bionic architecture

Probionic is a term used to refer to products that are not bionic or biomimetic. Maybe it is because marketing considerations have penetrated these areas. By researching internet sources and information collected over three decades, it seems that the word bionic is used as a marketing tool for probionic products. The history of bionic ideas and the confusing terminology associated with them (the term bionic was coined in 1901) is discussed in research, design, and marketing. The modern meaning of bionic or biomimetic refers to the period between 1800 and 1925 and its proponents Alessandro Volta (electric battery), "Otto Lilienthal" (flying device) and France (concepts). It was reinvented by Forrester and McCulloch around 1960. In Iran, this issue has expanded in the research. The term biomimetic is reminiscent of the term inspired by life; A term that includes everything from bionics to fashion design. However, most of the products that are known as biomimetic products only pretend to have such a principle and application, which is not the case in reality. For this type of products, the term pseudo-biomimetic or probionic is used. The findings of the research show that bionics may be one of the most important contributors in the field of new solutions of nature-based technologies and innovations, thus addressing some of the most important problems of humanity

Architecture is defined by the intersection of different fields of knowledge. Biology, due to its comprehensive nature as a science, can be related to a wide range of technological and creative disciplines. The aim of the research is to explore analogies between architecture and nature, specifically interior architecture and biology. Due to the close relationship between form and function, the inherent balance of forces, and the corresponding geometric solutions found in living organisms, biology is a frequent source of architectural inspiration. The specific aim of this study is to determine how new technologies can reframe and support the process of creating analogies. The benefits of a multidisciplinary approach to the conceptual process are well known among architects and interior designers. The research problem is the cognitive deficit in determining levels of bio similarity in contemporary interior architecture. Therefore, this research attempts to expand awareness about the relationship between biology and interior architecture, to enhance the student's thinking as a tool for creative design, and to keep pace with future thinking in architecture

Problem statement: 

The rapid transformations in the architectural landscape of Bam City following the catastrophic earthquake of 2003 have created a profound gap between modern construction methods and the city’s rich cultural and climatic heritage. Traditional architectural elements, developed over centuries in harmony with the hot and arid climate, have gradually been replaced by modern designs that neglect environmental and cultural values. This study seeks to answer the critical question: What are the opportunities and challenges of integrating bionic architecture with indigenous knowledge in Bam’s historical fabric, and how can ecological design principles be employed to create a sustainable and culturally harmonious environment in this unique climate?

To address this issue, a mixed-methods approach was adopted. Field studies and photographic documentation of historical structures were conducted to meticulously analyze the characteristics of vernacular architecture. Consultations with biologists provided insights into the ecological adaptations of native species. Interviews with ten architects and thirteen residents revealed traditional knowledge and their perceptions of nature-inspired design. Image preprocessing using OpenCV software facilitated geometric and textural analysis, which was subsequently reviewed by three architectural experts. Qualitative data from interviews were coded using Atlas.ti software, extracting themes related to the interplay of bionic principles and indigenous knowledge.

The study highlights the compatibility between Bam’s vernacular architecture and bionic strategies, including passive cooling systems and optimal material efficiency. However, challenges such as the adaptability of modern materials, economic constraints, and earthquake vulnerability were identified as barriers to integration. Addressing these challenges requires the development of hybrid solutions, combining modern and traditional materials, participatory urban planning, and nature-based approaches tailored to Bam’s specific socio-economic and environmental conditions.

Biomechanics uses mechanical tools for anatomical studies and checking the function of vital organs. Biotechnology generally refers to a set of technologies that uses living or biological systems of plants, animals, microorganisms or special compounds derived from these systems to produce industrial goods and services. In architecture, various aspects of the application of biotechnology have been seen, and in this article, the applications of cellular-molecular and body skeleton in the design of building shells have been examined. The method of descriptive-analytical research and content analysis is that biotechnological fields of patterning of cells and bones have been analyzed and evaluated. In the end, the analysis and summary of cellular biotechnological dimensions and bone biotechnology in the design of building shells are mentioned.

