جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مشهد » در نشریات گروه « فنی و مهندسی »

The main objective of this research was to investigate the role of taxi in the transportation of tourists in the city of Mashhad, using META SWOT Technique. Since the tourism industry plays a major role in the socio – economic development of cities, its requirements should be carefully planned and prepared. In this paper, first the supply and resources of each mode of transportation in the city of Mashhad was evaluated and their priorities was determined. Then, the competitive aspects of these transportation modes was studied and the competition map was developed. The main operating modes in the city of Mashhad were, private car, bus and taxi. Based on the analysis of these models, taxis were the most attractive mode of transportation for tourists. Therefore, the requirement for the Taxis to operate in a proper and effective manner should be met by the city authorities.

Traffic issues, negative environmental impacts and performances have caused more attention to be focused on Transportation System Management (TSM) approaches. TSM short-run approaches evaluate and analyses responses of passengers to changes in elements of system which are effective in passengers` mode choices. One of the effective strategies to increase transit ridership is creating changes in travel time of public transport to make it more attractive to passengers. In this paper, Sensitivity analysis of modal shares due to changes in bus travel time changes, for work trips in Mashhad is investigated. Investigating various scenarios for transit travel time results show that passengers are more sensitive to changes in out-of-vehicle (such as waiting time) travel time rather than in-vehicle travel time. Results indicate that building a transit system with appropriate headways and less out of vehicle times could be more effective in increasing transit ridership than building a rapid transit system without appropriate headway.

The scarcity of water resources and the increasing demand for household water, as a result of urban population growth, have made it difficult for the citizens to supply the water they need in metropolises. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the amount of domestic water consumption in metropolitan areas using management and consumption control strategies. One of the most effective methods to modify the pattern of water consumption is changing the consumers’ behavior for efficient water use. (Social) Media advertising, establishing training programs for consumers (citizens), implementing effective training programs in schools, spreading educational brochures among water consumers and and billboard advertising are the most practical approaches to promote water saving behavior in metropolises. The aim of this study is to rank the mentioned methods in changing the water consumption behavior of the citizens. Evaluation and ranking of these methods are carried out applying the integrated method of Grey Analytic Hierarchy Process (Grey-AHP) and Grey-TOPSIS. In this study, Mashhad metropolis was selected as a case study. The results show that (social) media advertising and and billboard advertising are the most influential approaches for promoting the effective consumption of water in Mashhad. Distributing educational brochures, educational materials in schools, and establishing training programs for citizens are ranked second to fourth, respectively. Practical approaches to promote water saving behavior, which are easier to apply, are more appropriate and have a greater influence on reducing water consumption.

Correction old OD matrix is one of the Cheapest methods for provide the Origin-destination matrix for the base year, which are based on the observed values in selected links. In each of these methods, in order to obtain the share of each links from the demand between the ODs, the primary matrix (and in subsequent replicates, the modified matrix) is assigned to the network. By introduction of fuzzy concept, new methods for correcting the OD matrix have been refined, which called the fuzzy flow method (TFF). This method uses the matrix assignment as well as other methods in the matrix correction process. Considering the importance of the assignment method used in matrix correction, this paper deals with the effect of traffic assignment method in traffic fuzzy flow correction method. The results show that the use of the user equilibrium method is superior to the stochastic and incremental assignment, and the good fit coefficient in the user equilibrium method is equal to 0.82, while in the stochastic method, this R2 is 0.72 and in the incremental assignment has a value of 0. 67.

Today, air pollution has become one of the serious problems in developing countries. In this paper, the eventful areas for Mashhad city has been represented and the polluted area has been predicted with interpolation technique. For this purpose, 6 air pollutant data (CO, NO2,PM10, PM2.5) in 11 Mashhad air-evaluating stations in for one year according to Iranian calendar has been used. Geographic information system and two ordinary and probability Kriging approach has been used for representing the hotspots areas in study area. The Kriging method has been used as a tool for interpolation. In this research, at first with using semivirogram map, the spatial dependence of air pollutant in air station has been evaluated. Then, spatial model has been created with average daily air pollutant concentration and the quantity of air pollution in various areas has been represented in study area.

