مجله پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز
سال چهل و دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 145، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1399)

Since the swimming pool water quality as an attractive sports center lead to adverse effects on human heath, in this study, microbiological and physicochemical parameters of water of Abyaran and Laleh indoor swimming pools in city of Hamedan City in 2015 were investigated.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of fifty four water samples were collected from the shallow, medium depth and deep areas of two indoor swimming pools. Physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity and free residual chlorine were measured on site. All samples were tested for the presence of bacterial contamination by specific mediums.

The mean values of water temperature and pH and also the mean contents of free residual chlorine in 100% of samples were lower than the standard levels, while, the mean values of turbidity in 100% of samples were higher than the standard levels. Meanwhile, in 100% of collected water samples from both swimming pools no microbial contamination to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus were observed and therefore users don't at health risk. While due to the total coliform and fecal coliform in 100% and 33.33% of analyzed water samples respectively were also found to be above the expected levels, users were at health risk.

Due to the mean values of turbidity and presence of coliform bacteria in analyzed water samples collected from Abyaran and Laleh swimming pools in city of Hamedan City were observed above expected levels, therefore, the quality control of public swimming pool water is recommended.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), an increasing health problem worldwide, is associated with severe cardiovascular complications. Then, the aim of this study was to investigate effect of 12 weeks of aquatic aerobic exercises on myocardial structure and function in diabetic female patients with heart failure.

In this semi experimental research, 36 diabetic women with heart failure in age range of 45 to 65 years old referring to shahid Madani medical center in Tabriz voluntarily participated in this study and assigned to one of two groups: control(n=16) and experimental (n=16) group. Aquatic exercises were carried out three sessions a week for 12 weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes with intensity of 5-8 in RPE Borg classification. Patients in control group continued their normal daily living activities. Blood sampling was gathered 48 h before and after training protocol to measure diabetic indexes such as Fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum Insulin, Insulin resistance, HbA1c and diastolic function such as E Velocity (EV), A Velocity (AV), Deceleration Time (DT), E to A ratio (EA), systolic function consisted on Ejection Fraction (EF), Left Ventricular Mass (LVM), Rest Heart Rate (RHR), Systolic pressure (SP) and Diastolic pressure (DP). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-18, T independent test at the significant level α<0.05.

The results showed that after intervention, LVM (p=0/000), EV (p=0/034), EF (p=0/002) levels were significantly increased and FBS (p=0/006), HbA1c (p=0/012), AV (p=0/002), SP (p=0/042) and RHR (p=0/035) were decreased in Aquatic exercise group. But in DT, EA and DP Levels these differences weren’t significant between two groups (p>0/05).

The results showed that aquatic exercises, resistance and aerobic exercises, as a safe and effective exercise Method, could be helpful in improving myocardial structure and function in type 2diabetic females with heart failures.

Patients with chronic renal failure suffer physical and physiological constraints as a result of the hemodialysis process and lack of mobility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selected core stability exercises on the pain, fatigue and physical performance in elderly hemodialysis patients.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 hemodialysis man patients with a mean age (62.246.51 years), history of dialysis (29.418.44 months) and dialysis three times a week were selected by available manner and randomly were divided into exercise (n=15) and control group (n=15). Pain, fatigue and physical performance of the patients was measured before and after the training program with VAS questionnaire, FSS questionnaire and two minute walk tests. Patient in the experimental group were done modified core stabilization exercises for 6 weeks, 45-minute three sessions in week. To analyze the data, variance analysis was used to measure the repeated values at the significance level (p0.05).

The results indicated that the changes and interactions of the two variables of pain (F=24.61, P=0.001), Fatigue (F=41.03, P=0.001) and the physical function (F=83.07, P=0.001) were significant in the experimental group after exercise. Also in the experimental group, showed significant improvement in the pain, fatigue and physical performance (p<0/05), compared to the control group.

According to mobility constraints and aggravation of patients' problems in sport strategies based on lower extremity, the selected core stability exercises were an effective and suitable option for elderly hemodialysis in reducing the pain, fatigue and improving physical function, this type of exercise can be used as a non-pharmaceutical strategy by therapists and care staff.

IGF-1 is an anabolic hormone that is effective in cell metabolism and growth. Flaxseeds contain unsaturated fatty acids and are useful. Previous studies have shown that physical activity and natural substances affect hormonal levels. Thus the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with and without flaxseed oil on plasma IGF-1 level in male rats.

20 adult male Wistar rats were present in study. Animals randomly divided into four groups (five in each group) including control- saline (CS), training- saline (TS), control- flaxseed oil (CO), and training- flaxseed oil (TO) groups. The training groups performed HIIT (10 weeks, five sessions per week, 90–95% VO2 max) on a rodent treadmill. The supplementation groups also received flaxseed oil supplement (300 mg/kg). The rats were sacrificed five days after the last training session. The plasma was collected, and plasma IGF-1 lever evaluated by ELISA method.

Training increased the level of the plasma IGF-1 than non-training groups (P=0.009). The level of plasma IGF-1 was higher in the flaxseed oil-supplemented groups than the saline-treated groups. (P=0.002). The interaction between training and supplementation also led to an increase in plasma IGF-1 level than training or supplement alone (P=0.001).

