interpretive-structural modeling(ism)

The aim of this research is to present a socio-technical transition model from the tradi- tional judicial system to the electronic judicial system in Iran. The methodology of this research is mixed; the qualitative part of the research includes identifying factors influ- encing this technological transition at the levels of technological niches, socio-technical regimes, and the landscape through theoretical foundations and interviews with experts. The quantitative part of the research also uses Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to determine and analyze the relationships between the factors affecting this technological transition. The results of this research indicate that the themes at the landscape lev- el include technological developments and emerging criminal behaviors, socio-cultural anomalies, the digital divide, the need for private and public sector involvement, gov- ernment and judicial technology policies and laws, and the lack of digital governance in the country. The themes at the regime level include financial and budgetary resources, complexities of the judicial structure, organizational changes, investment, changes in user habits, application domain issues, privacy, information security, specialized human resources, weaknesses in network governance of the judiciary, and insufficient maturity of digital court technology. Additionally, the themes at the niche level include pioneering legal and judicial technology companies, technological infrastructure, the connection be- tween legal experts and technologists, the attractiveness of legal and judicial technology fields, innovation, and the legal services market.

This study was conducted with the aim of designing and explaining the role of artificial intelligence in factories and examining its impact on innovative management. Thematic analysis was used to identify the main indicators and components related to artificial intelligence and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was used to classify and analyze the relationships between variables. Data were collected and analyzed from 15 expert interviews. In thematic analysis, 39 initial codes were extracted from 170 open codes and categorized into 10 organizing themes, leading to an overarching theme titled "Artificial Intelligence in the Factory and Its Impact on Innovative Management". The identified components included industrial artificial intelligence tools, cognitive supply chain, customer service, production process robotization, data management, quality management, productivity optimization, improving production sustainability, increasing flexibility, and workforce development. Structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM) for ISM analysis and variable ranking showed that variables such as industrial AI tools and data management as independent variables had the greatest impact and productivity and improved production sustainability as dependent variables had the greatest impact. Also, cognitive supply chain and quality management were identified as linked variables, and MICMAC analysis introduced independent variables as key factors and linked variables as essential interfaces in system interactions. Intelligent use of AI-based technologies can lead to improved quality, productivity, cost reduction, supply chain optimization, and increased flexibility in factory production processes. The model presented in this study can be the basis for decision-making by manufacturing industry managers for the effective implementation of related technologies.

The automotive industry is driven towards green innovations due to significant environmental impacts, but this transition is facing challenges in developing countries such as Iran. Identifying barriers to green innovation has become an important issue in sustainable development. This research presents a conceptual framework with a hybrid approach in order to identify and analyze the barriers to green innovation in Iran's automotive industry. For this purpose, by using the existing models and comparative qualitative content analysis method, obstacles were identified and adapted to the conditions of the country. In order to structure green innovation barriers, interpretive structural modeling method has been used. By conducting 18 semi-structured interviews with related experts and studying related literature, 19 sub-barriers were classified into 6 main categories (resources, behaviors, information, technology, organizational, and rules and regulations) and the relationships between them were analyzed. Finally, a model of green innovation barriers in the country's automobile industry has been presented, which has classified the barriers based on importance and impact criteria into 5 levels: "Isolation of the automobile industry from global trends", "Policy gap", "Complexity of laws" and " Deterrence system inefficiencies' have been identified as key barriers that have the greatest impact. Also, the analysis of influence-dependency diagram explained the relationships between obstacles.

This study aims to identify and analyze common mistakes in marketing research and provide a comprehensive framework to improve research processes. Common mistakes can significantly affect the quality of research outcomes and ultimately influence managerial decision-making. The research is applied in purpose and descriptive in nature, employing a survey method with a questionnaire as the data collection tool. A three-stage mixed approach was used: first, a systematic review of reputable scientific sources was conducted to identify the main components of common mistakes in marketing research. Next, semi-structured interviews with experts in marketing management and research were conducted to validate and refine these components. Finally, the relationships between the components and their levels of influence were analyzed using interpretive structural modeling (ISM). The findings indicate that ambiguity in problem definition is the most significant factor leading to errors in marketing research. Other factors include errors in selecting the research approach, weaknesses in questionnaire design, failure to conduct pilot studies, and human and non-human errors in data analysis. The final model illustrates the interactions between these components and provides a precise ranking of their impact and dependencies. This study offers a useful tool for researchers and marketing managers to enhance research quality by identifying and preventing common mistakes. Using this model in future projects can lead to better solutions and more reliable results in marketing research.