As a result of the climate change and water abstraction in neighbouring countries, domestic water supply to boarder line cities has faced serious challenges due to reduction in available water. Mashhad city is one of the most strategic cities of Iran that would face with water scarcity challenge. Though the Oman Sea water desalinization and transfer to Mashhad is being studied at the moment, this paper defines water demand and conventional and non-conventional regional water supplies and shows that the available regional water resources can meet domestic demand. Despite the low volume of water supply in some individual projects; local water management is superior to sea water transfer scenario in terms of economic and environmental aspects. Agricultural water consumption management based on groundwater entitlement and sewage water recycling are more suitable scenarios for domestic water supply. There are two alternatives for recycling sewage water including 1) substituting agricultural water with sewage in adjacent aquifers and convey clean water for domestic use and 2) secondary treatment of effluent and injecting it into domestic aquifer. Future domestic demand of Mashhad city is 1.5 times of existing demand and regional water supply schemes not only can meet the demand but also provide 122 MCM excess water (31% of demand) as confidence limit.

Earthquake is a Natural phenomenon that human knowledge, despite achieveing much information about the origin and mechanism of it; So, it is essential that the logical and statistical manner and in accordance with existing to forecast potential losses and damages caused by the earthquake and identifying shortcomings in the systems and urban structures And resolve them before the disaster measures applied. In general, the aim of this study was to assess the seismic vulnerability of buildings in Mashhad in order to understand the current state of existing buildings in the city that can be vulnerability them in order to increase safety and improve existing estimates. This study, using informations gathered by the Statistics and Information Technology Organization of Mashhad Municipality -like type of structures, number and size of floors, population of each regions, soil types and etc.- and is implemented with with ''HAZUS'' method and the risk analysis software ''SELENA ver 6.0". In this method, for calculating the seismic performance of structures, the demand curve of various structures with different damping effects and the response curve based on soil type are crossed together. The outputs include damaged area by the type of structures, probable loss of life and damage to property, inflicted by the design earthquake of Iran 2800 code. GIS 10.2 was used for illustrate the results. From these results it can be understood the 4, 2, 5, 6 regions of Mashhad due to greater vulnerability, requires retrofitting and needs more attention.

Lost Money is the most important problem companies which providing public services, usually governments compensate this loss-making that it undermine the country's economic system in the long run. Water and sewage Company is as one of the companies offering these services have been loss-making and it certainly will be looking for ways to get out of this mode. This research seeks to provide solutions to increase revenue in Water and Wastewater Company of Mashhad. In this regard, the SWOT method is used. In order to we have used to complete a questionnaire and interviews with experts, for to identify the internal and external factors affecting the increase on revenue, and then with this method have been suggested solutions in this regard. Suggestions are at three categories including “ways to increase revenue in terms of technical, solutions for increase revenue in terms of labor, and solutions to decrease costs”. In the first category include control and inspection, cost management, shortening of projects, change of contract type with contractors. In the second category, factors include; changing the type of meter reading contract, receiving water from all areas, collecting faster of revenues, organizational order, implementing new technologies, coordinating with other urban institutions, coordination Inside the organization, and in the third category, the most important ones include creating motivation in employees for improve productivity, reforming the system of reprisal and encouraging employees, locating the right employees in the assignment posts based on meritocracy, to statute the interest of the personnel in increasing revenues company.

An objective of the Targeted Subsidy Act in Iran, which came into effect in 2010 in Iran, is to manage water demand. Despite the importance of this Act, evaluation of its effects especially on urban water networks has been rarely reported. The present study aims to investigate the impacts of the first phase of its implementation on the water consumption for different uses in the city of Mashhad. For this purpose, the data records of water consumption over a period of 10 years were analyzed and expert views were collected. Results indicated that although the Act in its early years of implementation led to reduced consumption and a shift was observed in water consumption for different uses, the increasing trend of water consumption was later resumed. It was also found that as reductions in water consumption for different urban uses is directly related to the users’ interests. Water consumption reduction fits the gamma probability density function. Based on the data obtained, water production and supply did not decline during the study period despite the reduction observed by authorized users. It may, therefore, be inferred that illegal connections increased during the study period. Thus, the Act did not seemingly have the impacts, at least as much as expected, on reducing urban water consumption.

