فصلنامه جغرافیا (برنامه ریزی منطقه ای)
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 36، پاییز 1398)

Abstract Urban spaces have long since been the cornerstone of social interaction of people. Although the quantitative and qualitative features of urban spaces have changed over time and due to different factors, citizens and other users of the city have always needed such spaces. In a general sense, urban is the interconnection between relationships and behaviors.The aim of this study is comparative study of the desirability of quality urban spaces in areas 1 and 6 of Isfahan. The quantitative research method is a descriptive-analytic and statistical population of all citizens over the age of 15 years in two regions in the year 96. The total number of population according to the Cochran formula was estimated 375 samples,The results of the research were analyzed using SPSS software, T-test and inferential tests (Pearson & Spearman, etc.). The results of the assumptions test showed that the quality of urban space in the region is not 1 and 6, and with Considering the average of two regions, it can be said that the quality of urban space in area 1 is more than area 6. The quality of urban space in the neighborhoods was, respectively, Beid Abadi neighborhood with average 72.29, Ali Gholi Agha with an average of 65.88 from Zone 1 and Shiraz gate with an average of 63.72 and Mardavige with an average of 61.12 from Zone 6. Urban space security is equal in males and females, and the higher the level of education, the less satisfied urban furniture satisfaction

The rapid growth and horizontal expansion of cities in most countries of the world, both developed and developing has encountered serious problems. The issues of this phenomenon have not only exacerbated the policies of urbanization, but their consequences have also played a key role in exacerbating the economic, social, political, managerial and environmental issues of societies. This paper was designed with the aim of strategic planning in managing density due urban land rent in Tehran city. The research method is analytical-descriptive and uses the swot-Ahp combination technique. The results of the research show that physical, managerial and economic factors are in different positions. According to Chart 1, managerial factors with the score of 0.346 are in the first place, indicating a higher priority than other factors. Economic factors also ranked second with a score of 0.338, and in the end, the physical factors with a score of 0.316 are in the third place. The results show that the dominant strategy on the study area is the type of diversity (ST) that has the most sensitivity, and the defensive strategy (WT) has the least sensitivity in controlling the density of land rent in Tehran city.

In line with the decentralization of Tehran's urban management structure, through a set of macro-level activities and services at the micro level (neighborhood), the central policy of the municipality of Tehran to change the centralized structure and create a decentralized management process seeking to create The link between neighborhoods and the provision of over-the-counter services to citizens was raised. In relation to the axial area, the 15th district of Tehran, which has not been investigated in this area so far, has been selected as a sample. In fact, this research was conducted to study the dimensions of the central area in four dimensions, social, economic, physical and cultural dimensions in the seven regions of the 15th district of Tehran. The research method was conducted at two levels of library (review of books, study history and documents related to the design) and field (questionnaire (survey) and interview with mayors of the district, councilors and citizens). The results of the research indices were descriptive-analytic and inferential statistics were used. The variable studied in this study is to evaluate the dimensions of the central area design. This research has 2 questionnaires, the first questionnaire in relation to citizens and in the 7 areas of district 15 of Tehran and the second questionnaire about managers working in the municipality and the region.

This research is based on the assumption that social participation as a cultural value contributes to the formation and rehabilitation of the texture of the historical market of Tabriz after the earthquake of 1194 AD, The study of the process of popular participation during the last three centuries and especially after the earthquake of 1194 AH. The main purpose of this research is to review the process of popular participation during the last three centuries, through the revising of historical documents and field surveys among bazaarists and customers in the historical market of Tabriz. For this purpose, firstly, after the earthquake, the participatory structures were identified in the historical context of the Tabriz market, and then, by separating them from historical maps and images based on the descriptive-analytical method, on the one hand, as well as field references and citations, the role of social participation in the form The development and development of this complex has been measured. The results of the research findings in the quantitative aspect showed that undoubtedly can consider social participation as a forming and developing factor in the structure of the historical market of Tabriz during the post-earthquake period. Also, the results of factor analysis findings led to the reduction of variables in the form of three factors, which in total had the ability to explain 68.35% of variance variations. Also, the results of the regression test showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables of social participation and recreation of Tabriz bazaar.

