محلول پاشی

Saffron is one of the most popular and well-known spice and medicinal plant species in the world. Limited information is available regarding the nutritional properties and allocation of phytochemicals in this plant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of different concentrations of forchlorfenuron and potassium nitrate on the accumulation of carbohydrates and starch metabolism in saffron stigmas and corms. This experiment was carried out in a factorial design in a randomized complete block design at the research farm of Zanjan University. The first stage of foliar application was conducted in early February and the second stage in early March. In this study, traits such as soluble carbohydrates and starch content in stigmas and corms, the activity of the enzyme beta-amylase in stigmas and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) enzyme in corms, stomatal conductance and resistance, photosynthetic rate, sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, anthocyanins, and flavonoids were measured. Additionally, the percentage of nutritional elements in stigmas and corms including nitrogen and potassium was determined. Based on the results, the interactive effect of forchlorfenuron at 5 mg/L with potassium nitrate at 500 mg/L resulted in increased nitrogen and potassium in the corms, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, flavonoids, and soluble carbohydrates in the stigmas. Transpiration rate and anthocyanin levels were not influenced by the treatments. Nearly all treatments, with the highest response observed with forchlorfenuron at 5 mg/L in combination with potassium nitrate at 1000 mg/L, led to an increase in starch content in the corms. The activity of the enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in corms continuously increased with higher levels of CPPU and KNO₃, especially reaching 49.96 µmol/min/g protein with a treatment of 5 mg CPPU and 500 mg KNO₃. This indicates an increase in starch storage in saffron stigmas under these treatments. This study reveals significant insights into the role of CPPU and potassium nitrate on growth, nutrient absorption, carbohydrate metabolism, and allocation of phytochemicals in saffron. Treatment with 5 mg/L CPPU and 500 mg/kg KNO₃ significantly improved all physiological parameters examined. This treatment resulted in increased carbohydrate storage, improved nitrogen and potassium uptake in stigmas and corms, enhanced activity of the enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in corms, and considerable increases in the qualitative characteristics of saffron such as safranal, crocin, and picrocrocin. The results obtained can contribute to improving the weight and quality of saffron corms to increase flower production in field conditions.

Legumes are a vital source of plant-based food, second only to cereals. Among them, Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) holds significant importance, particularly in semi-arid regions such as western Iran, where it is primarily cultivated under rainfed conditions. Chickpea is a valuable dietary component, particularly for low-income populations, as it is rich in protein (18-22%), unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. linoleic acid and oleic acid), and a good source of vitamins, such as riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, and folate (vitamin B9), and beta-carotene (a precursor of vitamin A) and minerals including calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. In terms of total grain production in rainfed environments, chickpea ranks as the third most cultivated crop in Iran. Kermanshah province, with approximately 141,000 hectares dedicated to chickpea farming, leads in cultivation area. Despite this, the average yield of rainfed chickpea fields in Iran (480 kg/ha) lags significantly behind the global average (1,057 kg/ha). This disparity is primarily attributed to limited soil moisture and a lack of bioavailable nutrients. This study investigates the potential of iron, zinc, and boron chelates applied in both bulk and nanoparticle forms – to enhance chickpea grain yield and address nutritional deficiencies under rainfed conditions.

The experiment was conducted during the 2018-2019 growing season at the Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University under rainfed conditions. A randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented. Fertilizer treatments were applied as foliar sprays in two growth stages: the beginning of vegetative growth and flowering. Treatments included bulk and nanoparticle chelates of iron, zinc, and boron at three concentrations (2, 4, and 8 g/l), their combinations and a control.

Soil analysis revealed deficiencies in bioavailable iron, zinc, and boron. The analysis of variance showed that both the type and concentration of fertilizers significantly affected grain yield and its components. All treatments, except boron fertilizer, caused a significant increase in grain yield compared to the control. The highest yield (814 kg/ha) was observed with the combined application of iron+zinc+boron at 8 g/l, resulting in 1,392 kg/ha grain yield and 3,287 kg/ha biomass.  Other notable results included combinations of iron + zinc + boron (1,196 kg/ha), iron + zinc (1,108 kg / ha), and bulk zinc alone (1,053 kg/ha). Increasing fertilizer concentration positively influenced plant height, the number of pods per plant, grains per pod, total grains per plant, and 100-grain weight. Among all treatments, the concentration of 8 g/l consistently yielded the most significant improvements. While nanoparticle fertilizers performed well, bulk forms of iron and zinc proved equally, if not more, effective in enhancing grain yield. However, bulk fertilizers were superior in increasing plant height.

The study concludes that while both bulk and nanoparticle fertilizers of iron and zinc improve chickpea yield under rainfed conditions, nanoparticle fertilizers did not demonstrate a clear advantage over bulk forms. However, regarding plant height increase, bulk iron and zinc fertilizers were particularly effective. Considering reports of the higher efficiency of nanoparticles in irrigated environments, further research is necessary to determine conditions where nanoparticles may outperform bulk fertilizers in rainfed systems.