Excessive growth followed by a flourishing civil engineering projects in recent decades, causing large amounts of construction wastes in Mashhad Metropolis. For evaluation of demolition landfills in the pollution of water resources, firstly the position of the old landfill and current land use of them are investigated. Then the impacts of old landfill such as land subsidence and pollution of water resources are evaluated. Furthermore, the factors affecting the quality and safety of water resources and their trends with distance from the landfill has been studied. The results shows that Environmental impacts due to construction on the old landfill embrace increase of carbonates and bicarbonates, augments of soluble solid and EC, amplifies of total hardness, SO42- and Cl-. On the other hand, the results demonstrate the factors affecting the quality and safety of water resources were declined as distance from the landfill increases. The Latter consider the direct impact of landfill location on water resources.

Transportation planning studies are generally based on dividing the study area into a set of traffic analysis zones (TAZ) based on a set of rules. Each zone is then represented by a node named centroid, which is assumed to be the origin and also the destination of all trips of that zone. Considering the sensitive and focal role of the location of centroids on traffic assignment results due to this rather big assumption which may cause large errors in results, very little research is found in the literature. Due to this research gap in this field, the current paper tries to analyze and examine the impact of centroid location on traffic assignment results. The traffic assignment applied is that of Wardrope’s user equilibrium (UE) principle implemented in VISUM transportation planning software package and the quantitative measures are those of hourly flows on different links of thetransportation network. Predicted link flows for different scenarios are compared to the observedflows on the same selected links. To discuss and analyze the implementation challenges, the real sized network of the second largest city of Iran, namely the city of Mashhad is selected as the case study. Three different methods for selecting centroids are presented to analyze their impacts on link flows. For each method, two different scenarios of choosing connector nodes are presented: in the first scenario, number of connector nodes is variable for different zones but their locations are fixed for each of the three methods. In the second scenario, having chosen the centroid according to each of the three methods, the closest node to the centroid is selected as the connector node. Results of this research, based on the comparison of predicted and observed flows on 87 links of Mashhad transportation network, show that for the assumptions of this case study, changing centroid location can cause a change in the coefficient of determination of the linear regression line of predicted-observed flow links of 1.7 percent in the first and 20 percent in the second scenario of selecting connector nodes. This noticeable impact in a real case with realistic assumptions can be considered an important confirmation of such research and also the need for further research in this rather unattended field.

This study was conducted to determine the attitude and the operation of pedestrians and factors affecting pedestrians’ non-compliance traffic behavior in Mashhad. The data was collected from the population included all pedestrians passing in the street of Mashhad. Stratified, systematic and random sampling strategy was used to select respondents and 240 persons were determined for the study. Results showed that 63.3 percent of persons had negative attitude, 72.9 percent of pedestrians declared that they usually observe traffic rules while crossing the streets but 27.1 percent of pedestrians disobeyed traffic rules. The Mann-Whitney U test proved that there are significant differences between men and women’ non-compliance traffic behavior. Kruskal-Wallis H test did not show any difference between education and pedestrians’ non-compliance traffic behavior. At the end paper showed that social trust, control and deprivation didn’t have significant relation with non-compliance traffic pedestrians.

Waste generation in today industries is a serious problem. Waste generation from the production stage to the final disposal is an inevitable issue. Development of the cities and the industrialization causes the everyday increasing in solid waste generation. Therefore, knowing the waste values is an essential tool for solid waste management systems. In this research, artificial neural network is used as a financial tool for modeling solid waste generation in Mashhad. For this purpose, first, some pre-processing on the dependent and independent variables are done and the effect of this procedure on the accuracy of the model is investigated. Research findings clearly indicate that by using some preprocessing on the input data accurate results can be obtained. Three different conditions have been evaluated and the best one is selected which contains logarithm, trend removing and standardizing. The selected network has two hidden layers with five neurons in each one. Network performance parameters are MAPE, MSE and R2 that equals to 0.06, 0.46 and 0.86 respectively.

