جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فسفر » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Alfalfa is one of the most important fodder plants, being able to produce a high quantity of forage dry mass with high concentration of protein and to symbiotically fix atmospheric nitrogen. Having a deep and extensive root system, it reduces soil erosion and improves water penetration in agricultural soils (11). The results of the previous researches showed that the use of Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvar-2 bi-fertilizers had a significant effect on plant protein concentration and the highest protein (22.3%) was obtained when the plants were inoculated with Phosphate Barvar-2 and received organic amendment in the form of mushroom compost. Also, the use of Nitroxin and Barvar-2 bi-fertilizer increased the efficiency of nitrogen consumption, and inoculation with Nitroxin had the highest (22.8%) nitrogen use efficiency (5). Our study aimed to shed light on the nitrogen physiological efficiency and some agronomic traits of alfalfa in the presence of bio-fertilizers and organic manures in Kashan, central Iran.

This study was carried out in Aran and Bidgol, central Iran, in 2014. The experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were 4 levels of bio-fertilizers (control, Nitroxin, Phosphate Barvar-2, and Nitroxin+Phosphat Barvar-2) and animal manures (control, cattle manure, sheep manure, and poultry manure in 10 tons/ha). Stems/m2, grains/m2, 1000-grains weight, days to 10 percent flowering, accumulative fresh weight, nitrogen content, protein content, protein yield, physiological efficiency of nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency were evaluated.

Application of bio-fertilizers enhanced all examined attributes, compared to control, the extent of enhancement in a majority of attributes being greater for Nitroxin + Phosphate Barvar-2. The highest and lowest grains/m2 and 1000-grains weight belonged to application of Nitroxin+ Phosphate Barvar-2 + 10 tons/ha cattle manure and control treatments, respectively. The highest nitrogen content, protein content, and protein yield were obtained by the application of Nitroxin and poultry manures. The highest physiological efficiency of nitrogen was recorded under the conditions of control and cattle manure (3.19 Kg/Kg). The highest nitrogen use efficiency was observed in the presence of cattle manure and Nitroxin+ Phosphate Barvar-2. The application of Nitroxin + Phosphate Barvar-2 with an average of 68.4 tons/ha led to 15.63% increase compared to other levels of bio-fertilizer. Therefore, the combined application of Nitroxin and Phosphate Barvar-2 has been able to produce a high-quality animal feed in successive harvests than the sole application of each of these bio-fertilizers. Among the different levels of organic fertilizers, application of cow manure with an average of 67.08 tons/ha and no use of organic fertilizer with an average of 62.37 tons/ha produced the highest and lowest cumulative fresh weight of alfalfa, respectively. Also, the highest physiological efficiency of nitrogen (with an average of 3.40 kg of grains produced per kg of nitrogen applied) was achieved when 10 tons/ha of cow manure was applied.

The combined application of Nitroxin and Phosphat Barvar-2 bio-fertilizers was more effective than the sole application of each of these biofertilizers. Among the levels of organic manure (10 tons per hectare), cow manure was found to be more effective in enhancing the examined traits. Application of poultry manure had a more favorable effect on nitrogen and protein concentrations and protein yield of alfalfa. Therefore, combined application of Nitroxin and Phosphat Barvar-2 bio-fertilizers is recommended for producing alfalfa in the climatic conditions of Kashan.

Legumes are considered the second source of human food after cereals and have significant nutritional and agricultural values. Because of the drought resistance of lentils cultivars, dryland production of spring types could be important in the suitable regions with the proper temperature and rainfall, such as temperate regions of Yasouj county, Iran. To achieve the optimum yield of lentil using the most suitable cultivar (s) in the most proper sowing date is substantial. Mehraban (2018) reported that the highest grain yield in rainfed conditions belonged to Bilehsawar variety, which may be due to the higher weight of 1000 seeds in this variety. Also, in this research, it was found that the delay in planting by reducing the growth period and drought and heat stress in the seed filling stage causes a decrease in vegetative growth (a decrease in the branches in the plants and also a decrease in biological yield) and also a decrease in yield components such as the number of seeds. To mitigate end season drought stress in dryland lentil cultivation mycorrhizae symbiosis can be a proper practice. In a study by Piade Koohsar (2017), it was reported that the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on grain yield in lentil plant was significant. He also reported that the highest seed yield from inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus in the Kimia variety was 1939 kg.ha-1, and the lowest seed yield was observed in the control treatment (no inoculation) in the Kalpoosh native stand at 1339 kg.ha-1. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of sowing date and mycorrhiza symbiosys on physiological and yield traits of lentil cultivars in dry land conditions in Dashtroom, Yasouj, I.R.Iran.
 