Nowadays, many architectural works have created many problems in environmental, economic and functional dimensions due to the lack of proper design with the transfer of forces and harmony with nature. Therefore, in this research, active bent mesh shell structures are investigated because of their light weight and economic efficiency in terms of materials and easy installation, which is a better answer to the mentioned problems. Also, with the aim of using the bionic architecture approach, the starfish form is one of the types of natural forms with a symmetrical and arc-shaped structure, which can be considered as the optimal form in terms of statics and flexibility for finding the shape of the mesh shell structure. In this research By using computational architecture method, first all kinds of geometric patterns of starfish skeleton in Grasshopper modeling and then with the help of Kangaroo and Karamba simulation software the forces and the location of maximum stresses were checked and compared and finally with the help of Galapagus optimization software, one of the forms Optimum grid shells were obtained. As a result, it was determined that the number of arms of the starfish form, the number of paths and the cross-sectional area of the members were effective in the amount of displacement and maximum stresses, and finally, the form that is light weight, static and has better performance than other forms in terms of structural and architectural characteristics. It was chosen that it can be a suitable answer for creative and innovative design in the construction of active curved grid shells with wide openings by using nature.

Today, with the advancement of technology, buildings have mechanical systems of heating, cooling, etc., which have increased energy consumption. Therefore, to solve this problem, it is suggested to design buildings sustainably. In addition, with the updating of technology, the construction of sustainable buildings has become important, and after that, new concepts of smart buildings have been proposed. Architecture that is designed based on fixed parameters does not react to external factors. Therefore, to reach a responsive architecture, these parameters must be changeable. Non-intelligent buildings cannot change with the path of the sun, wind changes, etc., and this creates a separation between the building and the surrounding environment. Therefore, today there is a need for buildings that adapt to changes in the external environment and learn to adapt using the information given. Also, when the systems achieve adaptability, they have a dynamic character and can respond to external factors, which ultimately increases the system's efficiency.Nature, which has one of the best responsive systems, can be a good model for providing a solution to this problem. The building facade communicates between the interior and the exterior of the building; Therefore, factors such as ventilation, light, cooling, heating, etc. of the building depend on a façade’s performance. Therefore, a facade design which has responsive to external factors can be very important to achieve a green building. In addition, with the correct design of a facade, energy consumption can be reduced and interior space can be provided for the comfort of the residents, which is one of the main goals of building design. Nature itself is made up of different parts which include: human, animal, plant form, and inanimate nature, and also the building has different parts that in this research to limit the title, from nature, the category of plants, and the building, a facade selected for research. The focus of the research is on providing solutions that bring compatibility between architecture and the environment, and finally, the ultimate goal is to provide new and innovative solutions for designing smart facades in buildings. Considering that plants are fixed like buildings with their roots in place, they need to react to external factors, and this reaction is realized with specific movements. In this sense, the plant is very similar to the building that is sewn to the ground and must protect itself from rain, storm, wind, light, etc. For this reason, the current research has investigated a type of plant with an opening and closing movement mechanism to make the facade of the building more intelligent so that a facade can adapt to the outside environment and protect the interior of the building.Finally, with the investigations, the carnivorous plant was chosen as the source of inspiration for this research, and the kinetic algorithm of the plant was analyzed. Because this plant reacts quickly in proximity to the surrounding environment and has a unique movement mechanism. Also, today it has been the attention of researchers from a behavioral point of view. The present research is hybrid and based on theoretical research, concepts, definitions, topics and gathering information from the compatible plant and presenting a program to convert the data related to the plant into the kinetic algorithm of the intelligent shell of the building facade. As a result, an idea to provide a solution with the combination of biology and technology for the climate adaptation of the building shell with the surrounding environment has been proposed, inspired by the adaptation of the plant to the surrounding environment. The research method is modeling-simulation. In this way, the kinetic shell is modeled in Rhino 6 software and Grasshopper plugin and Radiance analysis due to sunlight hitting the shell is obtained by Ladybug plugin. The Daylight simulation is obtained by Honeybee plugin. Shiraz climate data is obtained from Energy Plus software The results show that the kinetic shell, inspired by the carnivorous plant's kinetic algorithm is dynamic and adaptable and has the ability to control Radiant analysis and reduce the entry of Daylight up to 30% in the hot seasons of the year. Therefore, the kinetic shell modeled in the current research has a good performance in Shiraz climate.