Guar is a one-year plant from the Fabaceae family and tolerates dry and salty conditions, and therefore can be used as a high potential for production. The planting date is one of the most critical factors in the cultivation and production of crops. This is especially important for plants being introduced for cultivation in a region for the first time, as research on the optimal planting date for that area is essential. Mineral nutrition of agricultural plants is one of the most important aspects of production, and among the micronutrient elements, zinc has a fundamental role in the catalytic activities of proteins and enzymes involved in biological processes in growing plants. Facilitating the activity of many enzymes in the plant depends on the presence of appropriate amounts of zinc. Considering the research gap related to the effect of planting date and application of zinc sulfate in the study area and in order to compare with other different regions of the country, as well as the importance and development of new plant cultivation in the country, this research was carried out.

To investigate the response of morphological traits and yield components of guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) on different planting dates and zinc sulfate levels in the KhorramAbad region in the 2020 crop year, was carried out. This experiment was carried out as a split plot in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications. In the main plots, the planting date factor was set at three levels (including May 1, 20, and June 10), and in the secondary plots, zinc sulfate foliar treatments were applied at four levels: zero, 20, 40, and 60 kg per hectare of zinc sulfate applied. The amount of zinc sulfate in each plot was mixed with soil based on the treatment levels and the area of each plot. According to the test results, the soil was not deficient in phosphorus and potassium elements, so only urea fertilizer was used.

The results showed that the effect of planting date, zinc sulfate, and their interaction on plant height traits, the number of sub-branches per plant, leaf dry weight, and specific leaf surface area were significant. Also, the effect of planting date and zinc sulfate on the number of pods per m2, grain yield, and leaf area index were significant. Planting guar on June 10 resulted in the highest number of pods per m2 (1998.6 pods) and the number of seeds per m2 (13920 seeds), and on the other hand, despite the positive correlation between them and seed yield, the highest seed yield on this date, 3889.7 kg per hectare was planted. The highest number of leaves per plant (846.75 leaves) and leaf area index (6.02) were obtained on the planting date of June 10 and with the application of 60 kg per hectare of zinc sulfate (689.44 leaves and 5.43, respectively). The highest amount of dry weight of leaves per plant in the treatment of application of 20 kg.ha-1 of zinc sulfate was 21.08 grams and the highest specific surface area of guar leaf was obtained on the planting date of May 20 and in the treatment of no application of zinc sulfate (0.47). The presence of a positive correlation between growth characteristics, yield components, and leaf characteristics with grain yield also indicated the positive effect of zinc sulfate application and planting date of 10 June in increasing these characteristics and as a result increasing grain yield.

With the delay in planting and the application of zinc sulfate fertilizer, which led to an increase in the grain yield components in the guar plant, the grain yield also increased. According to the results of this study, it can be said that to achieve the maximum seed yield in the guar plant in the Khorramabad region, this plant can be cultivated on the planting date of 10 Khordad. Also, considering that there was no significant difference in terms of grain yield among the different levels of zinc sulfate application, in order to achieve the highest grain yield with the lowest amount of cost, it is possible to use 20 kg of zinc sulfate per hectare.

Studies have shown that the use of some compounds whose importance is often neglected by researchers and farmers can have a significant effect on the growth and yield of plants and increase the amount of essential oil production in medicinal plants. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of Selenium and Silicon foliar application and zeolite soil application on the yield and components of seed yield and the percentage and yield essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.).

 This experiment was carried out in the form of a split split plot (twice chopped) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Khosrowshahr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in the 2019 crop year. The first factor included foliar spraying of calcium (zero and 4 gr/L) and the second factor included foliar spraying of selenium (zero and 4 gr/L) in the main and secondary plots, respectively, and the third factor was the application of zeolite (zero, 5 and 10 tons/ha) were placed in sub-sub-plots. In the full ripening stage, plants were harvested from one square meter of each plot and the dry matter of the whole plant, number of seeds per umbels, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, percentage and essential oil yield were measured.

The results showed that the seed yield increased with the application of these treatments, which resulted in an increase in the yield of fennel essential oil per unit area. Based on the results of the average data comparison, the use of all three compounds of zeolite, selenium and silicon caused a significant increase in the yield of fennel essential oil and increased this attribute by 24, 23.1, and 22.5 percent, respectively. Silicon and selenium increased the yield of essential oil by increasing the seed yield. In addition, zeolite had a positive effect on seed yield through the number of seeds, while silicon and selenium increased both characteristics of yield components, including 1000-seed weight and number of seeds.

Finally, the yield of fennel essential oil was affected by the use of zeolite, selenium and silicon. In most cases, all three compounds were effective on the evaluated traits, and therefore, it can be concluded that these three compounds were effective in increasing the yield and yield components of fennel with different mechanisms. Therefore, it can be concluded that these three compounds work through different mechanisms to enhance the yield and quality of fennel essential oil, positioning them as effective tools in sustainable agriculture and the optimization of medicinal plant production.