Materials and Methods 
This research was carried out in 2020-2021 cropping season in the Deshtrum region, located 10 kilometers from the center of Boyar Ahmad county of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces, with average rainfall of 726 mm. The experiment performed as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor was three planting dates (January 28, February 12, and February 27) and the sub-factor was interaction of two factors including three lentil varieties (Sena, Bilehsawar, and Local accession) and mycorrhiza (Funneliformis moseae) (with and without). Leaf proline, chlorophyll, and soluble sugars content, as well as, seed nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. Plant height, grain and biological yield were measured. The data were analyzed using SAS software after performing the normality test and mean comparisons were made using the LSD test, and in the case of interaction being significant slicing was done and means compared by L.S.Means procedure.
 

The results showed significant effect of the triple interaction of sowing date, mycorrhiza, and cultivar on grain nitrogen percentage, total chlorophyll, leaf soluble sugars content, and biological yield. Also, the results showed that the interaction of cultivar and mycorrhiza on the plant height, grain phosphorus, total chlorophyll, the content of leaf soluble sugars, and biological yield were significant. The interaction of sowing date and variety for all studied traits except plant height were significant. Under the January 28 sowing date and mycorrhiza application, Sanna variety obtained the highest percentage of grain nitrogen (4.59%), total chlorophyll content (0.45 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight), leaf soluble sugar content (about 120 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight) and biological yield (3243.23 kg.ha-1) in. Also, the highest seed phosphorus percentage (1.67%), leaf proline content (13.16 µmol.g-1 leaf fresh weight), and seed yield (1152.90 kg.ha-1) related to the planting date of January 28 and Sanna variety. Application of mycorrhiza in nearly all of the traits had better performance compared with non mycorrhiza application. We saw that all cultivars had the best nutrient absorption, physiological characteristics and yield under mycorrhizal inoculation.
 

The use of mycorrhizal fungi increased all the measured traits. Also, in all three sowing dates, the variety Sanna had the highest performance in terms of the studied traits. However, the grain yield and biological yield of the January 28 sowing date were higher than other sowing dates; therefore, it can be said that the early planting (28 January) of lentil cultivars in the Dashtrum region helps the plant to achieve the maximum benefit from the growing season. On the other hand, the best result was obtained from the use of mycorrhizal fungi. According to the above conditions, the variety of Sanna along with the use of mycorrhizal fungi is the best variety for early planting in dryland conditions in the Dashtrom region.

In order to investigate irrigation management and the effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on hybrid corn SC704 experimental in the form of crushed plots in the form of complete randomized block design in three replications during two crop years 2015 and 2016 in Golestan province, in Katul was done. The main factor of irrigation cycle by day in four levels including 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and the secondary factor of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels included 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg.ha-1. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant effect between irrigation cycle and nitrogen on Weigh of 1000 grains, grain yield, seed nitrogen and biomass yield. The results showed that 28 days of irrigation reduced grain yield, seed nitrogen, seed phosphate and seed potassium compared to 7 to 14 days of irrigation. The increase in nitrogen fertilizer to 180 and 240 kg.ha-1 increased the yield of the grain by affecting the biological yield and yield components seed nitrogen, seed phosphate and seed potassium. However, nitrogen consumption in higher amounts under stress conditions (21 to 28 day Interval Irrigation) not only did not have a positive effect on yield, but also reduced grain yield by 180 to 240 kg.ha-1. The highest grain yield was obtained in the combination of 7 and 14 day irrigation treatment and nitrogen level of 240 to 180 kg.ha-1 and 12209, 11416, 10147 kg.ha-1. The results of the average comparison between the two years showed that the highest number of grains per corn was 583, the Number of grains per row as 40.3 and the Weigh of 1000 grains was 138.9 grams and seed nitrogen 3.991 µg.g-1 DW in the second year.

Potato (Solanum tubersum) is an important economic crop in the world. In order to investigate the effect of potassium (Potabarvar Bioferrtilizer) and Phosphorus (Barvar 2 Biofertilizer) biofertilizers on the yield and quality of two families of true potato seeds, including Fanta free pollinators and Savalan × Agria hybrids, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design with 8 treatments and three repetitions were done. The results showed that the use of Potabarvar Bioferrtilizer and Barvar 2 Biofertilizer affected plant height, leaf area and the dry matter percentage of tuber and leaf and led to an increase in yield compared to the control plants and the application of a mixture of biological fertilizers at the probability level of 1%. So that the highest yield in the treatment of Potabarvar biofertilizer was obtained on the free-pollinating Fanta family. Also, the application of these fertilizers led to an increase in the leaf chlorophyll index at the five percent probability level. The use of these biofertilizers led to an increase in the concentration of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the plant at the level of 1% probability. The application of these fertilizers had a greater effect on the free-pollinating Fanta family. Also, the application of the mixture of these biofertilizers did not lead to an increase in the desired indicators.

