continuous exercise

Metabolic syndrome, through its effects on hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, is associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the biological rhythm of the body after 8 weeks of continuous exercise in relation to the risk factors for neuronal degeneration, with a focus on miR-132 as a determinant factor in neurodegenerative disorders.

In this experimental study, 48 male NMRI laboratory mice with an average weight of 26 ± 3.22 grams were included. Initially, 24 mice were randomly selected and fed a high-fat, high-calorie diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, confirming the parameters of metabolic syndrome. The mice were then randomly divided into 6 groups: healthy morning control, healthy afternoon control, metabolic syndrome morning control, metabolic syndrome afternoon control, continuous exercise morning metabolic syndrome, and continuous exercise afternoon metabolic syndrome. During the intervention, the exercise groups underwent 8 weeks of continuous physical activity (5 days per week at 50-60% Vmax intensity) on a treadmill. The levels of miR-132 were measured using the Real-time PCR method, and the β-42 amyloid protein levels in the hippocampus were assessed across all groups. Data analysis was performed using a two-way analysis of variance.

The results of the 8 weeks of continuous exercise on miR-132 expression in the hippocampus of the metabolic syndrome mice showed that the main effect of the group, the main effect of time, and the interaction effect (group × time) on miR-132 protein expression were statistically significant among the study groups. The miR-132 levels in the metabolic syndrome + exercise group were significantly higher than those in the metabolic syndrome group, both in the afternoon (P = 0.001) and in the morning (P = 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two time points. The Aβ42 protein levels in the metabolic syndrome - exercise group were significantly lower than those in the metabolic syndrome group, both in the afternoon (P = 0.002) and in the morning (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the Aβ42 protein levels in the metabolic syndrome - exercise group were also significantly lower than in the healthy mice group, but only in the afternoon (P = 0.002).

Appropriate timing of continuous exercise, particularly in the afternoon, appears to modify metabolic factors and may serve as a preventive or controlling factor for neurodegenerative diseases. This suggests that it could be a promising candidate for further clinical studies aimed at improving the quality of life for patients with metabolic syndrome.

The aging process is characterized by a series of molecular and cellular changes over the years that can lead to the destruction of important physiological parameters to keep an organism alive and healthy. On the other hand, physical activity not only improves heart function but also reduces the risk of heart disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of continuous aerobic training (MICT) on the apoptosis indices of heart tissue in aged male rats.

In this experimental study, 16 male Wistar rats with an average age of 19±2.25 months and weight of 350.02±20.12 grams were used. They were randomly divided into two groups of moderate intensity continuous training (MT) and control (C). The continuous aerobic exercise program (MICT) was performed for 8 weeks and five sessions per week with an intensity of 60-75% of the maximum speed. 48 hours after the last training session, after complete anesthesia and killing of the mice, heart tissue was removed and immediately frozen in nitrogen solution and kept at -80 degrees. The gene expression values of BAX, BCL2, the ratio of BAX to BCL2 and P53, and caspase 3 of the heart were measured by real-time PCR. The data were analyzed by independent t-statistical method in SPSS 27 software at a significant level of P<0.05.

The findings showed that eight weeks of MICT training significantly reduced the apoptotic indices of BAX (P=0.002), P53 (P=0.015), and caspase 3 (P=0.002) in the heart tissue of elderly rats compared to the control group. Also, the results showed that MICT training increased BCL2 (P=0.011) and decreased the ratio of BAX to BCL2 (P=0.008) in the heart tissue of elderly rats.

It seems that regular continuous aerobic exercise using the MICT method can play a significant role in reducing the apoptotic indices of the heart tissue and slowing down the aging process.

Aging process with progressive decrease of cardiac function is due to the death of cardiac myocyte characterized by apoptosis. On the other hand, physical activity not only improves heart function , but also reduces the risk of heart disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of continuous moderate exercise on BAX, P53, and caspase 3 gene expression in the heart tissue of aged male rats.