Due to the role of optimal nutrition and fertilizer types applied on olive fatty acids, in this study the effect of foliar application of nano-potassium (K) and nano-silicon (Si) fertilizers on the fatty acid composition of olive fruit cv. Zard were investigated in spring and summer of 2021 in Darreh Shahr, Ilam province, Iran. The K nanoparticles at three levels; 0, 400, and 800 mg l-1 and Si nanoparticles at three levels; 0, 30, and 60 mg l-l nanoparticles were foliar applied on olive tree canopies using factorial arrangements in complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the content of majority of fatty acids in the oil olive fruit were affected by treatments and the content of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were increased in fruits of treated plants. The highest saturated fatty acids content (19.24%) and palmitic acid (15.47%) was recorded in 800 mg 1-1 potassium and 60 mg l-1 silicon, respectively, while arachidic acid was highest (0.94%) in 400 mg l-1 potassium and 30 mg l-1 silicon. The maximum stearic acid (3.37%) was attained in 400 mg l-1 potassium. The highest level of linolenic acid (1.24%) and linoleic acid (12.12%) was recorded in the simultaneous application of 800 mg l-1 potassium and 30 mg l-1 silicon, while application of 800 mg l-1 potassium and or 60 mg l-1 silicon led to the highest content of oleic, palmitoleic, unsaturated and mono unsaturated fatty acids. It is concluded that intermediate levels of potassium is more efficient for enhancement of saturated fatty acid while unsaturated fatty acids were highest in 800 mg l-1. Moreover, application of each fertilizer at high concentrations led to the highest monounsaturated fatty acids content, while a combination of lower levels of potassium and silicon was more efficient for increasing the content of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a species of the Alliacea family. It is of great economic importance in Hormozgan province, Iran, which is ranked the second among the largest producers of onion in Iran in terms of cultivated area (8147 ha) (Agricultural statistics, 2021). Conventional Irrigation have undoubtedly helped in improving both bulb yield and quality of onion, but lately, it was arising many novel trends in Irrigation. Using of chitosan as an antiperspirant compound is one of these trends, as it can improve the water use efficiency (Geries et al., 2020). Chitosan is a member of the polysaccharides which is considered a useful natural polymer and is produced by alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin. Ahmed et al. (2019) reported that positive effect of chitosan nanoparticles on onion, as it significantly promoted seed germination and radical length under salt stress. The best treatment on germination was 0.3% of nano chitosan. Growth variables (plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry weights of the shoot and root) were increased significantly. Nevertheless, data on the utilization of chitosan for onion are meager in Iran. In this way, this study was carried to consider the impact of irrigation periods and chitosan as a biological elicitor on onion cultivar of Taki yellow, uniquely the adjustment in yield and quality properties.

This study was carried out at the private farm in Sohrabi village, Shamil district, Hormozgan province, Iran, conducted during 2020-2021 growing season. The experiment was carried out as autumn planting. This experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement based on a complete randomized block design with 3 replications. Treatments were three irrigation periods and three doses of chitosan as main and sub plot, respectively. In this experiment 3 irrigation periods (such as two days, four days and six days) and 3 doses of chitosan (including zero, 1000 and 2000 ppm) with constant density of 63 plants m-2 yield and yield components (such as mean onion weight, length and diameter, onion shape index and dry matter content) and harvest index of onion were measured.

This study was conducted to assess the potential effects of irrigation periods and foliar spraying with chitosan, on the growth, yield quality of onion bulbs. In this experiment, nearly all measured traits were significantly (P<0.01) affected by irrigation periods and doses of chitosan. Results showed two forms of chitosan treatments (chitosan 1000 and 2000 ppm) were the most effective treatments for vegetative growth characters (plant height and Dry weight of shoot per plant), yield and its components (bulb dry matter %, bulb length, bulb diameter and total bulb yield) while chitosan at 0 ppm gives the highest values for harvest index in each irrigation periods. Also, results showed more irrigation (Two days) was the most effective treatments for vegetative growth characters, yield and its components. Therefore, according to these results, under deficit irrigation conditions, chitosan can reduce the effects of drought stress on onion more than No foliar application. In this regard, Shamekh, Jafari & Abdollahi (2021) the effect of proline, chitosan and its derivatives on photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence indices, qualitative characteristics and yield of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under deficit irrigation conditions and these researchers reported in their studies that under deficit irrigation conditions, chitosan and its derivatives can reduce the effects of drought stress on tomatoes more efficiently than proline.

The obtained results indicated that foliar application with chitosan had an important role in promoting and improving plant vegetative growth, and this led to improve in yield and yield components of onion in higher irrigation periods (four days and six days). The examination inferred that using chitosan to deliver highest yield in good quality with great the economic benefit was gotten from foliar application at 2000 ppm.