Chemical fertilizers have played a significant role in increasing the yield of agricultural products, especially since the 1950s, but the excessive application of these fertilizers in recent years has led to environmental pollution and a drop in agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem and human health, and economic prosperity. Researchers believed that the best and most accessible approach to solve these problems is the improvement of the efficiency indicators of inputs. So, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the use efficiency indicators for nitrogen and phosphorus and water in wheat-irrigated and dryland systems of Iran.

In this research, provinces with more than 80% production in irrigated and rainfed systems of Iran were determined and, in each province, cities with more than 80% production of this crop were selected. The required data were collected by using face-to-face interviews and recorded statistics. Afterward, the consumption productivity of inputs was determined, and then the Pearson correlation coefficient between the productivity of different sources was computed. Also, multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between yield with climatic variables and fertilizers and water. For this purpose, the two-year average for total precipitation for irrigated and rainfed systems in each region were extracted.

The results revealed that in the main areas of wheat production, the average productivity of nitrogen consumption for irrigated was calculated as 16.69 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen compared to 17.27 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen for rainfed conditions. Contrary to nitrogen, the efficiency of phosphorus consumption in rainfed agriculture was lower than in the irrigated wheat system. Also, the highest correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus productivity for the irrigated system was computed with r=0.506 and the coefficient between nitrogen and water productivity was calculated with r=0.309 for rainfed conditions. The results for regression analysis between yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that increases in temperature had a positive effect on grain yield in rainfed conditions. On the other hand, increasing in other parameters such as precipitation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and irrigation in the irrigated and rainfed systems had a direct relationship with grain yield.

Excess use of nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated wheat systems led to lower nitrogen use efficiency. Although, the grain yield in irrigated conditions was higher than in dryland conditions, due to the sensitivity of using nitrogen by farmers and the adverse effects of excessive use in rainfed wheat, the consumption of nitrogen has been used with more precision and sensitivity. This ultimately led to an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen consumption in rainfed compared to irrigated systems. Unlike nitrogen, the phosphorus use efficiency was lower in rainfed compared to the irrigated system due to the direct effect of soil moisture on the release of phosphorus in the soil. According to these results, nitrogen and water were the most important factors affecting the yield in irrigated and rainfed systems. Also, the regression analysis of the relationship between wheat yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that in irrigated systems, nitrogen and irrigation and in rainfed conditions, nitrogen and precipitation had the most impact on grain yield.

Selection of suitable pistachio rootstock and compatible cultivar are the fundamentals for establishing a pistachio orchard. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of Pistacia vera L. rootstocks on leaf nutrients concentration and yield of two pistachio cultivars. The rootstocks included; Akbari, Badami Sefid, Badami Zarand, Barg Siah, Kaleghochi, and Sarakhs, and two pistachio cultivars;  Akbari and Barg Siah were evaluated as factorial split-plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in Feizabad pistachio research station in 2020-2021. Results showed that rootstock had significant (P<0.01) effect on the concentration of leaf nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and boron. Sarakhs rootstock caused the highest leaf copper concentration and the lowest boron concentration. Also, Akbari and Sarakhs rootstocks had the lowest Na: K ratio with 0.063 and 0.069, respectively. Badami Sefid rootstock had the highest Na: K ratio with 0.126. Akbari cultivar grafted on Barg Siah rootstock had the highest leaf boron concentration (337.8 mg kg-1), and cv. Akbari grafted on Sarakhs rootstock showed the lowest leaf boron concentration (221.2 mg kg-1). Sarakhs and Barg Siah rootstocks with 9.58 and 3.33 kg tree-1, respectively, had the highest and lowest effect on fresh yield. Furthermore, cv. Akbari grafted on Sarakhs rootstock had the highest number of flower buds on terminal shoot, and the highest fresh yield with 11.92 kg tree-1. In conclusion, cv. Akbari grafted on Sarakhs rootstock was identified as the most efficient rootstock-scion combination.

Environmental stresses including drought stress are one of the most important factors reducing performance and growth and development of plants. The use of soil microorganisms is a promising technique to increase plant resistance to water stress. This study was carried out in order to evaluate tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Tomahawk) drought stress tolerance potential under drought stress and inoculation of microbial treatment with root fungus Piriformospora indica.

The research was performed in the research site of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Urmia University, during the years 2020-2021 as factorial-split plot in time based on randomized complete block design with three replications that experimental factors included inoculation and non-inoculation with P. indica and drought stress (30, 70 and 100% FC). After exerting drought stress, harvesting (sampling) was performed four times with an interval of 10 days. The measured traits included fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b content, activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes, potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen amount in shoot and root tissue.