This study seeks to identify and analyze the critical elements of smart governance that contribute to the successful development and implementation of a smart city. The focus is on understanding the specific factors that enable the transformation of a traditional city into a smart city, with a particular emphasis on the city of Tehran.

The primary research method employed in this study is Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), which allows for the systematic identification and examination of relationships between key factors. This research is qualitative and of an applied nature, aiming to provide practical insights. Data collection involved targeted sampling, where a comprehensive list of experts in the field of smart cities was compiled. Following extensive discussions, these experts participated in interviews, after which they were asked to complete a detailed questionnaire. Their responses were used to gather the necessary research data. The research environment was natural, with participants including both academic experts in the field of smart cities and executive professionals working in relevant organizations, such as smart city departments within municipalities and other related institutions.

The findings reveal that significant efforts are underway in Iran, particularly in Tehran, to advance toward becoming a smart city. After reviewing the research background and conducting in-depth interviews, several critical components were identified, including citizen participation, e-government, smart management, technology utilization, the political and institutional environment, internet access and usage, socio-environmental characteristics, transparency, accountability, data exchange, and public-private sector collaboration. Through rigorous analysis of the interviews and existing literature using the interpretive structural modeling method, the study identified the most important and influential factors necessary for realizing a smart city in Tehran. The study highlights that Tehran has made substantial progress in establishing e-government, followed by the adoption of smart management practices, technology utilization, and the creation of a supportive political and institutional environment, which are all recognized as key drivers in this process.

Cities across the globe are confronting numerous challenges, including traffic congestion, air pollution, excessive energy consumption, and uncontrolled urban sprawl. The concept of a smart city has emerged as a potential solution to these challenges. However, the successful implementation of smart city initiatives requires a comprehensive and integrated decision-making framework. The notion of smart governance has thus gained prominence, attracting the attention of scholars across various fields, including public administration, policymaking, political science, and information technology. This concept plays a pivotal and supportive role in the development of a holistic decision-making framework for smart city initiatives. This research focuses on Tehran, one of Iran's most prominent metropolises in the realm of smart city development. The study concludes that three elements—e-government, the political and institutional environment, and the utilization of technology—are paramount in the successful realization of a smart city in Tehran and, by extension, in Iran.

One of the most significant topics discussed in management and leadership literature is the concept of self-sacrifice. Due to its numerous positive implications, organizations need to develop leadership styles based on self-sacrificial behaviors. Despite various examples and instances of self-sacrifice exhibited by managers and leaders, research on self-sacrifice and its leadership implications has been neglected. Therefore, further research in this area can illuminate the dimensions and aspects of self-sacrificial behaviors in organizations.

This study employs the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. It is an applied research project that utilizes interviews as the primary data collection method.

The findings of the research indicate that the conceptual model of self-sacrificial behaviors in organizations consists of eleven components: "positive self-concept," "resilience," "social representation," "motivation to serve," "empathy and compassion," "awareness and knowledge," "goal orientation and idealism," "collective identity," "social learning and social contagion," "core values," and "crisis." According to the findings, the two dimensions of "awareness and knowledge" and "collective identity" are the foundational components of the model, as they influence all other components and have a two-way relationship with each other. This means that, in addition to being influencing factors for other components, they also impact each other. Additionally, based on the model, the components of "empathy and compassion" and "social learning and social contagion" are ranked next. These two components also have a mutual relationship with each other and are further influenced by the "crisis" component, which ranks below them. In fact, the critical condition, in addition to affecting the higher-level components, also impacts the lower-level components, indicating the significant influence of this variable in the model. The "motivation to serve" component is placed at the fifth level of the model. As shown by the direction of the arrows, this component is dependent on the three components of critical conditions, core values, and goal orientation and idealism. This means that the motivation to serve, as one of the antecedents of altruistic behavior, is influenced by the occurrence of critical conditions and the presence of core values, goals, and ideals of the individual. The remaining three components in the model—positive self-concept, resilience, and social representation—have the least influence and the most dependence on other components, indicating that they are more influenced by other components in the model. The "social representation" component is the most dependent in the model, meaning that a person's desire for social expressiveness is reliant on all other components except resilience, as resilience does not affect social expressiveness.

Based on the results of the study using ISM, two components are identified in the linkage region: "empathy and compassion" and "awareness and knowledge." These components are considered dynamic, meaning that any change in them can impact the entire system. The independent region includes five components: "goal orientation and idealism," "collective identity," "social learning and social contagion," "core values," and "crisis," indicating their strong influence and guiding role in the model. Additionally, the "social representation" component is placed in the dependence region, signifying its high reliance on other components.