After wheat and rice, legumes are one of the most important agricultural products that are used to feed the people of the world. The amount of protein in legumes is about twice that of cereals, and it is a good quality protein source that complements grain protein. Among the legumes, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) with 17-24% protein and 40-50% starch and a significant amount of iron, phosphorus and many vitamins, is one of the legumes that has a significant amount of protein and a major contribution to the human diet especially the majority of people with low income (Majnoon Hosseini, 2017). Despite the importance of the chickpea crop, few studies have been conducted on the application of micronutrients. Proper fertilization is one of the techniques that is expected to be effective in increasing the yield of this crop per unit area and the quality of this crop (Aktas, 2009). It has been reported that at least 30 to 50 percent of the crop yield was related to the optimal use of fertilizers (Heisey & Norton, 2007). The optimal consumption of nutrients for the optimal production of crops varies depending on the type of soil in the region and agricultural operations, therefore, in case of changing the tillage method, it is necessary to choose a fertilizer formula that is compatible with the tillage method.

This research was carried out as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in 3 replications. Experimental treatments included tillage methods in 3 levels including conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) in the main plots, and treatments of foliar application were in sub-plots including no foliar application and foliar application of potassium Phosphite liquid fertilizers, K-Amino chelate and Zn-amino chelate (one liter per hectare) and zinc chelate fertilizer( with a concentration of 1.5 per thousand) were in the sub-plots. In this project, Mansour chickpea cultivar were planted with a density of 35 seeds per square meter at a depth of 5-7 cm and mechanized by a direct seeding machine (ASKE 2200) between November 15 and December 15 every year. Foliar spraying of fertilizer treatments was done before flowering using a back sprayer. At the end of the growth period in July, 10 plants were harvested in each plot and indicators such as plant height, number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight, seed yield, and biological yield were measured.

The results showed that the effect of tillage on the measured indicators was not significant. However, the highest seed yield (532.6 kg ha-1) was obtained from the no-tillage treatment, which was compared to the Minimum tillage treatments with a seed yield of 497.6 kg ha-1 and Conventional tillage with a seed yield of 412.6 kg ha-1, respectively 7 and 29 the percentage showed an increase. The effect of different fertilizer sources on seed yield, biological yield and plant height was significant at 5% level. All foliar treatments had a significant difference with the control at the 5% level. The highest seed yield was obtained from potassium phosphite treatment with a yield rate of 539.9 kg ha-1. The highest amount of protein was obtained from the Minimum tillage treatment at the rate of 20.35%, the highest amount of phosphorus was obtained jointly from the Minimum tillage and no-tillage treatments at the rate of 57%, and the highest amount of zinc was obtained from the traditional tillage treatment at the rate of 55.33 mg/kg. The effect of fertilizer type on protein, phosphorus and zinc levels was significant at the level of 1 percent (P<0.01). In all cases, the lowest amount was related to the control treatment.

In order to increase the yield of dryland chickpeas, direct cultivation (no tillage) along with foliar spraying of fertilizers containing potassium and zinc can be useful. In this case, in addition to increasing the production per unit area, it is possible to reduce the costs of fuel and tools caused by the traffic of tillers and to improve the quality of dryland chickpea seeds in terms of protein and zinc.

Traditional medicine has been successful in treating chronic diseases and their related problems. Considering the very high importance of medicinal plants and the growing need for the cultivation of these plants, especially Ammi majus plant due to its very effective medicinal compounds, it seems that the use of external stimuli in order to increase the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites can be effective as an auxiliary method in the cultivation of this plant. This plant is thermophilic and tolerates heat to some extent. In this research, different levels of melatonin (0, 30, 60 ppm) and time intervals of 24 and 48 hours were used. The results of this research showed that the use of different levels of melatonin, especially the concentration of 60 ppm, effectively prevented the destruction of the pigments of plants under heat stress, and even their amount increased approximately 2 times at 60 ppm compared to 0 concentration. At the same time, melatonin increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and thus led to a decrease in the content of reactive oxygen species that were increased under heat stress. The amount of malondialdehyde has also decreased twice as a result of melatonin spraying, especially 60 ppm. The result was the reduction of free radicals, reduction of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, and finally, the increase of tolerance of plants under heat stress. Generally, it can be concluded that melatonin as a functional stimulant is capable of stimulating physiological changes in plants treated with heat with the aim of increasing their tolerance.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of amino acids on yield and yield components of oil rapeseed under late-season drought stress conditions. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tarbiat Modares University during the 2021-22 growing season. The experimental treatments were irrigation regimes at three levels (normal irrigation, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, and withholding irrigation from pod forming) and foliar spraying at five levels (no foliar, foliar spraying 0, 1, 2, and 3 g amino acids per liter of distilled water). The results showed that plant height, shoot dry weight, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, and biological and grain yield, number of seeds per pod, and the number of pods per plant were significantly affected by the interaction of irrigation regimes and foliar spraying. The highest plant height (166.5 cm), 1000-seed weight (3.58 g), number of pods per plant (131.4) and grain yield (4514 kg ha-1) were obtained by foliar spraying of two g amino acids per litre under normal irrigation conditions. According to the results, foliar spraying 2 g amino acids per liter had the most positive effect on the yield and yield components of oil rapeseed in all irrigation regimes (normal irrigation, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, and withholding irrigation from pod forming). Therefore, upon approving in future research it could be recommended to use foliar spraying with 2 g amino acids per liter in oil rapeseed cultivation.