In this experimental study, 16 male Wistar rats with an average age of 19±2.25 months and weight of 350.02±20.12 grams were randomly divided into two groups of moderate intensity continuous training (MT) and control (C). The continuous aerobic exercise program (MICT) was performed for 8 weeks and five sessions per week with an intensity of 60-75% of the maximum speed. Then, 48 hours after the last exercise session, heart tissue was removed under general anesthesia. BAX, P53, and caspase 3 gene expression values were measured by real time PCR method. Independent t statistical method was used in SPSS 21 software for data analysis.

The results showed that performing eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training caused a significant decrease in the apoptotic indices of BAX (P=0.012), P53 (P=0.015), and caspase 3 (P=0.002) in the heart tissue of elderly rats compared to the control group.

It seems that regular aerobic exercises with moderate intensity can significantly reduce the apoptosis index of heart tissue and the aging process.

This study aimed to compare the two methods of continuous and interval training for eight weeks on Aplin 13 and fibroblast growth factor in elderly rats.

In this study, 30 elderly male rats were randomly divided into three groups of continuous training (n=10), interval training (n=10), and control group (n=10). Interventions were performed for eight weeks. Blood samples (3 cc) were taken from the tails of elderly male rats 72 h before and after the last session of the protocol to evaluate the research variables (Aplin 13 and fibroblast growth factor). One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the findings, and the Tukey test was utilized for the homogeneity of variance of groups. All statistical tests were performed in SPSS software (version 17) at a significance level of α=0.05.

Aplin 13 had a significant increase in the continuous exercise group (P<0.05). Moreover, the fibroblast growth factor was significantly increased in the continuous exercise group (P<0.05). Aplin 13 had a significant increase in the interval exercise group (P<0.05). Fibroblast growth factor was significantly increased in the interval exercise group (P<0.05). No significant changes were observed in the control group.

The results of this study showed that eight weeks of continuous and interval training caused a significant increase in the levels of Aplin 13 and fibroblast growth factor in elderly male rats. Therefore, these exercises and especially periodic exercises can be used as a suitable way to increase angiogenesis in the elderly.

Type 2 diabetes is considered as a risk factor for heart disease and has a major contribution to death and mortality due to cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a continuous aerobic training period on the expression of VEGFA protein and expression of eNOS gene and VEGFR1 / 2 receptors in cardiocytes of type 2 diabetic rats.

18 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 including healthy control, diabetic control, and continuous aerobic exercise. After an 8-week training period, the expression of eNOS VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 genes and VEGFA protein in left ventricular cardiomyocytes of rats was evaluated by RealTime-PCR and Western Blot techniques, respectively. Insulin level, glucose level and insulin resistance index were measured. To determine the significance of the differences between the research groups, one-way ANOVA statistical test was used at the significance level of p= 0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the VEGFA protein expression and the continuous aerobic exercise control group. There was a significant difference in the expression of eNOS gene between the two groups of continuous training with diabetic control (p<0.05), the values of changes in VEGFR1 gene expression were positively and incrementally adjusted compared to the diabetic training group. There was also a significant difference between insulin, glucose and insulin resistance levels in the training group compared to the control group (p<0.05).

It seems that the 8 weeks of continuous aerobic exercise training on the expression of VEGFA protein and expression of eNOS gene and tyrosine kinase receptor genes in the cardiocytes of diabetic rats is effective and can probably be considered as an effective intervention method.

In recent years, the relationship between the complications due to diabetes along with an increase in glucose levels, blood lipid profile, decreased antioxidant defenses and subsequently, an increase in oxidative reactions in the body has been investigated. The results of extensive studies show that increasing the formation of free radicals, as a result of hyperglycemia, plays a important role in the pathogenesis and progression of complications diabetes (1). The combination of using herbal medicines and performing various physical activities to inhibit oxidative reactions has been considered by many researchers, as well. In this regard, the researchers found that Resveratrol, whit chemical formula: trans 3, 4 and 5-trihydroxyethylene, is a natural polyphenol and phytoalexin that protects plants against fungi in nature (10). As animal studies progressed, the effects of Resveratrol on various diseases were investigated, and some researchers reported the prophylactic effects of this chemical on cancer, cardiovascular disease, ischemic injury, and Alzheimerchr('39')s (10). On the other hand, it is also a factor in improving plasma markers related to type 2 diabetes (11).In adition, botanical studies show that Resveratrol contains important anti-inflammatory and antioxidant elements such as flavonoids and saponins (12). Therefore, the aim of current study was to evaluate the effect of interval and continuous exercise with Resveratrol on selected oxidative indicator in the heart tissue of mice with type 2 diabetes.