The shoot fresh, dry weight, and the relative water content decreased with drought stress and the lowest amount was recorded in 40% of field capacity. P. indica inoculation caused the preservation of these traits. P. indica treatment caused an increment of 20.27, 37.21, 16.32, 13.02, 11.1% in root length, chlorophyll a content, amount of shoot potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, respectively. P. In addition, P. indica with increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase and ascorbate peroxidase causes preservation of the chlorophyll a, b content, and the shoot fresh and dry weight that reduced the effects of drought stress.

It is inferred that microbial inoculation with P. indica by improving the growth and biochemical characteristics of plants plays an important role in increasing the resistance to water deficit stress in Festuca arundinacea. Therefore, P. indica can be used as an effective environmentally friendly compatible in drought stress conditions in Festuca arundinacea cv. Tomahawk in the urmia weather conditions.Therefore, P. indica can be used as an effective environmentally friendly compatible in drought stress conditions in Festuca arundinacea cv. Tomahawk in the urmia weather conditions.K e y w o r d s: A n t i o x i d a n t e n z y m e s, W a t e r d e f fi ci t stress, Phosphorus, Microbial inoculation, Nitrogen.

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus biological fertilizers on the yield of red beans, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with replication in the agricultural year of 2012 in a farm located in Bravar region of Borojar city. The experimental treatments included the use of biological nitrogen fertilizers including  nitroxin and 2 special bean rhizobium fertilizers  nitro cara fertilizer  (control sample) was used. Phosphorous fertilizers including:  bio superphosphate  fertilizing 2.without fertilizer (control sample) were investigated. Based on the results of this research, it was determined that the mutual effect of the use of nitrogen and phosphorus biological fertilizers on plant height traits, the number of seeds per pod, as well as the simple effect of phosphorus biological fertilizer on the characteristics of the weight of one thousand seeds, the number of pods per plant, and the simple effect of nitrogen biological fertilizer on the characteristics of economic performance was significant at the 1% probability level. Also, the simple effect of phosphorus fertilizer was significant. Economic yield is significant at the 5% probability level. The simple effect of nitrogen and phosphorus and the mutual effects of fertilizers on the attributes of thousand-seed weight and the number of pods per plant are insignificant. The results of the comparison table of Duncan's mean show that in terms of grain yield, the highest yield of red bean seeds is related to fertilizer. Biological nitrogen level  (Nitro kara) is 634.2 kg/h, and also the highest number of seeds per pod and the number of pods per plant are related to biological nitrogen fertilizer level  (Nitro kara) is 7 seeds per pod and 19.33 pods per plant, respectively. In total, Nitro kara biological fertilizer had the most positive effect on the performance and performance components of beans, which can be used to prevent excessive use of chemical fertilizers and environmental problems caused by their use, while producing good and stable products.

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrients and zinc (Zn) is the most important micronutrients that their deficiency is the most important global nutrient disorder in the world paddy fields. The current field study was conducted to explain the effect of Zn and P foliar application on Zn and P content of rice grains and more broadly, grains bio-fortification (Zn and protein content).

The three factors factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in 2017-2018 at research field of the rice research institute of Iran, Rasht. The experimental factors were: varieties at two levels (Hashemi (local) and Guilaneh (improved) varieties), Phosphorous at three levels and Zinc at three levels.Also, the experimental treatments were: 1- no zinc foliar application (control-tap water foliar application), 2- the foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulphate (22%) at the strat of booting, 3- the foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulphate (22%) at the strat of booting and the start of grain filling stages; 4- no P foliar application (control-tap water foliar application), 2- the foliar application of 0.5% P(mono potassium phosphate- laboratory brand) at the strat of booting, 3- the foliar application of 0.5% P at the strat of booting and the start of grain filling stages.

The results of analysis of variance indicated that all the applied treatments and their interactions significantly influenced the morphological, yield and yield components, Zn and protein contents of rice grains. The results revealed that the foliar application of Zn and P the strat of booting and grain filling stages increased panicle length in Hashemi (7%) and Guilaneh (12.94%) cultivars, filled and unfertile grain number of Guilaneh (35.23- 6.40%) and Hashemi (40-35%) cultivars. Also, the foliar application of Zn and P (alone) increased the grain yield about 7 and 11.10%, respectively, and their application the strat of booting and grain filling stages increased biological yield of Hashemi and Guilaneh cultivars about 19.22 and 25.98%, respectively. The highest content of grain Zn and protein content were recorded at by the strat of booting and grain filling stages foliar application of Zn about 27 and 11 present, respectively.