In order to effect of potassium nano chelate on physiological and yield characteristics of barley in irrigation cut-off conditions, this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main treatment consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub treatment consisted: no foliar application (control), 35 mg.L-1 and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano chelate. results showed that the effect of deficit irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate on number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, weight of 1000 seeds, grain yield, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were statistically significant at 1% level of probability. Interaction irrigation cut-off and potassium nano-chelate number of spikes, weight of 1000 seeds, in canopy temperature and relative water content leaf were significant at 1% probability and stomatal conductance at 5% probability level. The highest grain yield was in full irrigation (control) (5308 kg.ha-1) and 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-chelate (4854.9 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was in irrigation at anthesis (3169.4 kg.ha-1) and no foliar application (control) (3588 kg.ha-1). the maximum relative water content of leaf was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (73.13%) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (35.99%). maximum stomatal coductance was in complete irrigation (control) and foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer (185.87 mlmol.m-2s-1) and the minimum was in non-irrigation at anthesis and non-foliar application of potassium nano-fertilizer (47.99 mlmol.m-2s-1). as a result, foliar application of 65 mg.L-1 potassium nano-fertilizer at different irrigation cut-off periods cause improves grain yield and leaf water in comparison to control (no foliar application) and is recommended.

Micronutrient elements play a key role in the formation of chlorophyll and function of photosynthesis, respiration, enzyme system and physiological processes of the plant and their deficiency has destructive effects on the growth, production and yield of the plant. This research was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications on mung bean plant in the Research Farm of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, in 2019-2020 growing season. Two cultivars of Gohar and Partu and foliar spraying of zinc chelate, iron chelate, zinc nano-fertilizer, iron nano-fertilizer, and control (spraying solution with water) were tested. The maximum leaf area index (3.12), maximum growth rate (16.2 g m-2 day-1), and leaf area duration (157 day) were achieved by Gohar cultivar in the presence of foliar application of zinc nano fertilizer. Zinc nano-fertilizer had the greatest effect on the pods/plant (21.7), grains/pod (8.08), and grains/plant (164) of Gohar cultivar, which increased by 62, 22 and 62, 77.6 percent respectively, compared to the control. The highest biological yield (8599 kg ha-1) was obtained with Gohar cultivar when receiving foliar application of iron nanofertilizer and zinc nanofertilizer. The highest grain yield (2657kg ha-1) was obtained with Gohar cultivar subjected to nano-zinc foliar spraying, which was not significantly different from Parto cultivar in foliar spraying with zinc nano-fertilizer and caused 38% and 35% increases in grain yield of the two cultivars compared to the control, respectively. The highest harvest index was also obtained with Gohar cultivar supplemented by foliar spraying of zinc nano fertilizer, which increased the harvest index by 24% compared to the control. Foliar spraying of iron and zinc fertilizers caused significant increases in growth, biological yield and grain yield, as well as the content of these elements in the grain of both cultivars. The effect of zinc and iron nanofertilizers on the studied traits was more pronounced in Gohar variety than in Parto variety.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers at different phenological stages on the yield and quality of white bean seed (Almas cultivar)an experiment was carried out in twoconsecutive years (2016-2017). The experiment was done as arandomized complete block design with 16 treatments andthree replications in the Agriculture Research, Education and Natural Resources Campus of Boroujerd. Treatments included control(c), pre-flowering(G1), flowering(G2), pod stage(G3) , seed hardening stage(G4),) G1+ G2),) G1+ G3), (G1+ G4),( G2+ G3),( G2+ G4),( G3+ G4),( G1+ G2+ G3),( G1+ G2+ G4),( G2+ G3+ G4),( G1+ G3+ G4),( G1+ G2+ G3+ G4). The results showed that the highest grain yield (5354kg.ha-1) belonged tothe foliar application in three stages of before flowering, flowering and seed filing in the second year .Thelowest grain yield (3902kg.ha-1)obtaibed from the control treatment in the first year. the highest amount of iron and zinc belonged to the foliar application in three stagesof before flowering, flowering, and seed filling. The highest seed amount of iron and zinc was 112 and 39 mg.kg-1, respectively. Therefore, in order to achieve optimum grain yield, foliar application should be carried out in three stages of pre-flowering, flowering and seed filling stages.