The present study was experimental. For this purpose, 56 male rats (mean age 40 to 50 weeks and weight average 250 to 300 g) were divided into eight groups including: control-healthy, control-diabetes, diabetes-saline, diabetes-supplement, diabetes-continuse, diabetes-interval, diabetes -continuous-supplement, diabetes-interval-supplement. Rats became diabetic by injecting a single dose of 50 ml / kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally. Continuous training consisted of 8 weeks, five sessions per week, which started with a speed of 15 meters per minute and a duration of 5 minutes, and got to 28 meters per minute, finally. Interval training included 10 sets of 1-minute activity with an intensity of 50% and 2 minutes of rest between sets. Resveratrol was injected intraperitoneally into the supplement group at a dose of 20 ml / kg and with daily program. The rats were slaughtered 48 hours after the last training session, and then their heart muscle tissue was removed and transferred to the laboratory for measuring the desired indicators.

One-way analysis of variance related to Catalase levels demonstrated a significant difference between the groups (p<0.001). The report of Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test was as follows: Significant difference among healthy-control group with control-diabetes (p=0.001) and diabetes-saline (p=0.001) groups, diabetes-control group with continuous-diabetes (P = 0.020) groups, Diabetes-continuous-supplement (p=0.004) and diabetes-interval-supplement (p=0.043), diabetic saline group with groups of continuous-diabetes (p=0.014), diabetes-continuous-supplement (p=0.003) and diabetes-interval-supplement (p=0.030). The assessment of intergroup changes of data related to MDA variable also showed a significant difference among groups (p<0.001). Tukey post hoc test indicated a considerable difference among healthy control with control – diabetes groups (p=0.001) and diabetes-saline (p=0.001), diabetes control with continuous-diabetes groups (p=0.020), diabetes- continuous -supplement (p=0.004) and diabetes-interval-supplement (p=0.043), saline group with continuous diabetes (p=0.001), interval diabetes (p=0.021), diabetes-continuous- supplement (p=0.001) and diabetes-interval - supplement (p=0.006). Tukey post hoc test reported there is a significant difference in SOD among healthy-control group with control-diabetes (p=0.001), diabetes-saline (p=0.001) and supplement-diabetes (p=0.046) groups, diabetes control group with continuous-diabetes groups (p=0.010), diabetes-Continuous-Supplement (p=0.002) and diabetes-interval-Supplement groups (p=0.033), saline diabetes group with continuous diabetes group (p=0.015), diabetes-Continuous-Supplement (p=0.003) and diabetes-interval-Supplement groups (p=0.049). Finally, Tukey post hoc test showed that insulin levels in the study groups increased significantly (p=0.001) and glucose levels decreased significantly (p=0.001) compared to the control-diabetes and diabetes-saline groups.

The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of interval and continuous training can decrease blood sugar levels and increase insulin levels along with increasing SOD and Catalase levels and decreasing MDA levels in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. SOD exerts its function when the intensity of training is such that it does not require high excretion of hydrogen peroxide, howeverat high training intensities the release of Catalase is stimulated (23). The past evidence has shown that increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide prevents the function of insulin in glucose transport. Hydrogen peroxide, as well as other exercise-generated free radicals, regulate several cellular functions and act as a secondary messenger; they, also, activate factors sensitive to hydrogen products such as AP-1 and NF-κB. The combination of these two factors and the other factors sensitive to hydrogen products can determine the release of the type of antioxidants (24). In line with this theory, a study reported that the expression of SOD and catalase antioxidants is inhibited by the use of a specific inhibitor NF-κB (25).  Besides, the increase in VO2max after a period of aerobic exercise is another reason for the improvement in antioxidant indices. The assessment of effect of the training intensity and duration on changes in antioxidant indices, especially SOD and catalase showes the amount of oxygen consumption during exercise is one of the reasons for the difference in the effects of different exercises (23). In high-intensity interval training, the production of oxidative anions increases, and at low-intensities, oxidation anions are neutralized by the greater release of antioxidants (26). Regarding the positive effects of this type of exercise in reducing lipid peroxidation in diabetics, a research has been done that indicates a decrease in MDA levels following exercise. It has been suggested that at low training intensities, increased SOD production may cause MDA uptake, and at high training intensities through GPX production, the antioxidant system is activated (27). In the present study, Resveratrol intake decreased blood glucose levels and increased insulin levels in rats with type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that Resveratrol can help treat diabetes by lowering blood glucose levels, protecting the beta cells of the of Langerhans island, and improving insulin function.It has been shown Resveratrol increases the rate of glucose reabsorption, even in the absence of insulin, by increasing the expression of genes involved in glucose transporters in plasma membranes such as GLUT4, by various cells derived from diabetic rats (28). These results suggest that Resveratrol and exercise can strengthen the heart tissuechr('39')s antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress.