The research aiming at strategic entrepreneurship modeling in the management of Imam airport city and explanation of its commonalities with the dimensions of Jihadi management. The research type is qualitative-quantitative; it’s purpose is applied-developmental and method is survey-descriptive, which was done with Interpretive Structural Modeling. The primary dimensions of the model were identified through wide review of literature. Then applying Delphi technique with the participation of 18 intellectual and instrumental expert elites, the final dimensions were identified and their relationships and stratification were determined using the steps of ISM, and final model was drawn. Based on the findings of the research Entrepreneurial Leadership, Mindset and Culture, Strategic Management of Resources, Opportunity-Seeking Behavior, Advantage-Seeking Behavior, Continuous Innovation, Risk-Acceptance, Proactive Behavior, Balance between Opportunity and Advantage Seeking Behaviors and Allocation of Resources between Two, Strategic Renewal, Business Model Reconstruction, Organizational Rejuvenation and Sustainable Regeneration are the main dimensions which categorized in 4levels and make the final model. In the meantime, comparison of the dimensions of the model with the indicators of Jihadi management showed that Risk-Acceptance, Opportunity-seeking, Advantage-seeking, Innovation, Proactive-ness & Forward-looking, Being Plan-oriented, Comprehensiveness. Being Vision-oriented, Future-making, Empowerment and Hardworking overlap with a major part of the dimensions of the model.

Social media has recently emerged as a prominent tool in the field of marketing management. While it offers significant potential for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to incorporate into their marketing strategies, many of these businesses have not fully utilized the diverse capabilities of social media. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to identify and develop a framework addressing the challenges faced by Iranian SMEs in leveraging social media as an effective instrument for product marketing.

This research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining in-depth interviews with key informants (KIs) and interpretive structural modeling. The study begins by identifying obstacles from previous research and those uncovered through semi-structured interviews with KIs. These obstacles are then thoroughly reviewed and finalized. Finally, the structural interpretive modeling method is employed to elucidate the patterns and models of obstacles in utilizing social media as an effective marketing tool for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This approach visualizes the connections and interactions within a system, providing insights into the interdependencies of the elements (obstacles). It aids scholars in understanding how various factors influence one another, facilitating in-depth analyses and informed decision-making. Widely applicable across disciplines, this method fosters critical thinking and systems-oriented approaches among researchers.

The primary challenges in utilizing and promoting marketing tools on social media platforms include legal restrictions, platform and device filtering mechanisms, and a lack of government support. Companies often struggle to navigate complex regulatory environments and censorship on these platforms, hindering their ability to fully leverage the marketing benefits these channels offer. In the absence of robust support from governmental bodies, businesses face significant obstacles in effectively utilizing social media for promotional purposes. To address these barriers, organizations must adopt a systematic and strategic approach. First and foremost, it is crucial for companies to provide comprehensive training and development programs to enhance employees' technical skills and knowledge of social media platforms. This will empower them to navigate the intricate regulatory landscapes and understand the limitations imposed by various censorship mechanisms. Additionally, clear guidelines and policies should be established to mitigate security risks and protect user privacy. By doing so, companies can ensure that their marketing efforts comply with legal restrictions while still reaching and engaging their target audience. Senior management also plays a pivotal role in overcoming these challenges. It is essential for them to actively support and invest in initiatives that leverage the advantages of social media. By allocating resources and promoting the adoption of innovative marketing strategies, senior leaders demonstrate their commitment to achieving business goals and staying ahead of the competition. Fostering a culture of innovation and adaptability within the organization is also instrumental in mitigating the challenges associated with social media marketing. Companies need to encourage their employees to think outside the box and constantly adapt their approaches to meet the ever-evolving demands of the industry. This proactive mindset will not only help businesses stay on top of emerging trends and technologies but also allow them to seize new opportunities and gain a competitive edge.Furthermore, collaboration and knowledge-sharing among industry peers can be immensely beneficial in overcoming these barriers. By establishing partnerships and participating in industry forums or conferences, companies can learn from each other's experiences and collectively work towards innovative solutions to the challenges of utilizing marketing tools on social media platforms. This collaborative approach not only fosters continuous learning and improvement but also helps businesses build a robust network of support and guidance. In summary, the primary challenges of implementing and disseminating marketing tools on social media platforms can be addressed through a combination of comprehensive training programs, clear guidelines and policies, senior management support, and the cultivation of a culture of innovation and adaptability, along with collaboration with industry peers. By adopting a systematic and strategic approach, organizations can effectively navigate the legal and regulatory landscapes, overcome censorship mechanisms, and fully leverage the marketing benefits offered by social media platforms. Reason: Improved vocabulary, clarity, and technical accuracy while maintaining the original meaning.