HIIT and flaxseed oil consumption can increase the IGF-1 in body.

Efficient walking requires the interaction of the three sensory systems for a good maintenance of the balance. In blind people, lack of visual input can harm for walking mechanics. The aim of this study was to compare plantar pressure variables during walking with and without immediate use of textured insoles in blind subjects.

The design of the present study was self-controlled study. 12 blind men (age: 29.66±4.39 years) volunteered to participate in this study. A foot scan system (sampling rate: 300 Hz) was used for measuring plantar pressure variables during walking with and without textured insoles. Paired sample t-test was used for statistical analysis. Alpha level was set at p< 0.05.

Stance time duration did not show any significant difference between both walking with and without insole conditions (p>0.05). Results demonstrated that the medio-lateral displacement of the center of pressure during walking with insoles was lower than that walking without insoles by 35.51% (p= 0.001). First metatarsal peak plantar pressure and force during walking with insoles decreased by 25.69% (p= 0.020) and 64.30% (p= 0.004), respectively. While, peak plantar pressure in second and third metatarsals during walking with insoles increased by 20.03% (p= 0.041) and 28.9% (p= 0.023), respectively. Also, peak force in second metatarsal during walking with insoles was greater than that during walking without insoles by 19.70% (p= 0.010).

Textured insoles improved medio-lateral postural control during walking. Therefore, it could be recommended for blind individuals. However, further study is warranted.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is major cause of nosocomial infections. The accessory gene regulator (agr) system of Staphylococcus aureus controls the expression of the genes encoding extracellular virulence factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of agr genes and drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical samples in Tabriz hospitals.

This cross-sectional study was done among a total of 100 strains isolated from clinical samples in Tabriz hospitals. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. After DNA extraction, the presence of agr genes was investigated using Multiplex PCR. SPSS software was used to perform statistical tests.

Among 100 Staphylococcus aureus strains, 38 isolates were resistant to methicillin. They were susceptible to rifampin (89%) and vancomycin (86%) but showed resistance to penicillin (98%) and tetracycline (85%). The most prevalent gene was agrA (65%) followed by the agrC (29%) in strains. None of the isolates harbored the agrB and agrD genes.

agrA and agrC genes play an important role in staphylococcal infections in clinical samples isolated from Tabriz hospitals. Also, the results showed high rates of multi-drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Tabriz hospitals. Therefore, it is recommended to limit the unnecessary uses of antibiotics.

Increasing inflammatory markers of CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 leads to increasing cardiovascular disease. Change in lifestyle represents a successful strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of Pilates training on serum levels of IL-6, CRP and TNF-α in inactive overweight women.

In this quasi-experimental study 28 volunteer overweight women (with average BMI of 27.2, 1.1± kg/m2) participated. They were randomly divided into training group (n=14) and control group (n=14). Pilates exercise training was performed during 12 weeks (3 sessions per week, 60 min per session). Blood samples were collected in two stages, 48 hours before and 48 hours after the last exercise after 12-14 hours fasting status. During the 12 weeks, the control group had no exercise training.

In within group comparsion, only serum levels of CRP in the training group was significantly decreased (P=0.048) and in between group comparsion there were no significant difference in serum levels of CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 in training group compare to control group (P>0.05).

However, from statistical point of view there was no significant difference between the two groups. It can be said that the implementation of Pilates training can have beneficial effects on serum levels of some inflammatory markers in this way reduced CRP in inactive women with overweight. Lowering serum CRP levels is with reducing body fat and improving body composition. So physical activity can be considered as an essential part of the lifestyle of adults.

Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder caused by a defect in the secretion or function of insulin. Arginine is an amino acid that is lower in these patients. Octopine is an arginine derivative. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of opine on glucose and stress oxidative indices in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

In this study, 16 male mice were divided into two groups including diabetic and non-diabetic controls and 16 male mice in two experimental groups. The first experimental group received opine treatment at 50 mg and second experimental group received opine treatment at 100 mg of opine for 3 weeks. Diabetes was induced in diabetic rats through intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of Streptozotocin. Blood samples were enrolled from mice in fasting status and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by thiobarbituric acid method, glucose levels using Pars-Azmoon Company Kit, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity using Randox (England) kits.

The opine consumption had no significant effect on serum glucose and MDA, while 50 mg opine treatment significantly increased the activity of SOD and GPX enzymes in comparison with diabetic rats.

The consumption of octopine had no improving effect on blood glucose levels but it improved antioxidant status in diabetic rats.

miRNA is one of those biomarkers that have different types. Hsa-miR-15 is one of the molecules, which expressed in the heart tissue. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA that regulates complex cardiac signaling and transcription pathways in cardiac during different condition. The aim of this study was to compare hsa-miR-15 gene expression changes in myocardial infarction patients with healthy individuals.

In this case-control study, which was included 88 patients with myocardial infarction and 19 healthy individuals who had been referred to the Shahid Madani hospital of Tabriz. After total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the hsa-miR-15 gene expression changes were assessed using Real-time PCR method. For data analysis, we have used independent t-test.