It can be concluded that the foliar application of Zn and P at the strat of booting and the start of grain filling stages might enhanced the studied rice cultivars yield and yield component and more broadly the grain quality.

Fertilizer management is one of the most important managements to improve production and also to minimize its harmful effects on the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of optimal and conventional application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on the yield of low-yielding (Deylamani and Hashemi) and high-yielding (Fajr and Shirodi) rice varieties. The experiment was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design three replications at a research farms of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2019. In the absence of any of N, K and P fertilizers, yield of Shiroodi cultivar was 5458, 8399 and 9926 kg ha-1, respectively, and yield of Fajr cultivar was 4894, 7364 and 8903 kg ha-1, respectively. In low-yield cultivars, in the absence of any of N, K and P fertilizers, yield in Hashemi cultivar was 2969, 5134 and 4925 kg ha-1, respectively, and yield in Deylamani cultivar was 3028, 5408 and 5384 kg ha-1, respectively. Optimal application of N, P and K fertilizers caused a significant increase of 82, 65, 55 and 34% of yield in Shiroodi, Fajr, Hashemi Tarom and local Tarom cultivars, respectively, compared with the current application of these three nutrients. The results showed that a suboptimal application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is a main limiting factor for rice production, and improving the amount and split application of these fertilizers simultaneously can increase yield by 59% compared to their current application in the region.

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress, biofertilizer and potassium Nano fertilizer on quinoa plant, a split-factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Ahmadabad Mostofi, Tehran, Iran in two growing seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). The studied factors included drought stress at four levels (-0.015 (control), -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa) as the main factor and two biofertilizer factors (a combination of Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhiza fungi at four levels (non-application (control) and 1, 2 and 3%) and potassium Nano fertilizer at two levels (non-application (control) and application) as sub-factors were factorially placed in sub-plots. The results showed that the highest leaf area index (3.38), 1000-seed weight (2.56 g) and harvest index (31.7%) is attainable in normal irrigation condition and application of potassium Nano fertilizer. The highest potassium (0.115%), iron (154.0 mg/100 g dry matter), and grain carbohydrates (76.8%) contents were obtained under normal irrigation condition with application of 3% biofertilizer and application of Nano fertilizer and the lowest ones were obtained under condition of severe stress with non-application of biofertilizer and non-application of potassium Nano fertilizer. With increasing stress intensity, the mean calcium and magnesium of the seed decreased from 0.273% and 0.240% in normal irrigation conditions to 0.145% and 0.142% in severe stress conditions, respectively. Drought stress increased and decreased quinoa protein and seed oil, respectively, but the application of biofertilizer and potassium Nano fertilizer improved them. Therefore, both under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions, the use of 3% biofertilizer and potassium Nano fertilizer is recommended to improve the quality of quinoa seed.

To evaluate the effects of different application methods of humic acid and aminochelate (Foliar application and soil application) on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus. L), an experiment has been conducted under greenhouse conditions with factorial design based on randomized complete block with three replications during two years (2018-2019) in Tehran agricultural a natural resources research and education center. The humic acid factors are as three levels (untreated, soil application, and foliar spray) and aminochelate factor are as three levels (untreated, soil application, and foliar spraying). The effects of humic acid, the effects of aminochelate, and their intraction on yield, number of fruits per plant, fruit dry matter, and leaf chlorophyll index have been significant. The highest fruit yield, number of fruits per plant, fruit dry matter, and leaf chlorophyll index are obtained from soil application of humic acid and aminocholate, being 57.4%, 58.6%, 56.4%, and 43.8%, more than the control, respectively. Also, the effects of humic acid, the effects of amino chelate, and their intraction have been significant on concentration of macronutrients in leaf. The highest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium of the leaves are obtained from the application of humic acid and aminoclate in soil. Thus, the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium due to soil application of humic acid and aminolate increase by 44%, 51%, and 5%8, respectively. Based on the results, in order to achieve the maximum yield of greenhouse cucumber, the combined use of humic acid and aminocholate as soil application is recommended.