The growth and expansion of the cities of the country, especially the big cities, with the emergence of environmental challenges in the cities, and the loss of vitality and quality of life, will face the challenges of achieving sustainable development goals. What today challenges the municipalities of the country is a disparity in the duties and powers of the city district in different organizations, which sometimes create conflicts in the integrated management of the city. This system has major legal, structural and organizational constraints that require retrieval of related legal resources. The present research seeks to explain the legal relationships between government and municipalities in related legal sources. The research is descriptive-analytical and data collection methodology, library and documentary. According to the studies, the "integrated urban management" system Relying on decentralization and participatory management will integrate urban management, shifting centralized urban management to decentralized and integrated, and reforming the administrative-executive structure is inevitable. These reforms should focus on the orbit of the rule of law, the rule of law, and the obligation to create Legal backing. In addition, after considering the political, cultural and economic structure of the country, it is appropriate to first identify and eliminate the existing legal inconsistencies and loopholes, and then, considering the municipal capacity and identifying the strategic partners, new enterprises will be set up by setting the timetable The use of global experiences, interaction with research centers and the widespread collaboration of NGOs will make this template more successful.

The availability of infrastructures and the proper distribution of services in attracting tourists to the most prone tourism areas are crucial. Tourism is one of the best ways to reduce poverty, create employment and diversify the economy of deprived areas. The present study aimed to investigate the developmental level of the counties of Sistan and Baluchistan province in terms of having tourism infrastructures. The required information of the study was obtained from statistical yearbook of 2015 and the statistical populations of the study were Sistan and Baluchistan counties. The research method in this study was descriptive - analytical and models which have been used for ranking the counties were Morris and TOPSIS techniques. The results show that according to Morris index, counties of Zahedan, Chabahar, Iranshahr, Sarbaz and Saravan are the most developed and Nimroz, Mehrestan, Hirmand and Dalgan are the most deprived counties in the province. According to the TOPSIS technique, it was also found that Zahedan, Chabahar, Zabol, Saravan, and Iranshahr are the most developed and Nimroz, Mehrestan, Dalgan and Hirmand are the most deprived counties in terms of tourism infrastructures. Results also showed that in total, 95% of the counties of province are relatively deprived and deprived of development.

The sustainable development refers generally to balance at economic, social, and environmental objectives; its future vision looks very favorable. The Livability refers to a set of sustainability goals which directly affect community members. Thus, the viability is the path toward achieving sustainable development. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate Livability in Bandar Deilam to direct it towards sustainable development. This was descriptive-analytical study. The questionnaire (quantitative) and direct observation (qualitative) were used for collecting the data. The population consisted of all citizens in Bandar Deilam in 2016 (N= 27461). Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was determined to be 375. However, the questionnaires were distributed randomly among citizens. In addition, the researcher, in person, directly observed studied indicators at this city. The collected data were analyzed using one-sample t-test and Friedman test at SPSS software. The findings showed that Bandar Deilam was viable considering its economic index which was achieved by its commercial-tourism role at the port. In addition to employment of its residents, it had attracted many seasonal and permanent migrants from other cities. The social dimension, however, was undesirable, except at security and social solidarity. At environmental dimension, it was not viable and desirable due to limitations of natural environment and mismanagement at relevant organizations.

Reverse migration is the process of migrating from village to town and back to rural home. Rasht coastal villages are one of the areas that has experienced the phenomenon of reverse migration. This return will undoubtedly have many physical, environmental and social impacts but the purpose of the present study is to analyze and explain the consequences of reverse migration in the socio-economic and cultural developments of Rasht coastal villages during the last two decades. The main question of this article is that to what extent have the socio-economic and cultural developments of the villages in the study area been affected by the reverse migration and how were the effects and consequences of the reverse migration in the coastal villages of the study area? The method used in this article is library and field method it also uses tools such as direct viewing, photos and questionnaires to complete the data and Morgan's method was used to determine the sample population. The results of the study show in the event that rural managers can attract immigrant capital will be able to contribute more to rural development and of course immigrants have an impact on the overall culture of the new society, hence, the management of the discussion of cultural, social, economic and psychological damages and how immigrants are affected by the target culture or their impact on the target culture also needs to be managed.