In this research, the effects of foliar application of humic acid were evaluated on morphological traits of chicory (Cichoirium intybus L.) and pergularia (Pergularia tomentosa L.) in aeroponic system. Aeroponic system is a suitable method for investigating the effects of nutrient elements and optimizing growth of different plants in controlled conditions. The treatments were including control and 200, 400 and 600 mg/L humic acid. Foliar application of fertilizers was done at 20, 40 and 60 days after seed culture in aeroponic system. After 4 months, the morphological traits were measured. The results of ANOVA indicated that the effects of treatment were significant for plant height, root length, number and area of leaves, fresh and dry weights of the shoot and root in chicory and pergularia. The results in pergularia showed that 600 mg/L resulted in the highest plant height, root length, volume root, leaf number, dry and fresh weights of root and dry and fresh weights of shoot and the lowest of the mentioned traits were observed in the control. In the chicory, the results showed that the highest and lowest values of plant height, root length, volume root, leaf number, dry and fresh weights of root and dry and fresh weights of shoot belonged to the highest concentration of humic acid and the control treatment, respectively. It can be said that the use of a 600 mg/L of humic acid in the aeroponic system can improve the quantitative characteristics of the pergularia and chicory.

Improving the nutritional status of plants is an effective method for enhancing their ability to withstand drought stress. To evaluate the quantitative, qualitative, and antioxidant properties of castor plant under water deficit conditions stress and foliar application of chemical fertilizers, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot design in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation levels including control (normal irrigation), irrigation after 80 mm and 140 mm evaporation from the pan evaporation in the main plots, and eight spraying chemical fertilizers (sulfur, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur+potassium, sulfur+nitrogen, potassium+nitrogen, sulfur+potassium+ nitrogen and control (no spraying)) were included in subplots. The highest proline content, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total phenol were obtained under irrigation after 140 mm of evaporation conditions and foliar application of nitrogen+potassium+sulfur. Also, the highest grain yield, oil yield, and the lowest oil percentage were observed in the nitrogen+potassium foliar treatment under irrigation conditions after 20 mm of evaporation. Although the content of malondialdehyde increased in water deficit stress treatments, nitrogen+potassium+sulfur and nitrogen+potassium foliar application significantly reduced the peroxidation of membrane lipids (malondialdehyde) under irrigation conditions after 80 and 140 mm of evaporation compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, foliar application of chemical fertilizers in castor can improve the resistance to water stress by strengthening the antioxidant system and then increase its grain and oil yield.

water deficit stress during growth and flowering is one of the most major environmental constraints, which influences seed grain filling and consequential germination and early growth stages of plants. In this study, the impact of foliar application of micronutrients (control, Fe, Zn, Fe + Zn, nano- Fe, nano- Zn, nano- Fe + nano- Zn) on quinoa at 2 reproductive stages (50% and 100% of flowering stage) were evaluated under 2 levels of water deficit stress, control (-0.03±0.045) bar and water deficit stress (-9±0.045) bar. The results showed that germination traits including percentage, rate, mean germination time, germination uniformity, seedling length and weight index as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid content were significantly affected by micronutrient foliar application, foliar application time and water deficit stress. water deficit stress decreased the percentage and rate of germination and seedling indices, but foliar application of micronutrients reduced the adverse effects of foliar application of micronutrients. Foliar application of micronutrients also increase the amount of photosynthetic pigments. The findings of this research show that foliar spraying with nutrients, especially nano-iron + nano-zinc, increases the germination indices to improve the germination and growth of quinoa seedlings under water stress conditions.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors affecting crop yield especially in irrigated agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Application of some stress modulators (vermicompost, mycorrhiza, putrescine and zinc nanooxide) increases growth, yield and the resistance of plants against various environmental stresses such as drought. However, the effect of these compounds alone has been investigated on modulating the effects of stress, there are fewer reports about their interaction effects. In this experiment, the interaction effects of organic, biological and mineral fertilizers and stress modulators were investigated on the improvement of current photosynthesis, dry matter remobilization process, grain filling components and grain yield of barley under water deficit conditions.

To investigate the interaction effects of some stress modulators (vermicompost, mycorrhiza, zinc nanooxide and putrescine) on the contribution of dry matter remobilization and grain filling components of barley under water deficit stress conditions, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran, in 2022. The experimental factors were included irrigation in three levels (full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of the heading and 50% of the booting stages, equal to codes 55 and 43 of BBCH scale, as moderate and severe water limitation, respectively), application of biofertilizer, and organic and inorganic fertilizers in four levels (no application of fertilizers as control, application of vermicompost, application of mycorrhiza, combined application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza), and foliar application of putrescine and zinc nanooxide in four levels (foliar application of water as control, foliar application of 0.4 g.L-1 Zn nanooxide, foliar application of 0.8 mM putrescine, combined foliar application of Zn nanooxide and putrescine). Mycorrhiza fungus (mosseae species) was purchased from Zist Fanavar Turan company and according to copany’s protocol, 10 g per kg soil was used. Vermicompost was purchased from Gilda company and according to copany’s protocol, 50 g per kg soil was used. Zinc nanooxide production of China, with an average particle size of less than 30 nm, a specific surface of more than 30 m2.g-1, a Zn content of about 65.21% and a purity of 99%, was purchased from Jahan Kimia company, Urmia, Iran. The barley variety used in the experiment was Nobahar variety, which was cultivated with a plant density of 400 seeds per m2.