Mycorrhiza is a common group of microorganisms that can establish symbiotic relations with plants. To evaluate symbiosis and compatibility between a collection of chicory seeds and mycorrhizal fungi, through inoculation, a factorial experiment is set up in a randomized complete block design. Two batches of chicory seed (Ardabil and Fars) are inoculated by two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) with the control group of the seeds not being inoculated at all. Three replicates have been arranged in a greenhouse. The research aims at examining how the two species of mycorrhizal fungi affect several plant traits and the amounts of phytochemical compounds (i.e. phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll), fresh and dry weights of roots and root length. It also deals with chicory roots’ ability to absorb several elements. Results show that seed batch and mycorrhizal fungi have significant impacts on vegetative traits, chlorophyll content, phenol, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in plants. The highest amounts of total phenol production (3.77 mg/g fresh weight), total flavonoids (1.21 mg/g fresh weight), antioxidant activity (5.23 mg/g fresh weight), root growth and chlorophyll content are observed in the Ardabil batch when treated with G. intraradices. The lowest amounts of these values are recorded in the Fars batch where no mycorrhizal inoculation has been applied. The two batches of seeds grow into plants with different growth rates and phytochemical compositions. The growth parameters of plants improve in the case of mycorrhizal inoculation. The effects of G. intraradices are more efficient than those of G. mosseae in symbiosis with chicory plants. Based on the results of the present study and considering the compatibility of mycorrhiza with the environment, the use of these fungi can substantially increase the yield of various plants, especially medicinal plants.

One vital area of research about medicinal plants is to study the different environmental conditions affecting the quality of these plants. Also in the research of medicinal plants, it is necessary to investigate and find the optimal conditions to produce the plants with the highest possible yield. Knowing the proper planting date of medicinal plants for each region can be effective in increasing the yield. Cultivation date is one of the main factors in determining the yield of black seed. Accordingly, in different regions, different times have been suggested for the cultivation of this plant. On the other hand, due to the environmental problems caused by the use of chemical fertilizers, the use of organic fertilizers can be used as a solution to increase the yield of medicinal plants. Therefore, vermicomposting can increase yield by improving the condition of the soil bed.

The factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Fasa in 2021. The first factor includes six planting dates (3 February, 19 February, 5 March, 21 March, 4 April and 21 April) and the second factor includes vermicomposting at three levels (control, no fertilizer and vermicomposting 5 and 10 tons Per hectare). The Vertebrate application of vermicomposting was used. At the end of the growth period, nutrient concentrations, physiological traits and grain yield and yield components were measured.

The results showed that acceleration or delay in planting reduced the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus in black seed. Delay in planting may have reduced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by reducing root growth and nutrient uptake. Also, the highest nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of leaves was observed in the use of 5 and 10 tons of vermicompost fertilizer. At different planting dates, the use of vermicompost reduced ion leakage and increased the relative leaf water content and chlorophyll content. Consumption of vermicompost due to improved absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen has led to more synthesis of photosynthetic pigments. Therefore, considering the key role of elements such as nitrogen in the structure of chlorophyll, it seems that the supply of this element is the main reason for the increase in leaf chlorophyll in this study. Also, 10 tons of vermicompost increased the grain yield on planting dates of 19 February and 5 March by 13.2% and 17.8%, respectively, compared to the control. Production of higher yield at the vermicompost level compared to the control is due to the absorption of more nutrients as well as the improvement of photosynthetic pigments and the relative content of leaf water. Early sowing on 3 February and delay in sowing on 4 April and 21 April caused a significant decrease in harvest index and 1000-seed weight.

Late planting shortens the vegetative growth period, the plant enters the reproductive stage earlier and the plant is faced with a lack of photosynthetic resources. Also, the grain filling period is faced with drought stress and heat at the end of the season, and this end stress on grain weight causes a severe reduction in yield. On the other hand, vermicompost has been able to provide the plant with nutrients in an acceptable amount and has the right conditions for growth and increase yield. Therefore, vermicompost has increased the growth of black seed by providing a suitable growth environment. In total, the planting date is 19 February to 21 March and the use of vermicompost fertilizer 10 tons per hectare for planting black seed is recommended. Therefore, the use of vermicompost to increase the production of seed yield in Nigella sativa can be an interesting perspective in the production of this plant for industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Environmental stresses are serious threats for agricultural production. Abiotic stress is a serious threat to agricultural products. Pistachio is one of the most important agricultural products in Iran and United States and its developing in other countries. Pistachio has good yields in rain fed condition and increases the flush and quality of yield by irrigation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are one of the most useful microorganisms in the soil, and most plants can be symbiosis with mycorrhiza, that help to improve nutritional conditions and other functions such as photosynthesis and osmotic regulation under stress conditions.

AMF, (Funneliformis mosseae) were propagated using corn (Zea mays). Four pistachio rootstocks in symbiosis with mycorrhiza were subjected to drought and salinity stress in two separate experiments. Plants were divided randomly into three treatments (three replications and 6 plants per treatment), Treatments included drought, salinity, mycorrhiza and rootstock (In Shahrekord university, 2017-18, and 32 °21 N 50° 49 E ). At the end of the experiment, the plants were harvested. Then all parts of the plant, including roots, shoots and leaves, were separated and weighted. The amount of phosphorus was measured using a spectrophotometer (UV-Vis Spectrometer) at a wavelength of 470 nm (Olsen et al., 1954). Data were evaluated by Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 25.0.0.