The main purpose of the present study is to formulate a strategic model of sport tourism it is in line with the sustainable development of the city of Mashhad. The main question of the present treatise is that how can sport tourism development in Mashhad bring sustainable urban development to residents? This study is an exploratory one based on a descriptive-analytical method. Library and field methods are used to collect data and information. Questionnaire was prepared in field method and data and data were collected. Due to the survey survey, random sampling was used and it is generalized to the statistical population. Statistical population included sport and tourism management professors, senior students and PhD students in sport management, senior students and PhD students, as well as managers of travel agencies, tour operators and tourist guides in Mashhad. Cochran sampling method was used to determine the sample size. Based on this method, 371 individuals were identified as statistical sample. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cranach’s alpha method the value was 0/178. The data were classified by SPSS software and by using the nonparametric chi-square test the significant indices are determined and the analysis has been done. The results of the dissertation show that the development of sport tourism in Mashhad will have positive effects on the sustainable economic development of the city, social sustainability of the city, as well as the physical environmental sustainability of the city.

Cities as the most important places to attract tourists play an important role in urban development.The aim of this study is to investigate the structural components affecting sustainable urban tourism. The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its implementation method.The statistical population of the study consisted of three groups of households, tourists and officials.To select the sample size,Cochran formula was used. Among the households, there were 360 questionnaires, 285 questionnaires in the tourists group and 50 questionnaires in relative group were selected. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression test, Mick-Mac model and holsat model were used to determine the satisfaction of the performance of the astringent on the growth and development of tourism.The results of the HOLSAT model show that indicate that the highest level of satisfaction in the economic variable related to the component of obtaining experience with satisfaction level (1.23), in the related socio-cultural variable, the standard of living standard (0.5),in the environmental variable supporting the tourism areas (1.06) and in the institutional variable related to the activities of non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism (-0.66).The results of Pearson correlation coefficient show that all variables have a significant relationship with the growth and development of their tourism.Also, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that,for households, the variable of institutional structure with beta coefficient of 0.392,for variable tourists, the socio-cultural structure with beta coefficient was 0.542 and for the variable of environmental variable with the

Given the importance of the role of local management in urban and rural development and understanding the factors that influence it this research seeks to examine social participation and its importance, analyze its relationship with the performance of local governments (city and village councils, municipal-rural) using field data. This research is a mixed one and has been done in a quantitative way through survey research and in the qualitative part, focused interviews have been used.The population of this study is 18 years old and older people living in Damavand towns and villages according to Cochran's formula, the sample size is 382 data were collected through questionnaire and interview form in this research simple random sampling method is used.Interviews were also conducted with the use of purposeful sampling to theoretically saturate the experts and councilors.In conclusion, it can be concluded that there is a strong correlation between social participation and research dependent variable (performance of local administrations) with a coefficient of 0.511. That is, with the increase in social participation, local management performance improves as well.

By ending the Cold War the regional convergence entered a new level that due to prioritizing economy activities over military actions and the emergence of geo-economic idea most of the regional agreements are described as a form of mutual corporations. This research is going to analyze the role of regionalism on Iran geo-economic relations with the countries of southwest of Asia. The method of this research is analytical- descriptive collecting data and information from libraries and valid websites. Southwest of Asia has become the focus of global attention because of the energy resources and geo-economics capacities. The Islamic Republic of Iran due to being located in the important area of Persian Gulf and southwest of Asia and having energy resources In addition to geopolitics and geostrategic importance has got a special geo-economics importance. Iran can use this capacity, and creating convergence and regionalism with the countries of the area to reach the geo-economic goals in the area. But Iran hasn’t been successful in creating convergence and regionalism with the countries of the area in the mean of geopolitics leadership and influential power on energy transporting policy.