In general, the results of the present study showed that exercise by lowering blood glucose and increasing insulin levels in diabetic rats causes increasing of the levels of SOD and catalase, as antioxidant enzymes and decreasin of the levels of MDA in the heart tissue of diabetic rats as an oxidative enzyme. These positive changes, when it comes to Resveratrol consumption was higher.

Apoptosis is organized cellular death, induced by various physiological and pathological factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of continuous training on rate of Caspase3, BAX and BCL-2 proteins in rats vascular by induced poisoning due to various doses of hydrogen peroxide.

40 mature male wistar rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups including 8 rats in each group. The groups were injected by: 1-Intraperitoneal injection of 1mM H2O2, group (H1), 2- Intraperitoneal injection of 2mM H2O2, group(H2), 3-Intraperitoneal injection of 1mM H2O2 with regular exercise, group (H1E), 4- Intraperitoneal injection of 2mM H2O2 with regular exercise, group (H2E), and 5-control group(C).The training groups performed regular training on the treadmill daily for 8 weeks, all of rats after the anaesthesia knocked out and the BAX, BCL-2 and Caspas3 proteins ratio were determined and measured by ELISA technic. The ANOVA Two Way test was used to determine the effect of each of the independent variables on the indicators. Also, the ANOVA One Way test of the Bonfroni follow-up test was used to examine the intergroup of each of the variables. And significance was considered as P≤ 00.05.

Continuous training in the rats showed that the amount of BAX protein did not decrease significantly compared to the treatment group with 1 and 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide. Exercise alone or with injections of 1 and 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide, increased the amount of protein BCL-2, which was not significant and decreased Caspase3, BAX, and BAX / BCL-2 ratios in both groups receiving one and two milliliters of hydrogen peroxide, but only changes in Caspase-3 (P = 0.014) and ratio BAX / BCL-2 (p = 0.0002) was significant in groups receiving 2 mM of hydrogen peroxide (P ≤ 0.05).

Continuous exercises are likely to reduce the apoptosis of endothelial cells by reducing Caspase3, BAX / BCL-2 ratio and increasing BCL-2 which is likely to prevent vascular tissu damage.

Studies showed that physical activity and saffron plant usage can positively affect the persons with testicle problems and subject to apoptosis. Crocins are rich in antioxidant compounds and increase sperm count and strength, motility and morphological ability of sperm. In this study, effect of eight-week exercise and crocin on the apoptotic indices of male rats’ testicles subjected to the apoptosis has been investigated by Doxorubicin.

  In this experimental study, 40 male rats were divided into control, scheme (doxorubicin), continuous exercise + doxorubicin, continuous exercise + doxorubicin + crocin, doxorubicin + crocin which were administered 50 mg/kg crocin for 8 weeks by gavage. All groups except the control group received doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg of body weight), six times at the end of each week. From the end of the second week until the end of the seventh week, the control group received only normal saline the same amount of doxorubicin. Continuous exercise groups for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week, respectively, 16, 24, 32, 40 minutes on treadmill running, Blood and tissue samples were collected 48 hours after the last exercise session and after 10-12 hours of nocturnal fasting, after anesthesia, and Bcl-2 and Bax levels were measured using Real-Time PCR testicular tissue. The results of statistical analysis were analyzed by one-way (ANOVA), at P ≤ 0.05.