The rootstock biomass in this experiment influenced by different treatments (mycorrhiza, rootstock type and stress). P content of both leaves and root tissues of pistachio rootstocks was affected by both drought and salinity stress (data not showed). Mycorrhiza increased root, stem and leaf fresh weight under drought and salinity stress and leaf area ratio and specific leaf area under salinity stress. Mycorrhiza-inoculated plants had lower phosphorus use efficiency and more tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. Growth indices and phosphorus use efficiency of root, leaf and total, decreased under both drought and salinity stresses. The Sarakhs rootstock was more salinity-sensitive than other rootstocks.

In this research, pistachio rootstocks showed differences in biomass and biomass was diminished under salinity and drought stress. Biomass reductions under abiotic stress (drought and salinity stress) conditions in previous studies on almond, peaches, olives, apple and pistachio fruit trees has been reported. Biomass was higher in +M rootstocks, which could be owing to effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on P absorption. The difference between rootstocks is related to rootstock absorption capacity that it is related to root condition. Therefore, rootstocks that have better roots growth and can obtain root survive under stress conditions, they can be better in mineral uptake and more tolerant to stress statue, because the ability of plants to withstand stresses depends to a large extent on roots.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most valuable agricultural products, mainly cultivated for edible oil. Phosphorus is a suitable nutrient in plants that plays key roles in several cellular structures and catalytic functions of enzymes involved in metabolism. In order to produce and develop phosphorus-efficient cultivars, 100 sunflower lines from different parts of the world were evaluated in an experiment based on agro-morphological traits under two optimal and phosphorus deficient conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications in pots in 2017-18 cropping season. Based on results of descriptive statistics, the average of most studied traits was reduced in phosphorus deficient compared to optimal conditions, and the most damage caused by phosphorus deficiency were observed in plant phosphorus percentage, grain yield per plant and head and plant dried weights, respectively. In population structure analysis based on 128 IRAP and 120 REMAP markers, two sub-populations (K=2) were identified in association panel and amount of linkage disequilibrium for the retrotransposon based molecular markers was 3.4%. In association analysis using MLM model, 17 and 19 markers were identified for traits in optimal and phosphorus deficient conditions, respectively and the cfcr8-1 marker was common between traits in optimal and phosphorus deficient conditions. The results obtained from this study present valuable information on the genetic basis of studied traits that can be used for breeding and developing high performance varieties in sunflower.

Today, in order to prevent the destruction of water, soil and environment resources, and at the same time to achieve the desired performance in agriculture, in the conditions of environmental tensions such as drought, the use of biofertilizers is a desirable solution. Drought is one of the most important non-living environmental stresses and a limiting factor in agricultural production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions around the world. Trichoderma isolates are stimulated by various mechanisms such as competition for food and the growing environment, stimulation of plant resistance mechanisms, stimulation of plant growth and development, change of environmental conditions, especially rhizosphere and increase the solubility of mineral elements to be absorbed by the plant. Experiments have shown that the use of Trichoderma Harzianum during the basil basil can increase the number of leaves, weight and dryness, nitrogen levels and plant phosphorus relative to the control (Tallapragada 2013). Due to the increasing reduction of water resources and the confrontation of plants with water stress and reduction of quality and quantity of agricultural products in this study, the effect of different concentrations of Trichoderma Harzianum on basil plant in drought stress on morphological, biochemical characteristics and adsorption of elements was investigated.

An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2018 in the greenhouse. The treatments included 3 levels of drought stress (50, 75 and 100% field capacity) as the first factor and inoculation with Trichoderma fungus (concentration 108) and non-inoculation with Trichoderma fungus as the second factor. Sampling was performed 60 days after drought stress, coinciding with the development of flowering plants. Morphological traits including wet and dry weight of aerial limbs and roots were weighed. The length of the stem and root was measured by a ruler and the leaf surface by a device measuring the surface of the leaf gauge. The total amount of nitrogen was measured by the kjeldahl method device, the amount of phosphorus was measured using a colorimeter by a spectrophotometer, and the amount of potassium was measured by a film photometer. Data analysis was performed using minitab 18 statistical software and comparison of means based on Bonferroni test at 5% probability level (p <0.05). The charts were also drawn using EXCEL software.

The results showed that the use of Trichoderma harzianum in different levels of drought stress had a significant effect on growth traits and adsorption of elements in basil. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoot and root organs, relative leaf water content and leaf area were observed in the treatment of 100% irrigation capacity along with the use of Trichoderma fungus with a concentration of 108 spore. Also, the highest adsorption of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen was observed in the treatment of irrigation level of 100% field capacity with the use of Trichoderma fungus with a concentration of 108.