Discussion and Coclusion: 

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in driving economic and social growth in societies due to their innovative nature and rapid expansion. Given this importance, it is imperative to establish a robust infrastructure that supports their development, including the implementation of effective advertising and marketing strategies through email and social media platforms. As competition in the small business market intensifies, the pressure from competitors significantly increases, escalating the competitive dynamics within the industry. In light of this, diversifying marketing channels and capitalizing on the hidden opportunities within the industry becomes a crucial strategy for maintaining a competitive edge. By exploring and leveraging these opportunities, SMEs can effectively navigate the competitive landscape, attract a wider customer base, and ultimately achieve long-term success in their respective industries. Therefore, it is essential for SMEs to adapt their marketing strategies to embrace the diverse range of marketing channels available, ensuring they are not solely reliant on a single approach for reaching their target audience. This approach will allow SMEs to tap into the untapped potentials of various platforms, such as social media and email marketing, which have proven to be effective tools for engaging with customers and driving business growth. Hence, by leveraging these marketing channels, SMEs can effectively enhance their brand visibility, attract new customers, and ultimately contribute to the overall economic and social development of societies.

Today, industrial free trade zones, as one of the main economic foundations, have taken a large share of the economies of developed and developing countries. However, the free zones in our country, despite their unique geopolitical position and abundant territorial, human, and natural capacities, have not been able to achieve the goals foreseen in the law on the formation and administration of these zones. Considering that the governance model and the rules and regulations governing the regions are known to be one of the main factors affecting the performance of these regions, in the present research, the dimensions and governance components of industrial free trade zones are identified with the deductive thematic analysis approach (background-based) and their stratification has been discussed with Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). The results indicate that in the most basic level of the model (fourth level), transparency, equality, inclusiveness, and participation are placed, which act as the cornerstone of the model and can be a good start for improving the governance of free zones.

Strategic control of businesses when they’re facing rapid and profound changes, is one of the most important concerns of managers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive model for the strategic control of wire & cable businesses in Iran. The wire & cable industry have a wide range of applications, high demand, and a growing market, and also the increasing desire for electrification and digitalization will provide a basis for its further growth in the coming years. In order to present the mentioned model, the research was conducted in two stages using a mixed method. In qualitative phase, by performing a thematic analysis on 8 semi-structured interviews and 6 video/text web interviews that were conducted with wire &cable industry experts, then classifying them based on 4 perspectives of BSC method in MAXQDA software. In the quantitative phase, the ISM approach was used to test the model, and finally MICMAC analysis was used to examine the relationships between themes. Findings showed that the wire & cable industry has fifteen control concepts that are classified at different levels as described in the final model; In the first phase, the concepts of interactive control, employee control, strategic issues control and performance evaluation are placed, in the second phase, the concepts of value chain control, quality control and customer attraction control, in the third phase, R&D&I processes control, political relationships control and sales assumptions control, in the fourth phase, the concepts of customer satisfaction control and market development control, and finally, in the fifth phase, the concepts of accounting control, organization capabilities control and profitability scenarios control are placed.

Organizational culture is one of the most fundamental areas of change and transformation in the organization and has a special place in the topics related to knowledge management and organizational behavior.  Knowledge sharing has also been proposed as a vital element for organizations to expand integrated services, resource sharing, efforts to promote organizational learning, creativity, and innovation (Aristopour et al., 2021(. Weak organizational culture is one of the ineffective factors of any organization. Today, the knowledge of human forces is considered the most valuable and important capital and asset of companies and organizations. Knowledge is one of the most important competitive advantages in the organization in the field of competition, and improving the productivity and performance of the organization through the effective use of human power is an important issue and concern in organizations (Shams et al., 2022). Today, knowledge is the most valuable and important asset and competitive advantage of organizations. Organizational culture based on knowledge is one of the important and main components of behavioral knowledge in organizations and has been the focus of organizational and behavioral thinkers in recent years. One of the requirements of knowledge management is designing a model and formulating an organizational culture based on knowledge, which is addressed in this research. Therefore, the current research aims to design an interpretative structural model of knowledge-based organizational culture to create a platform for the effective implementation of knowledge management in a fuzzy environment.