Urban environment quality is the issue taken into consideration in urban planning. Many issues may affect environmental quality، one of them is transportation. In this research، inner city rail transit and specifically Light Rail Transit (LRT) has been considered. Three dimensions define quality of urban environment; environmental، social، and physical-functional. Rail transportation can influence these dimensions in a positive or negative way. The present study intends to investigate the effects of startup line 1 of Mashhad LRT on urban environment quality in general and specifically in Taleghani، Parvin Etesami and Namayeshgah stations. Questionnaire، interview and observation are used in this study to gather the information. The results of the study reveal that the effects like increasing noise pollution due to surface rail (environmental)، making welfare and bliss view in citizens’ image (social)، and reinforcement physical structure of the city (physical-functional) are significant in the case study. However، the effects like reducing the rate of car ownership (environmental)، negative effects on local identity due to presence of strange people in neighborhood (social)، and raising the price of the land، consequently changing in land use (physical-functional) are not proved.

Nowadays, one of the main goals of the city council is to extend the green environment and health for their citizens to improve their quality of life. Water is the main limiting factor for this purpose in Mashhad. The economic evaluation of the project is considered one of the most important sections as the funding source is limited and it is not important who pays the cost and who will benefit in a public project. This issue has to be taken into consideration via economic values for all multi factors and multi goals in social activities. As the cost was paid at the first part and income will be earned later, it is necessary to determine a communal temporal basis for expenses and income. Therefore, the expenses and incomes have to be changed for the same date. For this purpose, the future income was adjusted to current date that it is called befit to cost ratio. The results showed that the benefit to cost ratio is 1.14 for rain harvesting in this project and they also indicated that the project's economic annual rate is 5 %. In other words, after 30 years it will be able to cover its cost.

In assessing the potential impacts of climate change on different sections including water, agriculture, and urban drainage management, projection of changes in climate extremes as the results of climate change and global warming are essential. To have an outlook on future projections of climate extremes particularly precipitation, the outputs derived from three coupled general circulation models (HadCM3, NCCCSM, and CGCM3T47) contributing to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCCAR4, have been downscaled for Mashhad station under A1B emission scenarios by LARS- WG during three period 2011-2030, 2046-2065 and 2080-2099. The extremes are described by seven indices based on precipitation including CDD, R10mm, R20mm, RX5day, SDII, R95T, and R99T. The results showed that heavy precipitation events for pentads increase the maximum five-day precipitation and their intensity in three sequential periods. In addition, a larger fraction of the total annual precipitation is projected to occur during heavy precipitation events, i.e. events that exceed the 95th and 99th percentile. Increases are found for these indices indicated the more frequent future occurrence of floods in the twenty first century.

Nowadays treated effluent reuse is very important due to the water shortage problem. The aim of this study was comparison the quality of Mashhad Aolang treatment effluent plant with wells water on that area for irrigation purpose and their effects on wheat production. In this study a total number of 24 well water and 24 treated Wastewater samples were taken، weekly within the period of six months. Totally eight wheat farms were selected at the end of wheat growing season which four wheat farms among them were irrigated with treated wastewater and the other four farms were irrigated with wells water. Heavy metals (Cd، Ni، Fe، Mn، Pb، Zn and Co) and pH، EC، BOD5، COD، TSS، nitrate، nitrite، PO42-، alkalinity، Na%، RSC، ESP، SAR in all samples were measured according to standard methods. Results indicated that the quality of all measured parameters in treated effluent were consistent with the agricultural irrigation standard. In comparison، irrigated with treated wastewater was more productive than well water on wheat production. In conclusion، replacing treated wastewater with continuous monitoring with well water for irrigation purposes is recommended.

Numerous worldwide studies have examined the effect of zone aggregation on the results of traffic assignment worldwide, but there are very few studies in the country have investigateding this effect on the various stages of transportation planning. Existing literature reveals the important role of zoning methods on different stages of transportation planning. In this paper, a quantitative research has beenis conducted on the effect of zone aggregation, particularly, on the results of traffic assignment for the a case study of in Mashhad. In the aggregation process, emphasize has beenis placed on homogeneity of zones and respect appreciating to the boundaries and physical barriers, where possible. For comparison purposes, predicted values for the four different research scenarios are have been plotted and analyzed statistically, based on statistical parameters, such as the coefficient of determination and t- test. Results show that aggregation (reducing the number) of zones for the case under study, does not improve traffic assignment model results expressed in link volumes, as expected.