The use of Trichoderma harzianum in stressful conditions in basil has improved the growth properties and increased the absorption of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen in the plant. In general, in this study, the highest increase in the observed trait was observed in the treatment of irrigation level of 100% field capacity with the use of Trichoderma fungus with a concentration of 108.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most expensive crop which is grown in restricted areas of the world. Due to its economic values, some farmers, based on similarities of climatic conditions have cultivated it in some regions of country regardless of land capability and suitability, which sometimes the result was not satisfactory. Saffron yield prediction based on soil properties enables us to assess the land suitably for cultivation of this valuable plant. For this purpose, 100 soil samples were collected from Vamenan Saffron fields in Golestan province and the soil chemical and physical properties including the percentage of constituents of the mineral part of soil texture (Sand, Silt, Clay), Phosphorus, potassium, Nitrogen, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic matter and Calcium Carbonate Equivalent were measured. In addition, the weight of Saffron wet flower (kg.Ha-1) was measured. In the present study, various combinations of soil properties as input were applied and nine models were developed using artificial neural networks and multiple linear regression models for predicting the saffron yield. Performance of the models was validated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Correlation Coefficient (R) and Geometric Mean of Error Ratio (GMER) methods. The results of the correlation analyses showed phosphorus and organic matter are most effective factors in the production of Saffron. Results showed that performance of the models is much different where R2 value varies from 0.45 to 0.89. Comparing the performance of Saffron yield estimation models indicated the optimal model was obtained from the combination of phosphorous, organic matter, potassium and calcium carbonate equivalent as input and values of R2 and RMSE equal to 0.874 and 0.996 kg.ha-1, respectively.Evaluation of model results indicated that the coefficient varied was obtained from 0.45 to 0.89. The best model in saffron yield estimation was obtained when phosphorous, organic matter, potassium and electrical conductivity were as the input, so that values of R2 and root mean square error (RMSE) were obtained 0.891 and 0.89 kg.ha-1, respectively.

The present experiment has been conducted as a split plot factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications in 2018-2019 crop season on a saline farm (with an electrical conductivity of 5.2 dS/m) in Dastgerd area, Isfahan Province. Four levels of irrigation (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of FC) compose the main factors and biofertilizer (the control, Nitroxin, Biophosphorus, and their combination) as well as chemical fertilizer in two level of no application and integrated application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are the sub-factor. Severe drought stress (25% FC irrigation treatment) increase the measured traits (antioxidant enzyme activity including catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase along with Proline and Malondialdehyde content) in quinoa by about 46%, 52%, 142%, 42%, and 39%, compared to non-stress conditions (100% FC irrigation treatment), respectively. Also, they significantly reduce grain and biological yield in this plant (by about 76% and 49%, respectively). However, at all drought stress levels , the combination of nitroxin and biophosphorus under conditions of simultaneous use of chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus shows the maximum effect on moderation of drought stress effects, significantly reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and, consequently, increasing yield, compared to other treatments at the same drought level. Overall, the results demonstrate that despite the salinity of the tested soil, quinoa has been able to complete its growth and seed production even under severe drought stress conditions.

In order to investigate the effects of solitary and combined application of chemical and biological fertilizers on the yield and yield components of quinoa plant, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Dastgerd (Borkhar), Isfahan, central Iran, during the 2017-2018 growing season. Experimental factors included four levels of Chemical fertilizers [control, urea, triple superphosphate (TSP), and combined urea + TSP fertilizers] and bio-fertilizers at four levels (no inoculation, and inoculations with nitroxin, bio-phosphorus, and combined nitroxin + biophosphorus). Results showed that the interaction effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on leaf area index, grain yield, and yield components (including number of panicles per m2, number of grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight) of quinoa plant were significant at 1% probability level. Combined application of urea and TSP fertilizers had the highest impact on the biological yield. Overall, the results showed that plant height, chlorophyll content and the number of panicles per m2 were significantly influenced by nitrogen sources of fertilizers used in this study. The phosphorus fertilizer sources had the highest effects on leaf area index, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and biological yield, which can be attributed to the greater impact of nitrogen on the increase of prolific panicles and to the marked role of phosphorus in both flower and grain formation. The integrated application of biofertilizers and all of the examined chemical fertilizers treatments increased the yield of quinoa plant compared to the control. Therefore, the application of biofertilizers as supplements can be introduced as a practical approach for optimal and balanced use of chemical fertilizers in order to achieve sustainable agriculture goals in quinoa cultivation.