At the beginning of the 21st century two factors, having resources and communication position, play a major role in shaping the geoeconomic and geostrategic areas. Any country that has either one or both in economic strategies, world powers will have a special place. The main purpose of this article is analyzing the geo-economic position of Iran in the economic strategies of world powers. The main question of the paper is that what is the role of the geo-economic powers of Iran in economic strategies? And how can Iran take advantage of its geo-economic role? The hypothesis that we seek to answer the above question is that Iran has both hydrocarbon resources and communications status is a country with a geoeconomic position and this has shown itself in the strategies of economic powers. The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analytical using library resources and scientific and research articles, the research hypothesis will be analyzed and analyzed. The results of the paper show that Iran is playing a strategic role in the geoeconomic equation of the region and the world because of its communications position and its hydrocarbon resources.

Health is one of the most important aspects of human life. Health is the pivot of development. According to the sixteenth part of the teaching of education duties, efforts to provide and improve the health of students in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Medical Education have been emphasized. The method of this research is to use the research in the form of the nature of a descriptive-analytic study. In this research, 30 elementary schools of Ahwaz were studied. These schools belong to 3 districts 1, 2 and 4 of Ahwaz, including 10 study areas in the region of 1, 6 villages in the 2nd district and 14 schools in 4th district of Ahwaz. Sampling was done by census method. The data collection tool was included in this questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed using Excel software. According to the results of this research, it can be said that perhaps the most important issue is the health and safety of the school, the increase in school budgets and the improvement of management in education, education for the health and the rural environment and increased monitoring of the health center in the form of policies Established and coordinated between the two Ministries of Health and Medical Education.

The worn-out tissues of the city's vital nuclei should not be considered as a threat to urban development, but can be considered as an opportunity for the integrated and sustainable development of the city. Therefore, improving the living conditions and organizing of urban exhausted tissues requires the rethinking of participatory mechanisms in the public-private sectors and discovering effective and effective mechanisms for them, and applying refinement, reconstruction and rehabilitation approaches to reverse the current trends in the living conditions and evolution of these areas. Public-private partnership in the management and support of public bodies is the key to the recovery of worn out tissue. After the questioning and approval of60experts and experts in urban development, in the form of internal and external factors affecting the implementation of the public-private partnership model, we have eroded the structure of the texture and in four clusters the strengths, weakness of the system as well as opportunities and threats Out of the system are categorized. Subsequently, through a survey, experts, experts and experts. Also, the results of hybrid model calculations for evaluating the internal and external factors matrix of the implementation of the public-private partnership model in organizing the worn out texture of the 12th district of Tehran municipality have the final score of 3.8, 6.3 respectively. Therefore, acceptable strategies for implementation The pattern of public and private participation in organizing the worn out texture of District 12 of Tehran Municipality is an offensive strategy (SO).

The development of cities in high-risk areas and the occurrence of devastating earthquakes in recent years indicate the need for post-crisis planning to reduce vulnerability. Accordingly, urban infrastructure, especially communications, are of great importance in crisis management and vulnerability reduction. The present analytical and applied descriptive study was conducted to select the best route for earthquake relief in the 11th district of Tehran and considering the importance and priority of effective criteria for presenting vulnerability reduction strategies. Due to the high risk of this area and the location of urban center and worn-out textures and inadequate communication paths, this area has been selected as a case study. In this study, first, the qualitative criteria were converted to a quantitative Likert scale using a weighting questionnaire. Ranking and benchmarking were performed using ANP It is intended as an input to GIS layers. The result of the study shows the overlaying of pixels and overlay indices that 12.27% of the area was in favorable condition, 22.34% relatively favorable, 37.27% moderate, 27.53% relatively undesirable and 57.5%. Percentage is completely undesirable;Therefore, the model output indicates an unfavorable situation in times of crisis And planning must be done in spaces that can be used in times of crisis.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the strategic combination of sports tourism marketing in Golestan province with a 7 P's approach.The present research is descriptive-analytic in a survey method with a comprehensive approach. 211 managers of sport and tourism organizations, managers of tourism offices, tourism guides and academic experts in the fields of sport and tourism management, as a sample of this research, were convenience non-randomly selected, completed a researcher-made questionnaire composed of 57 valid questions (α=0.792) voluntarily. Using one-sample t-test, the sub-scales related to each of the seven elements of sports tourism marketing in the province were calculated. Also findings from Friedman test showed that the elements of sports tourism marketing mix in this province based on priority were different significantly. The element of price is the highest priority (Mean Rank Price = 4.86) and the process or planning is the lowest priority (Mean Rank People = 3.42). Other elements of the sport tourism marketing mix of the province are in order of priority: product or service, process or planning, physical evidence, promotion and place or distribution. The overall conclusion of this research showed that the comprehensive and sustainable development of this industry is the result of a systematic approach and appropriate to all elements of the sports tourism marketing mix.

