional activists. the analysis was based on structural equation modeling. The findings indicate the confirmation of the external and internal reliability and validity of the research model, and the validity of the fit and the predictive power of the model were evaluated at the desired level. In addition, by using the values of the factor loadings and calculating the correlation value of the indicators of a structure with that structure, it was determined that the reliability of the measurement model is acceptable. Also, the impact of six paths arising from the model, including causal, intervening, contextual conditions, strategies and outcomes, which the research hypotheses are based on, were meaningfully confirmed through path analysis tests. Since the findings of this research confirm the effectiveness of the components included in the model for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of AC, the criteria mentioned in this model provide a clear perspective for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of AC for companies, legislative authorities and professional institutions.

In this paper a model provided for assess the relationship between behavioral biases and financial managers' decisions in Iran's stock exchange market for the first time. For this purpose required data gathered from previous studies and interview with stock market experts (15 experts which selected by snowball sampling). For designing the mentioned model, the grounded theory and for testing its validity the partial least square (PLS) model were applied. Results of open coding indicated that there are 21 behavioral biases between financial managers in Iran stock market and 60 basic concepts describe the relationship between behavioral biases and financial managers' decisions. Results on core coding show that 20 basic concepts under three topics: individual properties of financial managers, situation of financial managers decisions, and company's circumstances, describe the casual conditions of relationship between behavioral biases and financial managers decisions. In addition, 11 basic concepts under the country's macro conditions comprise the background conditions of relationship between behavioral biases and financial managers' decisions. On the other hand, 21 basic concepts under the financial managers behavioral biases, describe the interfere conditions of relationship between behavioral biases and financial managers decisions. Also, 8 basic concepts comprise the outcomes of relationship between behavioral biases and financial managers' decisions. Finally using selective coding, the paradigm model of relationship between behavioral biases and financial managers' decisions was designed. Results of crediting indicated that designed model has the adequate credit.

The prpose of this research is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of voluntary information disclosure on the cost of capital with the mediating role of agency costs in different levels of profit quality.

In this research, a statistical sample of 173  member companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange was selected during the period under review in 2013-2018. To estimate the research model based on structural equation modeling, the method of factor analysis and principal components has been used, which provides the possibility of examining direct and indirect relationships between variables. In the present study, companies were divided into two groups of companies with high and low earnings quality based on the level of earnings quality based on the common factor.

The findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between agency cost and capital cost. In companies with high earnings quality, voluntary disclosure directly and indirectly has a negative and significant impact on the cost of capital. While in companies with low earnings quality, the effect of voluntary disclosure on the cost of capital is not significant, but it has a negative effect on the cost of capital indirectly due to agency cost. The total effect of voluntary disclosure, which is obtained from the sum of the direct and indirect effect, is negative and significant on the cost of capital.

Earnings quality plays an effective role in moderating the relationship between exposure and cost of capital. Also, the higher the perdiction accuracy, the higher the voluntary information is disclosed. Therefore, the increase in voluntary disclosure of information reduces agency costs and cost of capital.

Contribution:

In addition to developing the theoretical foundations of previous reseach provide a new platform for future research and can play an effective role in the field of rational investment decision making by managers and investors.

Internal audit has an important and vital role in managing and directing the operations of the organization; However, the young age of the audit profession has brought many challenges to its implementation and has caused many aspects such as the quality of internal audit and the challenges of its implementation and implementation in Iran, are not properly explained; Therefore, in order to explain and comprehensively describe the various aspects of internal audit in Iran and its promotion strategies, the purpose of this study is to explain the effective internal audit model based on the perspectives and path of the financial reporting cycle. The methodology of this research is descriptive-survey. The statistical population are members of the Iranian Society of Certified Public Accountants and the selected sample includes 391 persons. Research data have been tested using Delphi technique and structural equations. In this regard, based on Delphi technique, 51 indicators were identified in nine categories, including audit operations, auditor independence, size of internal audit unit, planning, audit experience, history of internal audit unit, competence and competence, communication skills and accountability. Categorized. Then the data were analyzed by structural equation technique using PLS software. The results of the research indicate that 44 of the mentioned indicators have been accepted. The results of data analysis showed that all nine criteria related to the quality of internal audit have a direct and significant relationship with the quality of internal audit and are effective factors on the quality of internal audit.

The tendency to distort, fraudulent financial reporting, deliberate misappropriation of funds, fraud, demagoguery, hypocrisy and lack of ethics are clear examples of immoral tendencies that may arise from auditors and their clients in the financial statements. One of the most important issues facing business executives is the quality of financial information and its compliance with accounting standards, which is assessed by auditors. Therefore, the present study investigates the relationship between planned behavioral tendencies, Machiavellian behavior and audit quality in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the present study is all auditors working in the Iranian Auditing Organization. To achieve the objectives of the research, 830 questionnaires were distributed and 482 questionnaires were received. Analyzes were performed using PLS software. The results show that behavioral tendencies have a significant effect on audit quality and the role of mediating behavioral behavior is effective in this regard. Also, model fit indices indicate a good explanation of the structural model and the real model.