U‌r‌b‌a‌n s‌u‌s‌t‌a‌i‌n‌a‌b‌l‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌m‌e‌n‌t r‌e‌q‌u‌i‌r‌e‌s e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e a‌n‌d e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t m‌a‌n‌a‌g‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t s‌t‌r‌a‌t‌e‌g‌i‌e‌s t‌h‌a‌t e‌m‌p‌l‌o‌y i‌n‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌b‌l‌e a‌n‌d s‌c‌a‌r‌c‌e r‌e‌s‌o‌u‌r‌c‌e‌s a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌p‌r‌i‌a‌t‌e‌l‌y. S‌u‌c‌h a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h‌e‌s t‌o t‌h‌e t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d t‌r‌a‌f‌f‌i‌c p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌e a‌n i‌n‌n‌o‌v‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e d‌e‌f‌i‌n‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m, m‌a‌i‌n‌l‌y b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n m‌o‌r‌e e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t t‌r‌a‌f‌f‌i‌c m‌a‌n‌a‌g‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t s‌t‌r‌a‌t‌e‌g‌i‌e‌s. C‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e d‌e‌r‌i‌v‌e‌d n‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e o‌f t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌e‌m‌a‌n‌d, t‌h‌e‌s‌e t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌e‌m‌a‌n‌d m‌a‌n‌a‌g‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t (T‌D‌M) s‌t‌r‌a‌t‌e‌g‌i‌e‌s m‌a‌k‌e p‌o‌s‌s‌i‌b‌l‌e t‌h‌e a‌c‌h‌i‌e‌v‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f a t‌r‌i‌p p‌u‌r‌p‌o‌s‌e w‌i‌t‌h‌o‌u‌t n‌e‌e‌d o‌f t‌h‌e a‌c‌t‌u‌a‌l t‌r‌i‌p, w‌h‌i‌c‌h, i‌n c‌a‌s‌e‌s o‌f e‌d‌u‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l t‌r‌i‌p‌s, c‌a‌n b‌e m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌i‌z‌e‌d b‌y, e.g., d‌i‌s‌t‌a‌n‌c‌e-l‌e‌a‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g. T‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r a‌i‌m‌s f‌o‌r a‌n e‌c‌o‌n‌o‌m‌i‌c i‌m‌p‌a‌c‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s o‌f d‌i‌s‌t‌a‌n‌c‌e-l‌e‌a‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g a‌s a T‌D‌M s‌t‌r‌a‌t‌e‌g‌y f‌o‌r e‌d‌u‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l t‌r‌i‌p‌s i‌n t‌h‌e c‌i‌t‌y o‌f M‌a‌s‌h‌h‌a‌d, t‌h‌r‌o‌u‌g‌h s‌c‌e‌n‌a‌r‌i‌o b‌u‌i‌l‌d‌i‌n‌g f‌o‌r t‌h‌e m‌o‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g t‌r‌a‌f‌f‌i‌c p‌e‌a‌k p‌e‌r‌i‌o‌d.D‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e s‌c‌a‌r‌c‌i‌t‌y o‌f r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h i‌n t‌h‌e f‌i‌e‌l‌d o‌f d‌i‌s‌t‌a‌n‌c‌e-l‌e‌a‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌d i‌t‌s i‌m‌p‌a‌c‌t a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s, p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌u‌l‌a‌r‌l‌y i‌n I‌r‌a‌n, t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r i‌s a f‌i‌r‌s‌t e‌f‌f‌o‌r‌t i‌n a‌d‌d‌r‌e‌s‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌i‌s i‌s‌s‌u‌e; p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌u‌l‌a‌r‌l‌y f‌r‌o‌m a q‌u‌a‌n‌t‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e p‌e‌r‌s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e. C‌o‌m‌p‌r‌e‌h‌e‌n‌s‌i‌v‌e t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌s o‌f t‌h‌e c‌i‌t‌y o‌f M‌a‌s‌h‌a‌d a‌r‌e u‌t‌i‌l‌i‌z‌e‌d a‌s t‌h‌e b‌a‌s‌i‌s f‌o‌r d‌a‌t‌a a‌n‌d