The historical evidence shows that animportant port of political –spacial units stability and instrbility comes from the analysis of its geopolitical situation wich plays a significant rolein its political culture and foreign policy meanwhile Iraq has suffered from instability of geopolitical situation and inefficiency of people - government building process and other nondemocratic political systems and this has had a huge impact on its military strategy and political agression . This fact shows the vulnerability of Iraq regarding having access to the sea as its biggest geographical challenge on the past 5 decades which has caused Iraq to define its borders with iran and kowait over and over again to solve this problem but at some point in history it has resulted in war or tension with its neighbors . evidence suggests that as long as this does not solve the geopolitical challanges instability and stress fields in Iraq Will continue. thus this article assumes that the political instability in Iraq is affected by its geopolitical location and inefficiency of people – goverment building process and non democratic political systems and the methodology of that is based on logical inherent and the research method of thte is qualitative and the required analyctical data is collected through library reviews.

The lack of logical distribution of facilities such as educational and training facilities is the main factors increasing the regional difference and decreasing the non-favorite distribution and reasonable application of environmental potentials, the favorite distribution of facilities and population. Nowadays, regional inequalities, in terms of poor planning in developing countries are. Reducing the level of inequalities, principal and logical utilization of environmental powers, optimal distribution of facilities and population, studies on cities with a systemic view and identifying the degree of inequalities among settlements including important duties of regional planning. Therefore, the present study is to investigate West Azerbaijan and using factor analysis technique and cluster analysis technique as well as 21 indices in the social-cultural grounds. The method of the research was descriptive-analytical. The result of applying factor analysis was dividing townships in 4 enjoying, relatively providing, deprived and very deprived. The findings of the research indicated that has obtained the seventh rank with the score 0.78 among 17 townships of West Azerbaijan Province, which in other regions, 26.3 of cities were at the enjoying level, 35.29 percent were at the relatively enjoying, 23.52 percent were at the deprive level, and 17.64 percent of townships were at the very deprived level. Finally, using cluster analysis and drawing graph, the townships were categorized into homogenous groups. In sum, the findings indicate the difference and inequalities of townships in enjoying the social-cultural indices.

The texture and structure of today's cities are the result of a process which has been started since many years ago and it has been formed under the influence of different powers such as time and official, economic, political and social powers. These structure and texture are responsible for various historical courses and in fact the city is the emerging place of its inhabitants' need and will. The present study is an attempt to identify the process of formation and development of land in the years 1377 to 1393 Manjil and trends in the course of time. Descriptive research - analysis, in order to use the library and documentary studies to collect data and to extract the spectral classes of artificial neural network model and the changes in Idris and GIS software is used. The results of this study showed that the changes made by other applications to benefit the maximum rate of change of 202 hectares of land in 1377 to 405.3 hectares is of the year 1393. such as being located in Rasht- Qazvin communication road, the existence of Manjil dam and rivers with high water, garrison and wind powerhouse in this region are the most effective factors in formation and development of Manjil during history.