Continuous exercise + crocin + doxorubicin had a significant effect on decreasing Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and increasing Bcl-2, The experimental group with doxorubicin + exercise + crocin had the lowest mean difference (0.0008) and mean difference with the sham group with the highest mean difference (0.0061)
 (P ≤ 0.05).

The results of this study showed that continuous training and crocin-dependent injections reduce the free radicals and induce beneficial adaptation in the testicular tissue antioxidant system by reducing the toxicity induced by doxorubicin.

Complex metabolic disorder with hyperglycemia is called diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of regular continuous exercise and resveratrol on regulatory and executive factors of hepatocytic apoptosis.

In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 10, including healthy control, diabetic, diabetic saline, resveratrol supplement, continuous exercise, and resveratrol+continuous exercise. The training program was conducted for 8 weeks and 5 days a week. Resveratrol was injected in resveratrol supplementation supplements and resveratrol+continuous exercise with a dose of 20 mg. Evaluation of apoptotic markers in the liver tissue was performed by ELISA.

BAX and CASPASE-3 concentrations were higher in diabetic and diabetic-saline groups (P≤0.001) .Bcl-2 concentration was also lower in the diabetic and diabetic saline groups (P≤0.001) .Mean BAX/BCL2 ratio was higher in diabetic and diabetic saline groups (P≤0.001) .Continuous exercise, resveratrol administration alone or in particular resveratrol intervention with continuous exercise, significantly decreased the mean BAX and CASPASE-3 concentrations (P≤0.001), BAX/BCL2 (P≤0.001) ratio and there was a significant increase in BCL-2 concentration (P≤0.001) in hepatocyte tissue.

The use of non-pharmacological exercise therapy, resveratrol supplementation, and in particular the combination of these two, can be effective in reducing hepatocyte apoptosis caused by diabetes.

Diabetes is the leading cause of mortality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interval and continuous training with resveratrol on the apoptosis markers (Bax and Bcl2) of heart tissue in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In this experimental study, wistar male rats were divided into 8 groups (control-healthy (n=7), control diabetes (n=7), diabetes-saline, diabetes-supplement, diabetes-continuous training, diabetes-interval training, diabetes- continuous training- supplement, and diabetes- interval training -supplement).
The main continuous training program included 8 weeks, five sessions per week, 15-20 m / min and 60 minutes and interval training included 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Resveratrol at a dose of 20 mg per kg body weight was injected to the supplement groups.  The rats have been sacrificed 48 hours after the last trainingand supplements session> Then, the heart tissue is removed and used to measure the desired variables. The heart levels of BAX and Bcl2 showed a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.046). The data showed a significant difference between the control diabetes with the diabetes-supplement, diabetes-continuous training, diabetes-interval training, diabetes- continuous training- supplement, diabetes- interval training -supplement (P <0.001). The results of this study showed that exercise trainings increase the Bcl2 and decrease Bax levels. This improvement was higher when resveratrol was used.

Nesfetin-1 is known as the Neuropeptide which interfere in appetite and glucose hemostasis. Its amount in healthful persons than diabetes sick is variable and changes according to the exercise. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on nesfatin-1 gene expression in diabetic rats.
In this experimental study, has utilized the diabetic wistar stagy rats with STZ (12 week-age, 220-240 gr-weight). Animals into 4 groups: continuous exercise (COE-0) and control (CO), (who died immediately after exercise) and continuous (COE-2) and control (C-2), (who died two hours after exercise), respectively. Group COE performed exercise speed of 18 meters per minute for 40 minutes on the treadmill. Hypothalamus tissue was excised for determination of nesfatin-1 gene expression by RT-PCR methods. Data was analyzed by using an independent t-student test. All statistical calculations were performed using SPSS version 20.
The current results indicated that the levels of nesfatin-1 gene expression, increased significantly in training group immediately and two hours after exercise when compared with Control group yourself.
It seems a session of continuous exercise may increase the hypothalamic expression of male Wistar rats with diabetes nesfatin -1 immediately and two hours after the exercise.