What a man makes is a manifestation of his aspirations and demands. Therefore, the evolution of architecture is a representation of human life and thought. In fact, architecture is manifested as a mirror of human life. However, because of the role of human being in its development, architecture is related to different sciences and sciences. Attitude towards architecture as a living creature is one of the important interpretations which has long been discussed, however, this concept of the first decade of the nineteenth century with the introduction of the term meaning "life - life" meaning was given more attention. like many of the ideas that influence the doctrine of modern architectural doctrine, sociological analogies have come back to like many of the ideas that influence the doctrine of modern architectural doctrine, sociological analogies have come back to 1750. In those years two books of science and history were published, published, and published in 1753, where green plants were written in 1753 by naming of materials and production ability such as tissue or production methods, and the other book Natural History in 1794, where all living phenomena. In this paper, the study of the ` nature of nature ' and the benchmarking process of it in architecture has been addressed in an analytic approach. The research methodology of the present paper is descriptive - analytic with the application of the ` logical reasoning ' method. the findings show that inspiration from nature and imitation of it as the best example of imitation is always beneficial and has created many innovations in nature and human beings have not been able to discover the most important discoveries in nature and therefore man can find the response of many through experience, experiment, research, and creation of new assumptions. Finally, the dimensions of benchmarking of nature and associated concepts have been.

Considering the huge challenges of the effects caused by economic growth at the global level, the targeted development of sustainable innovation is an inevitable social responsibility. However, despite some progress, sustainability has not yet been incorporated into the development of large-scale production. Although bio-inspired innovations seem to offer solutions, the transfer of sustainability through the bio-inspiration process is only implicit, and the promise of bio-inspiration can only be realized through It is known as the traditional form. According to this situation, the concept of sustainability with biological model is determined by considering bio-inspiration and environmental sustainability and becomes fundamental by creating an integrated evaluation method. This concept shows the current link of sustainability assessment, which represents sustainability in construction and aspects of sustainability in biological systems. The basic evaluation structure is derived from biological systems that provide the necessary functions through the optimal use of scarce resources. Its application covers the entire development process of bio-inspired innovations, providing feedback and therefore support for decision-making with a focus on sustainability. The research method is logical reasoning and content analysis, which has the technical tools of library and document studies. Also, the basic evaluation structure of this research is the DGNB system, which seeks the principle of protecting areas that constitute natural social and cultural values. Research findings show that bio-inspired sustainability transmission is enhanced by targeted transmission and the promise of bio-inspiration to create environmentally sustainable and inspiring innovations. As it is expected that the evaluation method itself is bio-inspired, it is based on the characteristics of biological systems such as effectiveness, adaptability, multifunctionality and flexibility.

The basic elements in the curriculum planning of any field [including architecture], structure, content and methodology are in the field of "cognitive oriented to educational planning" categories, as in the structure of the field, the collection of information and facts is not important. Rather, it is "a precise way of thinking about information" and includes educational methods and models. Many people have a lot of information about the field, but they don't know how to think about it, and they don't actually follow a specific educational model. Therefore, it should be said that in the content of disciplines, including architecture, there are three issues: what are the constructivist learning models in the teaching of bionic architecture workshop skill courses, and what are the results of case evaluation? The "descriptive-analytical" research method and the analysis and evaluation of university professors' opinions based on the Delphi method and with interviews about the methods of teaching creativity and the optimal method of designing a constructivist workshop. Therefore, 50 university professors were questioned and after the interview, their opinions were analyzed in the form of factor analysis. The findings of the research show that among the methods and models of teaching creativity in bionic architecture, the method of "constructivist learning" met the maximum agreement of experts based on the Delphi method, and therefore it can be said that workshop training with the method Constructivist education will improve students' critical thinking and creative ability to solve problems, and participating in constructivist group activities under the supervision and guidance of professors will make people acquire a professional set of skills based on Creativity in bionic architecture becomes a workshop to look at the problem and then solve the design problem.

Probionic is a term used to refer to products that are not bionic or biomimetic. Maybe it is because marketing considerations have penetrated these areas. By researching internet sources and information collected over three decades, it seems that the word bionic is used as a marketing tool for probionic products. The history of bionic ideas and the confusing terminology associated with them (the term bionic was coined in 1901) is discussed in research, design, and marketing. The modern meaning of bionic or biomimetic refers to the period between 1800 and 1925 and its proponents Alessandro Volta (electric battery), "Otto Lilienthal" (flying device) and France (concepts). It was reinvented by Forrester and McCulloch around 1960. In Iran, this issue has expanded in the research. The term biomimetic is reminiscent of the term inspired by life; A term that includes everything from bionics to fashion design. However, most of the products that are known as biomimetic products only pretend to have such a principle and application, which is not the case in reality. For this type of products, the term pseudo-biomimetic or probionic is used. The findings of the research show that bionics may be one of the most important contributors in the field of new solutions of nature-based technologies and innovations, thus addressing some of the most important problems of humanity.