The results showed that the combined application of stress modulators (vermicompost, mycorrhizal, Zn nanooxide and putrescine) under irrigation withholding at booting stage conditions decreased dry matter remobilization from shoot and stem (22.32% and 25.65%, respectively) and their contribution in grain yield (52.92% and 56.95%, respectively) compared to the no application of biofertilizers and no foliar application of putrescine and Zn. In contrast, application of stress modulators under irrigation withholding in booting stage conditions increased total chlorophyll (24.91%), current photosynthesis (62.57%), contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield (30.54%), grain filling rate (6.62%), grain filling period (18.06%), effective grain filling period (27.67%) and grain yield (25.18%) compared to the no application of biofertilizers and no foliar application of putrescine and Zn.

The findings of the current experiment showed that the application of stress modulators (vermicompost, mycorrhizal, Zn nanooxide and putrescine) can increase grain yield of barley under water limitation conditions by improving the current photosynthesis and grain filling components.

Safflower has been cultivated in different parts of Sistan and Baluchestan since ancient times and is relatively tolerant of drought. It has many medicinal and food uses for the people of this region. Saravan is also one of the arid regions of the country, so the cultivation of plants compatible with these regions can be effective to improve agriculture in this region. Several studies have been shown that a small amount of nutrients, particularly Zn and Mn applied by foliar spraying can significantly increase the yield of crops Also, foliar nutrition is an option when nutrient deficiencies cannot be corrected by applications of nutrients to the soil. It is likely therefore, in open-field conditions, where the factors that influence the uptake of the nutrients are very variable, foliar fertilization is a privilege. Among the micronutrients, Zn and Mn nutrition can affect the susceptibility of plants to drought stress. Zinc plays an important role in the production of biomass. Furthermore, zinc may be required for chlorophyll production, pollen function, fertilization and germination. Mn plays essential roles in the metabolism of isoprenoids, chlorophylls, carotenoids and phenolics. External application of Mn2+ increases photosynthesis, net assimilation, and relative growth and yield.

this experiment was conducted to investigate different levels of irrigation and foliar application of zinc and manganese sulfate in November 2020 in the research farm of Saravan Higher Educational Complex as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments include three levels of irrigation, including: full irrigation, cessation of irrigation at the beginning of stem emergence and cessation of irrigation at the stage of flowering, and three levels of foliar application with zinc sulfate (three per thousand), manganese sulfate (three per thousand) and no foliar application. Study traits include speed, plant height, number of branches, number of heads per plant, seed weight per plant, head weight per plant, 100-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index (division of grain yield by biological yield by percent). Data analyzed was performed using SAS software (version 9/1) and mean comparisons at the level of 5% probability were performed using LSD test.

The results showed that the interaction effects of irrigation and foliar application in plant height, number of branches, number of heads, 1000-seed weight, seed-per-plant weight, head-per-plant weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) were significant (P≤ 1%). foliar application with zinc sulfate increased grain yield more than three times in all irrigation treatments, also grain yield in foliar application with zinc sulfate in non-interruption irrigation treatment (693 kg) Per hectare was seven times higher than the conditions for stopping irrigation at the stage of stemming and lack of foliar application (100 kg ha-1). In all irrigation treatments, foliar application of zinc sulfate Element was relatively superior to manganese sulfate and no foliar application. The highest grain yield was observed in the treatments of non-interruption of irrigation, cessation of irrigation in flowering stage and cessation of irrigation in stem stage, respectively. Was seven times the grain yield. In general, foliar application of zinc sulfate can be used as an agricultural solution to increase yield and reduce the effects of cessation of irrigation at the end of the growing season in safflower in Saravan climate. In general, the results of this study showed that under different conditions of irrigation interruption, foliar application of zinc sulfate and manganese can play an important role in mitigating the effects of drought stress on safflower compared to no foliar application. Discontinuation of irrigation at the end of the growing season in the stem and flowering stages reduced the seed yield of safflower compared to full irrigation conditions. Zinc sulfate foliar application improved yield-related traits in this plant, zinc sulfate foliar application increased grain yield about twice and in manganese sulfate foliar application this increase was about 30% compared to non-foliar conditions. The highest correlation was observed with number of heads per plant, head weight, seed weight per plant and number of branches. Due to the alkalinity of the soil in dry areas and the non-absorption of these elements by the plant and the positive effects of this element in relation to the defense system and photosynthesis of the plant, foliar application of zinc sulfate Element is recommended for safflower in Saravan climate.