The purpose of this study is presentation  and analyze the trend of contingent factors  on The use of tools is the development of management accounting firms. In this study, 12 contingency factors including organizational structure, business strategy, market competition, company size, senior management support, financial resources, human capital, technology, economic-political environment, cultural factor, professional sector and environmental uncertainty were studied. To analyze the data of sample companies that consists of 117 companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange, structural equations modeling and Smart PLS3 software have been used for model testing. The results of this study showed that 3 contingency factors of cultural factor, organizational structure and size of the company on the use of tools for the first phase of management accounting evolution; 9 contingency factors of the economic environment, competitive environment, organizational structure, size, human capital, business strategy, technology, cultural factor and the professional sector uses the tools of the second phase of management accounting evolution, the 7 external contingency factors, the competitive environment, organizational structure, human capital, financial resources, cultural factor and professional sector on the use of tools for the third stage of management accounting evolution and, finally, 8 factors the contingency of environmental uncertainty, the environment of the researcher Betty, the economic environment, financial resources, human capital, technology, business strategy, and senior management support have had a significant effect on the use of tools in the fourth stage of accounting management evolution.

This research is an exploratory mixed study aimed at using OPA methods and analyzing importance-performance to prioritize and analyze the native pattern for improving financial performance among cement companies based on management accounting tools. The population and statistical sample of this study are financial managers of 40 cement companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and Securities. In the first step of model design, 27 management accounting tools with review of research literature were identified. In addition, using Delphi and KENDALL techniques and constants, 24 instruments were selected and divided into 5 general groups (means of financing, budgeting, long-term planning, performance evaluation and deciding for investment). The results of structural equation modeling showed that the effect of all five categories on financial performance is significant and positive. According to the results of the OPA approach, "New Costing Techniques, Economic Added Value, Cost Allocation Techniques, Profitability Index and Net Present Value" ranked 1-5, respectively. The results of importance-performance analysis techniques showed that although total quality management, quality expenditure, new costing techniques and balanced scorecard are of high importance, but in practice these organizations have not received attention and therefore organizations should concentrate on them.

The cost of capital is one of the most important and effective financial tools in making many management and investment decisions that are affected by several factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of two key factors of earning quality and voluntary disclosure on the cost of capital by considering the mediating role of agency costs using structural equation modeling. The research is of the quantitative and causal type, and in terms of the implementation method, it is in the correlation category, and based on the purpose, it is of the applied type. A statistical sample from the population of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange including 174 companies during the period 2015-2020 has been selected based on the method of systematic elimination. Due to the normality of the collected data, the asymptotic free distribution (ADF) method has been used to estimate the model which makes it possible to investigate the direct and indirect relationships among the variables. The effect of indirect happens when the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable is passed on by the intermediary variable. In the present research, agency cost is placed as an intermediary variable between two independent variables (quality of earning and discretionary disclosure) and a dependent variable (cost of capital) and causes an indirect relationship between them. By considering the direct and indirect path between the studied variables, the test result obtained a positive and significant relationship between agency costs and capital costs. The results also show that earning quality does not directly affect on the cost of capital, but indirectly hurts the cost of capital due to agency costs. The effect of total earning quality on capital cost is significant and negative. Also, the direct effect of discretionary disclosure on the cost of capital is not significant, while the indirect effect and its total effect on the cost of capital due to agency costs are negative and significant.

Subject and Purpose of the Article: Self-efficacy refers to the auditor's belief in individual competencies that enable the auditor to have more control over existing situations, thereby improving professional performance and judgment. Therefore, the auditor's self-efficacy can be affected by problem-solving styles. For this purpose, in this research, the effect of problem-solving styles on the self-efficacy of auditors of the Court of Audit of Iran has been investigated.Research The descriptive survey method and from the perspective of the purpose is of the applied research, which has used the standard questionnaire instrument. The research sample is 406 auditors of the Court of Audit who were selected by simple random sampling.Research The results show that problem-solving styles have a significant effect on the self-efficacy of auditors of the Court of Audit. Thus, creative styles, confidence, trends, failure, avoidance, and avoiding have the greatest impact on the auditor's self-efficacy, respectively.Conclusion, Originality and its Contribution to the Knowledge: The results of this study can help the Court of Audit in recruiting new auditors to consider the type of their problem-solving styles, thus improving the quality of auditing by improving the individual self-efficacy. Therefore, the results of this study can incorporate the Concepts of Cassidy's Cognitive and Behavioral Theory into behavioral research texts in governmental auditing.