i‌n‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n n‌e‌e‌d‌e‌d t‌o r‌u‌n t‌h‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s o‌n t‌h‌e s‌c‌a‌l‌e o‌f a l‌a‌r‌g‌e c‌i‌t‌y w‌i‌t‌h a p‌o‌p‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f m‌o‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌n 2.5 m‌i‌l‌l‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌e s‌o‌f‌t‌w‌a‌r‌e p‌a‌c‌k‌a‌g‌e u‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌d c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e i‌m‌p‌a‌c‌t o‌f d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t s‌c‌e‌n‌a‌r‌i‌o‌s o‌f d‌i‌s‌t‌a‌n‌c‌e-l‌e‌a‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g a‌d‌o‌p‌t‌i‌o‌n, i‌s V‌I‌S‌U‌M; y‌i‌e‌l‌d‌i‌n‌g t‌o‌t‌a‌l v‌e‌h‌i‌c‌l‌e-k‌i‌l‌o‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s t‌r‌a‌v‌e‌l‌e‌d (V‌K‌T). W‌a‌r‌d‌r‌o‌p's f‌i‌r‌s‌t p‌r‌i‌n‌c‌i‌p‌a‌l o‌f e‌q‌u‌i‌l‌i‌b‌r‌i‌u‌m i‌s u‌s‌e‌d a‌s t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌c‌e‌p‌t‌u‌a‌l f‌r‌a‌m‌e‌w‌o‌r‌k f‌o‌r t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f l‌i‌n‌k v‌o‌l‌u‌m‌e‌s; g‌i‌v‌e‌n t‌h‌e n‌e‌t‌w‌o‌r‌k s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e, l‌i‌n‌k p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌n‌c‌e f‌u‌n‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌n‌d o‌r‌i‌g‌i‌n d‌e‌s‌t‌i‌n‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌e‌m‌a‌n‌d m‌a‌t‌r‌i‌c‌e‌s.R‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌e t‌w‌e‌n‌t‌y-o‌n‌e s‌c‌e‌n‌a‌r‌i‌o m‌o‌d‌e‌l i‌m‌p‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s s‌h‌o‌w t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e e‌c‌o‌n‌o‌m‌i‌c s‌a‌v‌i‌n‌g‌s d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e‌s‌e s‌c‌e‌n‌a‌r‌i‌o‌s r‌a‌n‌g‌e f‌r‌o‌m 1.5 t‌o 2.5 m‌i‌l‌l‌i‌o‌n V‌K‌T, w‌h‌i‌c‌h, f‌o‌r t‌h‌e 50 p‌e‌r‌c‌e‌n‌t a‌d‌o‌p‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌c‌e‌n‌a‌r‌i‌o, i‌s a‌b‌o‌u‌t 2.06, c‌a‌u‌s‌i‌n‌g a s‌a‌v‌i‌n‌g i‌n g‌a‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌u‌m‌p‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f a‌b‌o‌u‌t 47 t‌h‌o‌u‌s‌a‌n‌d l‌i‌t‌e‌r‌s. A‌s‌s‌u‌m‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e p‌r‌i‌c‌e o‌f 7000 r‌i‌a‌l‌s p‌e‌r l‌i‌t‌e‌r, a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌x‌i‌m‌a‌t‌e‌l‌y 33 m‌i‌l‌l‌i‌o‌n r‌i‌a‌l‌s c‌a‌n b‌e s‌a‌v‌e‌d b‌y a‌p‌p‌l‌y‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌r‌a‌t‌e‌g‌y f‌o‌r o‌n‌e h‌o‌u‌r o‌f m‌o‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g p‌e‌a‌k t‌r‌a‌f‌f‌i‌c. R‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r c‌a‌n b‌e u‌s‌e‌f‌u‌l t‌o u‌r‌b‌a‌n m‌a‌n‌a‌g‌e‌r‌s i‌n p‌l‌a‌n‌n‌i‌n‌g t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m‌s, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e a‌l‌l‌e‌v‌i‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e t‌r‌a‌f‌f‌i‌c p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m o‌f l‌a‌r‌g‌e a‌n‌d ‌o‌p‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d c‌i‌t‌i‌e‌s, b‌y o‌m‌i‌t‌t‌i‌n‌g t‌r‌i‌p‌s w‌h‌o‌s‌e p‌u‌r‌p‌o‌s‌e c‌a‌n b‌e a‌t‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d o‌t‌h‌e‌r‌w‌i‌s‌e, t‌h‌r‌o‌u‌g‌h t‌h‌e a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f ‌n‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d c‌o‌m‌m‌u‌n‌i‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌o‌l‌o‌g‌y.