The hsa-miR-15 gene expression changes increased in the patients with myocardial infarction compared to healthy individuals. The level of hsa-miR-15 gene expression was shown a statistically significant difference between groups (p >0/05).

The hsa-miR-15gene expression increased in the patient with myocardial infarction and may be used as a biomarker in early diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

Functional abnormalities in multiple sclerosis may be due to a decrease in the level of physical activity of MS patients compared to healthy People. Exercise activity as a non-pharmacological method can have beneficial effects on the rehabilitation of these patients. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of combined training on some indicators of physical and mental function in women with multiple sclerosis.

Twenty women with multiple sclerosis were randomly divided into experimental and control group that only 16 subjects (8 in the training group and 8 in the control group) were able to complete all stages of this study. The training group participated in eight weeks and three days per week in combined training program (contains rhythmic aerobic and resistance training by bodyweight, Theraband, and TRX). Muscles strength, endurance and speed of walking, and psychological induces were evaluated in pre- test and post-test. Independent and paired samples T-test were used for data analysis.

Combined training resulted in a significant increase in quadriceps and hand muscles strength, endurance and speed of walking, and also significant decrease in depression and anxiety levels (P˂0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the fingers strength (P˃0.05).

It seems that combined training used in present study can be effective in increasing muscle strength, motor function, and decreasing depression and anxiety in women with multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the use of this training method at the club and home is recommended for these patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to be a multifactorial disease in which the environment and genetics are involved. One of the factors associated with MS disease is the reduction in vitamin D levels and its specialized role in its pathogenicity. In Iran, Khuzestan province has a high relative incidence of the Multiple sclerosis (MS) after the provinces of Isfahan and Markazi, The polymorphism rs10735810 in the VDR gene with change in the initial codon is one of the factors associated with other known diseases, including osteoporosis and diabetes.

In this study, the association of this variant in one hundred and fifty individuals with MS disease was compared with one hundred and fifty healthy individuals. PCR-sequencing was used to determine genotypes.

In the patient group, 16 cases had CC genotype, 59 had CT genotype and 75 had TT genotype, which did not show any significant difference in comparison with the control group (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in the alleles distribution in the patient population compared to control (50% vs. 47.55% P=0.47). Additionally, no association was found between age and sex, and the ethnicity of patients (p> 0.05).

The polymorphism rs10735810 in the VDR gene showed no association to the etiology of MS.

Growth of the fetus is directly related to the structure and function of the placenta, and the examination of the Placenta and umbilical cord provides us important information about what has happened to the fetus. Pregnancies induced by ART are more likely to develop pregnancy complications than other singleton pregnancies. The main cause of these undesirable pregnancy outcomes is uncertain, and perhaps morphological and histopathologic abnormalities of placenta in these types of pregnancies may be involved. Since the most common method of ART is the ICSI method, the aim of this study was to evaluate the histological changes of the placenta and umbilical cord in ICSI pregnancies.

In this study, 30 women who were pregnant with ICSI method and had no pregnancy complications were compared with 30 pregnant women with normal and non-complicated pregnancies. Morphology and histology of the placenta and umbilical cord were compared in two groups. For studying with optical microscopy, samples of the placenta were prepared from two groups were stained with H & E, PAS and trichrome, and compared with the optical microscope.

There was no difference between the two groups in demographic variables. umbilical cord length, 1th and 5th minute Apgar score in two groups. The umbilical cord thickness (p = 0.01), and placental thickness (p = 0.02) was significantly higher in the study group. In the pathological study of placenta, it was revealed that in study group there are increased syncytial knot in staining with hematoxin and eosin, reducing of glycogen in PAS staining, and increasing the amount of fibrosis in trichrome staining compared with the control group.

The study of pathological changes in ICSI pregnancies compared with normal pregnancies showed that the prevalence of syncytial knots (Due to the accumulation of the nucleus of apoptotic cells in the placenta) is significantly higher.

Adenoid hypertrophy plays an important role in the nasopharyngeal obstruction in children. Given that the symptoms of adenoid hypertrophy often occur at the time of lying down, the radiological evaluation of these patients is more consistent with clinical symptoms of patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the depths of nasopharynx in adenoid hypertrophy via adenoid graphic evaluation in sitting and lying positions.

In this study, 31 patients referred to the ENT clinic of Tabriz Children's Hospital, who had clinical symptoms of adenoid hypertrophy, were included and considered as the symptom assessment score (SAS). A / N ratio was measured for the each patients in sitting and resting conditions.

16 females and 15 males with adenoid hypertrophy with mean age of 7/39 ± 1/39 years were enrolled in the study. The results showed that all patients had symptoms of open-mouth breathing, night snapping and permanent nasal congestion, while only 4 patients had sleep apnea. The results showed that the average A / N ratio in patients in sitting and lying down conditions was 0.79 ± 0.016 and 0.89 ± 0.015 respectively. The statistical results showed that there is a significant difference between the A / N ratio in the sitting and lying down situations, and the average A / N ratio in the lying down state was higher.

Based on the results obtained in this study lateral cephalometric in lying down mode is preferable to sitting position for adenoid hypertrophy investigation.