Design/Methodology/Approach: 

The current research is based on the paradigm of positivism and is applied in terms of the type and purpose of the research. In terms of the data collection method, it is descriptive-analytical. The process of carrying out this research includes two main stages: Jager's fuzzy approach and structural-interpretive modeling. The statistical population of this research includes university experts from whom seven samples were selected. In the current research, first, the important elements in the knowledge-based organizational culture were identified with a fuzzy approach, and then the type of relationships was identified by experts using the interpretive structural modeling method.

Based on data analysis and with regard to , the seven elements were determined. The ISM model includes three levels. At the lowest level, i.e. the third level, strengthening of communication and interactions, designing of participation processes, and strengthening of group workspace are recognized as the influential elements of the model, and at the highest level, everyone's accountability is the most dependent element of the model; Because according to the diagram of penetration power and degree of dependence, the higher the elements are, the lower their stimulating power and the greater the degree of dependence. The insight that this model gives to managers and decision-makers can help them strengthen organizational culture to improve organizational knowledge. Also, this model helps them to have a comprehensive view of the complex relationships between the influencing factors in the field of knowledge-based organizational culture and to identify priorities and have a proper direction in their policies.

According to the results, it is suggested to revise and implement a new process in the design process of organizational culture, especially in knowledge-based organizations. Also, for future research, it is suggested to localize the designed organizational culture model in different organizations and institutions according to the specific conditions of each institution. The dimensions and elements of the model can also be of interest to researchers and they can be investigated, developed, and compared with the model elements of this research.

Organizations have always been and are facing various crises. It is ‎impossible to avoid some crises. However, with proper management and the ‎participation of expert forces, and as a result, the formation of a firm ‎social capital in the organization, the consequences of these crises can be ‎reduced and controlled. To effectively manage the crisis, this ‎research aims to design a model for crisis management and control in scientific ‎systems focusing on social capital and explain the place of collaborative ‎management in it.‎ The research paradigm is positivism. In terms of the data collection method, it is ‎descriptive-analytical. Also, it is applied and developmental in terms of type ‎and purpose. In the current research, based on the beginning, the critical ‎elements in crisis management were identified with a fuzzy approach; six ‎elements were determined, and then the model was designed by ‎applying the ISM technique. The statistical population of this research consists ‎of academic experts and experts.‎The research findings include the ISM model in four levels ‎according to one-way or two-way relationships. Network interactions and ‎relationships and a trusting working atmosphere are more effective than other ‎elements of crisis management and control. At the lowest level, collaborative ‎management is placed, and at the highest level, network relationships and ‎the promotion of organizational norms and values are placed. The higher the ‎elements are, the lower their stimulating power and the higher the degree of ‎dependence.‎ Network relationships and the promotion of organizational norms and ‎values are the most dependent elements of the model. Participatory ‎management was recognized as the most influential element of the model ‎Because, according to the graph of influence and degree of dependence, it is the ‎basis of the model and the origin of other elements and affects all the elements ‎of the model. It should be given special attention as a vital element in ‎crisis management and control.‎

The purpose of this research is to provide an Interpretive Structural Modeling of Public Service Motivation in the higher education sector. This research has a developmental purpose and was carried out in two phases. First, by Meta-Synthesis Method and searching, studying, scientific and systematic coding of 86 previous valid articles, the dimensions, components and indicators of the public service motivation model were identified and confirmed by the Delphi method. Validity and reliability were confirmed through Glynn's evaluation tool, formal and content validity and agreement between two coders and Kappa coefficient. In the second phase of the research, from the interpretive structural model and asking the opinions of 12 university experts, leveling and drawing the interactive relationships of the components were done. The findings show that the components of the first level of the model include (dependent variables) behavioral characteristics and social motivations and in the second level (internal structure variables) internal organizational tendencies and material values and in the third level (influences variables) external organizational tendencies and spiritual values. This research, by structural relationships among different levels, can help a very useful to introduce the necessary infrastructure to establish the public service motivation in the faculty members of public universities.

