فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 98 (تابستان 1398)

Following the advent of knowledge-based economics and the importance of higher education in this approach, over the last decade, there have been numerous laws and policies in the field of higher education. At the same time, in recent years, universities have faced numerous financial challenges that overcoming them, as well as taking advantage of opportunities and appropriate capacity building in this field, require more integrated law analysis And the documents are alright. Accordingly, in this paper, firstly, based on documentary study and expert opinions with an analytical approach, the concept of "financial development of the university" has been addressed and, with the help of the framework derived from it, using content analysis method, 14 laws and upstream documents of higher education have been investigated. The findings of the research show that higher education policies are inequality and lack of comprehensive knowledge in terms of financial development of universities and, along with the consideration of laws in the category of "financing", other financial development components "Cost-effectiveness and cost management", "resource allocation", "institutional arrangements and" environmental factors "should also be considered more than ever before in new policy-making and review of regulations.

Banks play major roles in each economic system through having a large part of the circulating funds (of the community). In Islamic banking, credits are granted in terms of concluding Islamic contracts. Credits in the form of Islamic contracts (especially, exchanging contracts and partnership agreements) cause that applicants can take benefit of these credits inappropriately as well as make up fake documents that consequently, they lead to the deviation of credits due to some factors such as moral hazard and adverse selection that these obvious problems have been originated from the asymmetric information. In this paper, following a survey which has been conducted through using questionnaires (including 20 questions), effective factors on credit diversion have been investigated. Results and analysis of Friedman test and Cronbach's alpha coefficient indicate that credit diversion has a direct relationship with some components such as the amount of (concessional financing) credits, the interest rate on bank lending (banking facilities) and the share of collaborative contracts (partnership agreements).

The author in this article criticizes neorealist structuralism views, and suggest ideal model for Iranian foreign policy. although the structure of the international system force a regional competition model and, at a higher stage, a hegemonic model to the Iranian foreign policy elite, but the priority and purpose of Iran's foreign policy is not to compete with regional powers or hegemony. The requirements of Iranian culture and civilization, historical experiences, internal trends and the political elite beliefs in the Islamic Republic, prescribe the regional leadership model as the ideal goal for the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy. This model is fundamentally different from the hegemonic pattern. Leadership model is precisely against the hegemonic strategy. Leadership model is based on cultural and human components and in result have a material and objective Achievement. Leadership model is inevitably a soft power. The policy of Leadership model is a unilateral and start from a government who’s cultural and civilization is more powerful. The sense of political self-confidence of that country is very high for its legitimacy in the role of regional authority. The country with this goal, does not consider itself as a nation- state, but considers itself as a civilization-state with cultural background.

Traditionally the regulator in the most of legal systems implies the command & control approach and compulsory instruments to protect environment like standardization and criminalization. These instruments besides their positive aspects like high enforcement, are faced with some problems such increasing implementation costs for firms. These negative impacts urge a shift to implication of non-compulsory instruments to reduce the costs and increase the social involvement. Iranian legal system also has emphasized on compulsory regulatory instruments in doing so which is one of the causes of legal inefficiencies in environmental protection. This article taking a descriptive and analytical method, exercises the positive and negative points of the both instruments and suggests a combined model to choose the instruments based on environmental sensitivities, state preparedness and economic factors. There is no serious legal limitation in adoption of this model in the Iranian environmental legal system.

The role and position of the automotive industry in the economies of the countries, especially in their industrial sector, has led a number of countries to develop this industry and massively invest in it and while being recognized as a world-class automaker, reach the place that automotive industry would play a great part in the production, Employment and wealth creation of their economy. The examination of the path these countries have gone through can be useful for the countries that are on the same road but have not been able to achieve an appropriate place. In this article, with an overview of the history of the formation, evolution and developments of the world's automotive industry, the share of each activity in the car's value chain and the changes that have been made therein have been determined and the route of automation has been identified. Then, by conducting comparative study and using fish bone diagram, while taking notes of occurred activities and events, the path and the adopted policies of the selected countries have been explained. By choosing the snowball method and conducting interviews and also collecting debates, interviews and various comments on the car industry in Iran and of the world, the review of 30 experts and former directors on the field of automotive industry were received and by analyzing their content via Maxqda app, the path that our country has chosen and has traced to become an automaker has been presented and adjusted to the requirements of being an automaker and a conclusion has been reached.

Oil basic economy, tribe texture of society, religion or the same Wahhabi religion are three components that have always consolidated the legitimacy of Saudi Arabia’s current state in the last half century that is (has) solidified by the international and regional supports and lack of evolutionary forces too. Transformation in any of these components, dialectically can lead to changes in Saud Arabia’s state and society. The question of this article is: Is the Saudi Arabia social and economic structure prepared to replacement of Secular liberal sovereignty instead of Al_Saud in Saudi Arabia? Late Rentiers’ Theory with critique of first phase of Rentier state theory show that due to pressure of society by same reasons: population growth, prevalence of Islamism, wave of unemployment, globalization, state maturity, technological progress, freedom of trade and capital...society has reached to the situation that state is forced to changes. In the other hand, majority of Saudi Arabia’s educated young through social media and technological progress have linked with modern world who have not identified and supportive dependency to the tribal system same as in the past, and in addition the same weakened tribal system is also in fragile coalition with Al Saud. Besides to the same reasons, the role of religion in Saudi Arabia’s society is diminished, Shias (twelve, Ismaili, Zaidi) non Wahhabi Sonnies and large population of Saudi Arabia’s foreigners have questioned the legitimacy of Wahhabism. This article attempts to study tribal components mentioned in the theoretical framework of Late Rentierism which shows that in Saudi Arabia, Secular Liberal’s trend can replace the existing sovereignty and this could be accepted and protracted by the international society.