As a scientific discipline, Bionics deals with the technical implementation and application of construction, process and development principles of biological systems. Also Bionics is the link between biology (with technical biology) and technology. The most sensible way of introducing suggestions from nature via the medium of bionics is the interface between evaluation and implementation. This procedure means a targeted search for possible solutions from nature for an existing technical problem. Inspiration from nature to respond to scientific issues in various fields of knowledge is the goal of bionics in various disciplines, which has also accepted various roles in the design and construction of architectural structures. The bionic approach has always included various attractions and has been a source of inspiration in the field of architectural and structural design and construction. Having structural designs that are the result of millions of years of evolution in nature provides a good opportunity to study their load bearing behavior. In the meantime, in order to increase the understanding of the relationship between structures in nature and structures in architecture, the solution and attitude of nature against environmental forces through the most efficient structural arrangements can be expanded in the introduction of load bearing patterns for architectural structures. In this regard, the main goal of this research is to determine the various aspects of load patterns by surveying various examples of existing structures from natural and architectural structures. Interfaces must be developed that enable the architect to move easily and safely in this extremely complex subject area of natural systems. The architects is used to being firm in his everyday work in different subject areas and to acting as a moderator between the specialist disciplines. In the presented discussion, it is necessary to pay close attention to the complex process of transferring these load patterns from nature to the domain of architectural structures. It is logical to transfer patterns from nature to the structural domain, because they are the result of a very complex evolutionary process. On the other hand, this high complexity is what makes their direct application, i.e. mere imitation, in structural engineering problems very difficult. In this article, by relying on a descriptive and analytical method and using the literature of the main areas of research, load bearing patterns in these types of structures have been explained in the form of a two-aspect investigation, including the structural solution approach and the nature of the structure solution. In the first aspect, the structural response type and in the second aspect, the characteristics of the structure's response to environmental forces are discussed. Research findings and results indicate that instead of maximum resistance to force, natural structures mainly use force management and control methods. Nature always tries to neutralize or repel all or part of them, instead of maximum resistance against the applied loads, increasing the transfer of forces and receiving the maximum tension, according to the nature of approaches and load solutions. Therefore, in nature, the force management method is always considered along with force resistance.

The skeletal form of the structure is undoubtedly closely related to the form of the carrier structure. However, the relationship between structural design and architectural design can yield many forms. Structures, as the foundation of buildings in all countries, provide a suitable platform for architectural design. In modern architecture, new tools and designs are used, including biotic architecture. In this research, the combined method (descriptive and analytical-qualitative-historical) is applied to study and the collection and analysis is accomplished based on library studies. The results of this study show that bionic architecture is in fact a creative tool to achieve effective and efficient goals. Observance of legal and logical principles in building structures provides the ground for new architecture and appropriate visual vision. The bionic perspective on architectural design takes place in different areas. At times the aesthetic aspect of the project, and at other times the structure, climate issues and the functional solutions have been the goal of the designer of this field. With the results obtained in the analysis of case studies, it can be determined that the interaction effects of structure and architecture from the perspective of bionic architecture are significant and structure and architecture interact closely with each other and the avoidance of any of the mentioned categories can cause irreparable damage.

1. Investigating the interactions of structure and architecture and how they interact with each other 2. Investigating the status of modern architecture and the use of natural instruments (bionic architecture) as a symbol (aesthetics) .

Research questions:

 1. What is the role of structures on modern architecture and aesthetic standards in developing countries? 2- How can the physical quality of space be expanded by using the new technology of the third millennium and the harmonization of structure and architecture?

Knowledge of humanities in the thinking and practice of engineering nowadays is necessary because of the ambiguities of modern technology in terms of its use in development and its consequences for the future of human beings. The intent of Bionic Architecture, as a master’s program, should not be simply considered positive, ignoring the associated ethical and humane criticisms. This study is conducted on two levels, i.e., philosophy of technology and ethics of technology. Regarding the philosophy of technology, biotechnologies are explained epistemologically and ontologically. Regarding the ethics of technology, social ethics and environmental ethics are discussed. Then, the syllabus of the course Philosophy of Art is compared with that of similar courses in other engineering curricula in Iran as well as in the United States. The main finding of this research is that although presently the course of Islamic Wisdom is included in the Bionic Architecture program, it is not sufficient. Training for critical thinking as well as for ethical values instead of the mere description of modern technology must be placed at the core of the curriculum to give depth to students’ thinking and bring about ethical and value development in architectural technology.