Choice is a new concept in today's world. Most people in developed countries make more choices, both on a daily basis and in relation to their way of life, than they did a hundred years ago. A comparison of the twentieth century with the nineteenth century shows a kind of prosperity achieved through the growing systems of production and distribution, which some interpret as freedom of choice. What is clear about choice is thinking about the criteria for choosing or not choosing, and not only about the concept of how people live but also about the way they think and their identity. Choosing the right food is the first step to having a healthy society. The science of marketing seeks to influence consumer behavior. Consumers’ behavior is strongly influenced by their cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics. Of course, marketing of the food industry is not possible without considering the criteria for choosing food in the purchasing decision. The food selection criteria in purchasing decisions have been more or less extracted in previous studies, but the relationships between such elements are complex. This complexity varies among consumers with different demographic characteristics. Among consumers in the adolescent age group, however, these differences will face other aspects of purchasing decision criteria. In addition to marketing activities, food industry marketers are concerned about adolescent food health, so are parents and organizations that support healthy nutrition. Therefore, identifying the relationships among the determinants of food choice in adolescents is an important issue that requires proper research. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find a model to present the relationships between the extracted elements in relation to the criteria for purchasing decision-making in adolescents. Understanding the relationships among these criteria will certainly help marketers, parents, and teen nutrition organizations. Developing a model to determine the input criteria of the purchasing decision-making process in adolescents meets the purpose of the study. The present study is fundamental in terms of orientation and interpretive in terms of research philosophy. Its main strategy is methodological pluralism using two strategies simultaneously. It is based on a qualitative approach and is conducted through combining the two methods of thematic analysis (thematic) and modeling. In the qualitative part, the criteria were extracted by a content analysis, and 20 themes and hidden concepts were extracted from 22 Yazd adolescents in the age group of 10 to 14 years old. The analyses were performed with the 10Nvivo software through structured in-depth interviews. A science was included in the study and 4 components were studied as researcher-made components. In the quantitative part, the opinions of 12 experts, including 6 university professors and 6 managers of restaurants in Yazd were collected regarding the variables. The data were presented by interpretive structural modeling in the form of an applied and abstract model with Excel and Micmac software programs. In this study, 107 primary codes were selected as the sample. Through repeated revisions and the integration of codes based on similarity and relevance through various stages, 14 main themes and 107 sub-themes were extracted for the concept of food choice decision by Iranian adolescents. What follows in the form of 14 categories is the result of a process that began with initial observations and considerations and the identification of indicators. Then, the obtained indicators were categorized and summarized in the form of concepts. Finally, by the integration of the concepts in a more general form, the 14 categories were studied (including, sensory attractions, lifestyle, tendency to modernity in adolescents, religious beliefs, hope for the future, hope for the future, communication, health orientation, familiarity, age of puberty, customer loyalty, ethical concerns, marketing mix and hedonic effects). The results showed that, in addition to the identified components, other components were also effective in the statistical population of adolescents. Also, by interpretive structural modeling, a model consisting of these components was presented to expresses the relationships among them. Knowledge of consumer behavior is considered as an important competitive advantage which leads to a significant reduction in wrong decisions. Consumer behavior in marketing may be less considered. Through consumer behavior marketing, instead of focusing on finding the right customers for the products, one can focus on finding the right products for the customers and coordinate all the corresponding activities that affect the customers and increase profits by creating more satisfied customers. In this study, in addition to the components adapted from previous studies, variables such as puberty, eugenicism, nostalgia and hope for the future have been added to the model, and the relationships among these variables and other components are determined.