Depending on the legislator style of justice and influenced by the results of scientific studies or theoretical reflections, it have been created often formal penal policy movements against illegal appropriation national lands. Based on this ideological approaches, criminal rigor, minimum criminal law, participatory and critical management have been appear and provision is made for rational penal policy. Criminal law in Iran in this regard, on the other hand it has been left garbled, full of bugs and traditionally and it has not been made to modernize and on the other hand, this situation has caused on ever-increasing invasion of national land and the adoption of different measures, especially by judicial authorities. Hence, the need to establish specific criminal law and to streamline the procedures and techniques of the criminal system for the management of crime in this area is felt more than ever. But in practice, not only legislative action has been taken in this area, even against it, and for the sake of the judiciary and violating this crimes have been attempted.In this research a descriptive-analytical approach, with the scientific and cognitive aberration of the five point approaches, a sweeping and comprehensive solution can be proposed as a feasible and philanthropic strategy.

The purpose of this study is to extract the dimensions of productivity based on religious teachings. The method of this research is qualitative and with a deductive approach. A content analysis technique was used to extract the content. The sources are Nahj al-Balagh books and Al-Hekta's volume. The results obtained from the research data indicate two levels of individual and managerial and four dimensions. At the individual level, each person has to create capacities in his mind and his behavior. In a mental dimension like benevolence and self-sacrifice ... Such capacities relate to the attitude and mentality of a person relative to the outside world, and the initial basis is the creation of productivity. In the behavioral dimension, interpersonal interactions should be organized, such as attempts at livelihoods, daily planning, and avoidance of laziness. At the managerial level, there are also recommendations for managers and officials, which allows the overall community to be healthy and supportive. These recommendations are also divided into mental and behavioral dimensions.

Various types of Islamic Treasury bills are extensively raised in Iran's financial markets and had significant functions in handling economic policies. Therefore, studying the jurisprudential nature and sentences of these bills can in many cases have significant effects on the performance of these bills in applying various economic policies and economy in the country. In this study, using content analysis and jurisprudential ijtihad method, after reviewing various sale of obligation and analyzing the opinions of the jurists, the Islamic treasury bills in the secondary market have been examined from the angle of its performance with the functions of the usury markets. Also, in this research, have been extracted using famous jurisprudential views, five types of treasury bills and their sentences in the primary market. After reviewing and analyzing the comments, the result of the research is that the secondary market of Islamic treasury bills has the function of usury from a macro jurisprudential point of view. Finally, the terms of each of the five types of Treasury bills in the primary market have been expressed separately.

Demographic changes are one of the social phenomena that cause changes in identity in society. Population as a geographic element changes over time in addition to quantitative changes - qualitatively. The most important qualitative element of a population that affects a social political identity within a country is the population gap. The population gap in Tehran in the last decade has impacted the social, political, social identity of society in its form, nature, and effects and effects. This effect has shown better than any of its corollaries in student identities. Symbol students of the most recent generation of society are more influenced by new identity symbols and are therefore considered to be a good case study as a statistical society. Tehran, as a demographic composition, is a typical example of Iran's population, is a good place to conduct an empirical study in this field. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method of two hypotheses; A: The Relationship Between the Generation Gap of the Population and the New Social-Political Identity in the New Generation of Tehrani Students; and b. Socio-Political Identity in the New Generation of Tehran Students toward the Identity of the Generation Before considering the shape, the action, and the root of the incidence, it is more global and in terms of the consequences is more politicized. The results show a direct relationship between population gap and socio-political identity in Tehran metropolis. In this way, with the increase of the generation gap and the separation from the first decades of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the presence of a new generation in the metropolitan community of Tehran metropolis, political and social identity has also undergone changes.

Influential factors and their impact on Iran's Nuclear approach during different periods, were numerous and it has been a fundamental difference. However, the two variables of the individual and the structure always and at all periods the inevitable impact has been on Iran's approach. Because the relationship between these two variables could be exacerbating or facilitating conditions for solving the dispute provided. In this regard, the behavioral, verbal, and action symptoms Discourse Neo-Fundamentalist show the conflict between the two variables in the nuclear dispute. So based on the assumption that the conflict between the two individual variables and structure, The question is that: The contrast between the individual variables and structure in the Discourse Neo-Fundamentalist has affected on the Decision-Making strategies of the Nuclear Case? According to Rosenau model and descriptive-analytical methods, research results have shown that the conflict between these two variables has led to Sideline of Cost- benefit analysis and hence the priority of Decision - Making based on psychological - value strategies.