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors involved in the growth and yield of wheat reduction and causes many damages by disrupting morphological and physiological processes. On the other hand, putrescine as a growth stimulant with antioxidant properties in the plants can inhibit the destructive effects of dehydration stress. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Factors included water deficit stress (control, 85% and 65% of field capacity), wheat cultivars (Kuhdasht, Zagros, Gonbad and lines 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 39 and 40) and putrescine (non-application, 0.088 and 0.176 g / L-1). Putrescine foliar application was performed in the three-leaf stage of the plant and dehydration stress was applied one day later for one week. Mean comparisons showed that dehydration stress decreased leaf chlorophyll index, F0, Fm, Fv / Fm, stem length and grain yield (grain number and grain weight) in some studied genotypes. The combination of 0.088 g / L-1 putrescine and drought stress improved the chlorophyll index (28.16%) and the amount of photosystem two (10.54%) compared to the control conditions. Also, the dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis placed the studied genotypes under dehydration stress and putrescine foliar application in three groups. In general, foliar feeding of 0.088 g / L-1 putrescine is more effective and recommended for the photosynthetic system improvement and tolerance of wheat plant to dehydration stress. Among the studied genotypes, Koohdasht, Zagros and Line 27 were more tolerant to dehydration stress due to putrescine-enhanced photosynthetic system and improved grain yield.

drought stress is the most important abiotic stress that limits the growth and development of agricultural plants. Zinc is one of the required elements for plant chemical processes, and its application in water shortage conditions can improve the effects of drought stress. Studies have shown that the application of zinc fertilizer to reduce the negative effects of drought stress leads to an increase in yield and yield components of agricultural plants. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the application of different forms and concentrations of zinc fertilizer on the yield and oil quality of Neptune variety rapeseed oil under water stress conditions during the years 2019 and 2020 in Biston region located in Kermanshah province.

The experiment was carried out in the form of a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design in four replications. Water stress treatment as the main factor (no stress, interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering and interruption of irrigation at the beginning of the formation of khorjin), foliar treatment as a secondary factor at two levels (spraying zinc sulfate solution and foliar spraying zinc nanochelate) with three concentrations of zero, 3 and 5 per thousand. After collecting the test data, they were analyzed using SAS software.

The results showed that the effect of drought stress and application of zinc sulfate on the characteristics of seed yield, biological yield, seed oil percentage, seed oil yield, erucic acid percentage and oleic acid percentage were significant. Also, according to the results of the comparison of the average test data, it was found that increasing the concentration of zinc sulfate and nano zinc application increased the grain yield and biomass up to 2839 kg/ha and 14634 kg/ha, respectively. The effect of zinc nanochelate on the increase of these two traits was greater than that of zinc sulfate. Oil percentage and yield decreased in both levels of water stress. According to the results, it was found that increasing the concentration of zinc and especially the nano form increased the percentage up to 43.6% and the yield of seed oil up to 1423 kg per hectare. In addition, it was found that water stress reduced the percentage of oleic acid in rapeseed oil, but nanozinc foliar application partially compensated for this decrease and increased the percentage of oleic acid to 65.75%.

According to these results, it was found that although the percentage of oleic acid decreased with the interruption of irrigation during the flowering and podding stages, the results showed that the application of zinc nanochelate in the conditions of drought stress and the absence of drought stress had a more positive effect on increasing the percentage of oil oleic acid. Therefore, the application of nano zinc chelate can be suggested in the conditions of drought stress to increase the yield and quality of rapeseed oil in the region. As a result, in order to achieve the maximum seed yield and high oil quality in rapeseed, a concentration of 5 per thousand zinc nanochelates can be used in the absence of drought stress.

Salinity is one of the most destructive environmental stresses, which affect almost every aspect of physiology and biochemistry of a plant. It is a serious threat for crop yield especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Several strategies have been suggested in order to decrease the toxic effects caused by salinity on plant growth, among them use of silicon and bio fertilizers play important role in yield improvement. In this regard, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse University of Mohaghegh Ardabili  in 2021. The investigated factors were included salinity levels [no application of salinity as control, application of 30 and 60 mM salinity (1.8, 2.76 and 5.53 dS.m-1 respectively)], bio and organic fertilizers (no application as control, vermicompost, mycorrhiza, both application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza) and nanosilicon foliar application (foliar application with water as control, foliar application of 30 and 60 mg.L-1 of nanosilicon). The results showed that both application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza, foliar application of 60 mg.L-1 of nano silicon under no salinity decreased dry matter remobilization from the stem (209.01%) and aerial parts to grain (80.49%), but increased stomata conductance (50.47%), flag leaf protein (26.17%), current photosynthesis (153.41%), the contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield (89.56%) and  grain yield (88.88%) compared to no appllication bio and organic fertilizers and nanosilicon under 60 mM salinity conditions. Based on the results this study, it can be suggested  that the application of bio and organic fertilizers and nanosilicon can increase the grain yield of triticale under salinity conditions due to improving stomata conductance and current photosynthesis.