Business model innovation is a prominent topic in the field of management. The importance of this concept for complex defense product developers is also increasing. This study analyzes the relationships structure of "internal drivers of business model innovation" for developers of complex defense products. After identifying the drivers, with the participation of 12 experts - who were selected through purposive sampling - and using the method of interpretive structural modeling, the framework of relationships "internal drivers of business model innovation" for these organizations, designed. Drivers related to "governance and policies" and "organizational leadership" (at the first level) were identified as the most important drivers in this context, which, affect other drivers by influencing the drivers of "human capital" and "financial resources" (at the second level). At the third level were the drivers related to "Research, Knowledge, Technological and Product Innovations", "Production and Operations", "Supply and CIntroductionThe business model innovation drivers have been introduced as one of the main streams of research in business model innovation. However, not much knowledge has been developed regarding these drivers. The few kinds of research conducted in the field of innovation drivers of business models have mainly investigated the external drivers of business model innovation. Also, the studies conducted in this field often focus on service companies and organizations active in the mass production of consumer products. However, no comprehensive study has been observed in the field of innovation drivers of business models of organizations developing complex products, especially in the defense industry - which has different conditions. The environment of this industry has changed in recent years. The drivers of the strategic environment of the defense industries have made this industry, based on the logic of knowledge-based defense, put a set of transformational programs on its agenda. In order to overcome the challenges caused by the transformations mentioned above, the open innovation strategy has been placed on the agenda of industrial organizations and scientific-research centers affiliated whit the Ministry of Defense. Ignoring the business models of the mentioned organizations will make it challenging to realize the mentioned strategy. Therefore, identifying the drivers of business model innovation and analyzing the structure of relationships between them is essential for organizations, as mentioned earlier. The relevant literature has not yet been clarified for developers of complex products and technology-oriented organizations. Also, there is a gap regarding identifying and comprehensively analyzing business model innovation drivers. The current research aims to comprehensively identify the internal drivers of business model innovation and analyze their relationships with developers of complex defense products.Materials and MethodsThis study is mixed research, and in terms of its purpose, it is applied research. The study data was collected in 1400. The statistical population of the research was experts aware of the opportunities and challenges of developing complex defense products, including senior managers, middle managers, senior experts, and university professors who participated in different stages of the study. For the validity of the research results, qualitative research approaches were used. Using at least three data sources (based on the triangulation approach); long-term involvement of researchers with the research environment; The collaborative nature of the research and receiving the opinions of the participants in the focus groups and reaching a consensus in all stages of the research has achieved the accuracy and scientific validity of the research results. In addition, the validity of the questionnaires was content validity and face validity, and the questionnaires were approved by experts after their design. Also, the parallel method using peer tests was used to check the reliability of the interpretive structural modeling questionnaire. In different steps of the research, in order to collect and analyze the required data, several methods have been used:The first step: the triangulation approach, was used to identify the drivers; In this regard, the following four activities were carried out: The first activity: identifying the drivers by examining the background of the research; In this activity, by reviewing articles published in prestigious international journals, 29 drivers were extracted from 45 selected articles. The second activity: more than ten organizational strategic documents published in the last ten years at the policy level were reviewed. Using the qualitative content analysis method, 41 drivers (having common drivers with the results of the first activity) were identified. The third activity: 8 focus groups were formed with the participation of 81 experts who were purposefully selected, and 41 drivers (having common drivers with the results of the first and second actions) were also included in this activity (using the qualitative content analysis method) was extracted. The fourth activity: the theme analysis method, was used to summarize the results of the three actions and extract the drivers according to the local conditions of the defense industry. Second step: The fuzzy Delphi method was used in two steps to screen and confirm the identified drivers. At this stage, 26 experts were selected purposefully in the policy-making layer of the mentioned industry. Third step: determine the structure of relationships and interactions; the interpretive structural modeling approach was used with the participation of 12 professors and experts at the policy level. Discussion and ResultsIn the identification section: 54 drivers in 8 main business dimensions of organizations developing complex defense products, including: "governance and policies,"; "organizational leadership,"; "human capital,"; "financial and economic resources,"; "knowledge, research, technological and product innovations"; "production and operations"; "supply network and collaborations" and "market and customer" were identified. In the relationship framework design section, Using the interpretative structural modeling method, the relationship framework of intra-organizational drivers of business model innovation for the mentioned organizations was designed in three levels. The drivers related to "governance and policies" and "organizational leadership" at the first level are the most critical drivers in this framework, which by influencing the drivers of "human capital" and "financial and economic resources" at the second level on other drivers in affect the system. In the third level, there are drivers related to "knowledge, research, technological and product innovations," "production and operations," "supply network and collaborations," and "market and customer." With their activation, more value is created for stakeholders.Even though the identified drivers are distributed in all the main dimensions of the business model of the mentioned organizations, the drivers related to the components of "governance and policies," "knowledge, research, technological and product innovations," as well as "supply network and cooperation" are more prominent in the mentioned organizations compared to other service and mass production organizations.Based on the findings of this research, the policymakers of the organizations mentioned above will be able to make strategic decisions more confidently about the issues and challenges of the business model innovation of the respective organizations. A similar study has not been conducted on complex defense product developers. This limitation makes it difficult to compare the results. However, the findings of this study are consistent with studies conducted in small service organizations, mass production organizations, and some large organizations. It should be noted that most previous studies have investigated the effect of a single driver.ConclusionsIn this research, the internal drivers of business model innovation for developers of complex defense products were comprehensively identified, and the structure of relationships between them was designed. The comprehensiveness, variety, and number of drivers identified, as well as the research context (including developers of complex defense products), distinguish this study from previous studies. In this study, while summarizing the results of previous studies, new drivers (25) have been identified that were not mentioned in previous studies. This research showed that the internal drivers of business model innovation for developers of complex defense products with the ISM approach are placed on three levels. In this leveling, drivers related to "governance and policymaking" and "organizational leadership" were at the lowest level. It means that in the business model innovation process of the mentioned organizations, attention to the relevant drivers is a priority. Addressing other drivers will not be very effective without paying attention to the mentioned drivers. A comprehensive awareness of these drivers and the relationships between them helps policymakers adopt more effective policies and decisions in the business model innovation of the mentioned organizations. Conducting more exploratory studies in organizations developing complex products may lead to identifying new drivers.ooperation Network" and "Market and Customer". These drivers affect the "creation of value for stakeholders" by activating Level 1 and 2 drivers.