This article aimed to find the relationship between urban poverty and social exclusion among the dormancy cartoon in Tehran. the researcher, with the view that social exclusion is not purely economic, while social damage can’t be analyzed solely by antitrust approach, was conducted with a field interview of the homelessness that numbered 12048 They were housed in gardens, they were collected. After 38 interviews that reached theoretical saturation, the results showed that three groups of sleep cartons were caught in a cycle of social exclusion and urban poverty. The first group, due to voluntary and unplanned immigration, to find better opportunities for living together in a reciprocal relationship, economic rejection and urban poverty, which was subsequently due to inconsistencies with the destination of immigration and lack of Healthy relationships, cultural exclusion and social exclusion have also entered into this cycle. The second group faced unwanted and compulsory immigration due to family immigration, which has shown that living in vulnerable areas offers opportunities for experiencing high-risk situations, and ultimately, with family rejection, first experiences social exclusion And have gradually entered the cycle of poverty and social-economic exclusion. The third group never experienced social exclusion, but at the same time enjoyed a good social and economic situation, which had a positive social standing. But frustrations due to social conditions and sometimes revenge led to the entry of these people into the Cartoon Dreams Group, which had sought refuge in social isolation and exclusion.

For many time, the various political, economic, technological and competitive environments have been influential in the development of tourism in the countries. Because usually tourists choose to spend their leisure time, in addition to having historical and cultural attractions in terms of facilities and services, they are more competitive than they are with technology and technology, economically compared to similar areas. More economically and politically and lawfully similar to the country of origin. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of influential environments on the satisfaction of tourists in Isfahan. The present research is descriptive-analytic in nature and in terms of purpose, it is a type of applied research and in terms of data collection, library and fieldwork. . In this research, descriptive statistics (frequency, standard deviation and mean), inferential statistics (single sample T test, Chi square test, Wendel Kendall rank test and Pearson correlation coefficient) were used to analyze the data. The descriptive and inferential results of the research indicate that the level of satisfaction of foreign tourists from the technological, competitive, economic, and political-legal environments is at a low level. Based on the results of the Wendel Kendall Rank test at 99% confidence level, it was determined that the quality level and satisfaction of foreign employees from the technological environment with Kendall statistics 2.78 were at the highest level and the level of quality and satisfaction of the competitive environment with the Kendall statistical 1.98 was at the lowest level. .

In this study, analysis of anomalies and changes in the dynamic structure of synoptic patterns Summer Khuzestan province, The daily temperature of selected stations was extracted for a period of 30 years (1986-2015) for months (July, August, and September). Stations were sorted according to latitude and using the z score, the frequency of the monthly and annual occurrence of waves was identified. Data anomalies (temperature, humidity heights, and special) of the National Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic America to address anomalies https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd receive and charts every three months in the period for Traz•hay1000- 500 hp. The results showed that the abnormalities of different atmospheric levels also indicate a positive trend in the special atmosphere of the past decade. Despite the rising temperature in recent decades, the special weather barrier still shows a positive and upward trend. This phenomenon is a change in the atmospheric circulation patterns. Because patterns of flow are formed in the summer, which transports the moisture of the southern seas to the area and causes a rise in the atmosphere of the atmosphere. These conditions will slowly reduce the ecological comfort of the area and, due to the increase in the air, the summer heat will be hardened for residents and will create more unpleasant living conditions for the inhabitants. Because the increase in the temperature of the air on the one hand and the increase in air on the other hand, it is difficult for the residents of the province to live in a living condition

The geographical position of a country in terms of its position on earth and in terms of its distance to the open waters and its relevance to neighboring countries is important in formulating country strategies under normal and, of course, critical conditions. It is an event crisis that occurs suddenly and sometimes incrementally and it leads to a dangerous and unstable situation for the individual, group or community.Crises have different origins and types But the geopolitical crisis is the conflict between states and political-spatial groups and political actors over the control and seizure of one or more geographical values and factors.The main purpose of this article is analysis of the role of geographical variables in geopolitical crises in Iran. The main question of the paper is that What role do geographical variables, especially climate change and drought, play in Iran's geopolitical crises?The hypothesis we are trying to prove is true and false Geographical variables, especially climate change and drought, are causing geopolitical crises in Iran because of scarce resources. The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analytical will try to analyze the research topic using scientific and research papers as well as other written and digital documents. The results of the paper show that Geopolitical crises, which are sometimes the result of efforts to dominate geographical scarce resources, are often due to natural disasters in some areas.It happens, and therefore, a geographical crisis becomes a geopolitical crisis.