The present research is conducted with the purpose of identifying the key success factors for the recognition of the Islamic University and modeling these factors in order to determine the ideal model of these key factors for the realization of the scientific authority of the Islamic University, with a focus on Imam Sadiq University.

by analyzing the content of the data extracted from the statements and messages of the Supreme Leader, interviewing 11 experts and other library resources, 231 initial themes in 13 organizing themes as key success factors and they were categorized into 3 comprehensive themes and then Component leveling was performed using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique based on the opinions of 13 experts.

Finally, a three-level model of key success factors was formed, which was performed on the components to provide further analysis and appropriate strategies to university administrators to analyze the power of influence and the degree of dependence. The components based on the degree of influence and dependence were divided into 4 categories of autonomous, dependent, independent and connected components.

Based on the research results, it is necessary to pay the most attention to the components with the highest penetration, including "Strategic planning", "creating accurate management systems" which are at the most basic level of the model.

Despite the importance of e-banking, not enough research has been done on the service innovation of this sector and its relationship with dynamic capabilities. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationships and effectiveness of the components of e-banking services innovation based on dynamic capabilities. To collect information, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 experts. Sampling was done in a theoretical and purposeful way, so that a set of primary themes was collected during the recoding process. First, 13 sub-indicators for service innovation and 17 sub-indicators for dynamic capabilities were extracted using fuzzy Delphi method and confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Indicators of service innovation and dynamic capabilities based on theoretical foundations were classified into 11 main indicators and in the form of a general concept entered into the analysis of interpretive structural modeling / fuzzy MICMAC and presented a new approach to calculate the value of indicators. The results showed that the effectiveness of the index "Sensing user", "New revenue model" and "New concept of service" is better than other indicators and vice versa The effectiveness of the index "New technological service delivery System", "New customer interaction" and "Scaling and Stretching" are weaker than other indicators.

The development of a technology-based entrepreneurship ecosystem in universities leads to great economic changes in society. This paper aims to identify the influencing factors for the design of the technology-based entrepreneurship ecosystem model in the College of Engineering of Tehran University. Based on grounded theory as a qualitative method, 17 interviews were conducted with experts and after coding, 51 sub-categories were obtained in the form of 9 main categories. To validate the components, a questionnaire was distributed among the academics and researchers of the College of Engineering of Tehran University, and it was analyzed by the partial least squares method, and all the components were confirmed. Finally, with the help of the structural-interpretive modeling method, by distributing 23 paired questionnaires among the experts, the components of the model were configured in six levels. The findings showed that the category of "culture" is the most influential factor and the components of "Entrepreneurial ecosystem development infrastructures", "Policy and management of financial resources", "Intensity and level of preparation for design, development and commercialization", "Creation and development of supporting institutions and business development in the region" are the most influential factors in the formation of the technology-based entrepreneurship ecosystem in the university.

Proper knowledge management leads to competitive advantage for organizations and ultimately more success and ultimately organizational excellence. The survival of organizations depends on the effective management of knowledge, as. The purpose of this research is to stratify the damages of knowledge management development in universities in the framework of the three dimensional model and interpretive structural approach, so that knowledge management can be developed in the best possible way.

Statistical population of all higher education management specialists, professors and staff experts in There are universities in Kerman province that with purposeful sampling method, 32 people formed the research sample. Research data were also obtained through open and semi-structured interviews among the sample group. The disadvantages of knowledge management were identified in the framework of the three dimensional model, including behavioral, environmental and structural dimensions.  

Accordingly, the main harms of the behavioral harms are: "low risk-taking and lack of commitment of managers and employees to knowledge management", in the dimension of environmental harms, "lack of need and demand for knowledge management by society" and in the dimension of Structural disadvantages "Lack of transparency and facilitation of rules and instructions and ambiguity of mission". The main influential factors in the dimension of behavioral injuries are "low motivation and teamwork and job dissatisfaction of employees", in the dimension of environmental injuries, "combating people's opinions in making changes and isolating experts and scientists". And in the dimension of structural damage, "the ambiguity of missions and strategies in universities and the lack of attention to the necessary planning in the field of implementation".  

so The most important achievement of the research is that in order to remove the damage of knowledge management development, it is necessary to pay attention to the behavioral dimension of "low risk tolerance and lack of commitment of managers and employees towards knowledge management" as the most influential factor.