مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 46، تابستان 1399)

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers have many applications in the food industry. Although there are numerous advantages for PET it also has some disadvantages, one of which is the migration of materials from the container into the material inside. In this study, the effect of two factors of storage time and temperature on the migration rate was evaluated and modeled.

To design the experiments, the surface-response method (RSM) was used. First, the type of migratory material and the effective conditions on the migration of materials from polyethylene terephthalate containers to soft drinks were identified and investigated. The primary results showed that the two factors of time of contact of the beverage with the container and the temperature of the storage environment have a significant effect on the migration of polyethylene terephthalate into the beverage. After the initial studies, the amount of compounds transferred into the beverage was measured by the spectrophotometric method and these results were modeled using the level-response method.

The results showed that the association between material transfer rate, temperature, and time can be modeled as a two-dimensional power model. It can also be stated by the model that temperature and shelf life directly affect the transfer rate with ratios of 0.003 and 1.17, respectively. The rate of migration is directly related to the square of the storage time and the temperature of the storage environment. The shelf life of the beverage has a very high impact on the migration rate, and mathematically the migration rate can be considered as a function of the shelf life of the soft drink. In addition to the shelf life of the beverage storage temperature is also a very important factor in the migration rate and the combination of the two can increase the rate of migration exponentially.

Polyethylene terephthalate containers are not suitable for storing non-alcoholic carbonated beverages and have the potential to cause harm to consumer health.

The disposal of hazardous waste in the environment, which is usually done by burying it in a special landfill, requires a set of environmental standards and special economic, social and managerial considerations. Improper landfills can have negative health, economic, and environmental effects. In this regard, the present study seeks to find a suitable landfill for special waste in the industrial province of Qazvin.

In this documentary research method, using AHP model in GIS to land zoning for optimal location of landfills in Qazvin province based on 12 criteria (geology, slope, land use, fault, slope direction, communication roads, cities and villages, rivers, groundwater wells, swamps, and lakes) were assessed and the land zoning map was obtained. As a result, the location limits were selected. Then, field visits were used to prioritize appropriate sites among the nominated sites. Then, to select the best site among the options with higher priority, the technique or method of regional screening was used.

At first, the results of GIS analysis and the AHP model identified 11 places for landfilling. Secondly, field studies revealed that six sites from the mentioned places had the necessary talent to bury hazardous waste. Finally, in the evaluation stage; the Bashar site had the highest score and had the first rank, and the Sadegh Abad site had the last rank with the lowest score.

Based on the results of this study, the Bashar site for the construction hazardous waste landfills is proposed as the first and best site. If different sites are to be created during the years of development of the region, the provided ranking can be used for consecutive use of these sites for landfilling of hazardous wastes in the province.

Since many plants have high efficiency in absorbing heavy elements, the use of phytoremediation is of great importance. The purpose of this study is to identify native plants that absorb heavy metals. Also, the possibility of using them in phytoremediation technology in soils contaminated with heavy metals (around the petrochemical industry of Razi fertilizer in Tehran province) was investigated according to the transfer factor.

This is a library and laboratory research, in which, first sampling of wastewater and plants contaminated with sewage of Razi fertilizer petrochemical industry was done. Secondly, the concentration of heavy elements of lead, zinc and cadmium was measured. Then, healthy plants which were not contaminated with the wastewater of Rzai fertilizer petrochemical industry were exposed to the wastewater of this industry and the transfer factor was calculated for all three elements.

The results showed that Achillea willhelmsii, Stipa barbata, and Aconthophyllum microcephallam had the highest concentration of heavy metals uptake with concentrations of 103.7, 237.3 and 0.9 mg / kg, for lead, Zinc and cadmium respectively and are good options for refining soil in the area. Heavy metal transfer factor was also higher in Aconthophyllum microcephallam, Amaranthus retrofiexus and Achillea willhelmsii compared to others.

The aerial parts of plants had a great ability to absorb heavy elements compared to their roots. Adsorption concentration and transfer factor of heavy elements absorbed by healthy plants and contaminated with wastewater were different. Healthy plants had a high ability to absorb heavy elements.

Irrigation water quality is a critical aspect of agricultural production especially in terms of human health and the environmental aspects. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of surface runoff and groundwater pollution used in the production of agricultural products in the south of Tehran.

Sampling points included 14 points of surface water collection and disposal network and irrigation canals of agricultural lands and 7 points of underground wells in the 19th district of Tehran. The quality of the collected samples was analyzed for BOD, COD, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, ammonium, phosphate, turbidity, total hardness, pH and SAR using WQI software.

The results of Water Quality Index (WQI) showed that the level of surface water pollution in 14 sampling points was moderate to very bad. 57% of surface water points were highly polluted, 36% were relatively bad and 7% were moderate in terms of pollution index.

Agricultural products of areas 3, 4 and 5, if consumed, can endanger the health of consumers. Because the samples collected from these areas had the highest level of contamination. Therefore, in order to manage the challenges and future crises in these areas, within the framework of the environmental assessment program, management solutions are proposed in four groups: planning, implementation and monitoring, monitoring and review.

Heavy metals enter water sources in many ways and cause hazards such as poisoning and carcinogenesis in the living organisms. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, and cadmium) in the Yamchi Reservoir Dam and Ardabil drinking water distribution network in high and low rainfall seasons in 2018.

In this cross-sectional study, eleven sampling stations were selected. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, and mercury were measured. Paired t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the research hypotheses using SPSS 21 software.

The mean electrical conductivity, temperature, and pH were 759.18±1.31 µmoh/cm, 10.18±2 2.08 ᵒC, and 7.69±0.5, respectively. The mean of the above variables in the low rainfall season was 887.72±27.11 µmoh/cm, 19.90±1.04 °C, and 7.76±0.44, respectively and these values ​​were at the national standard. The mean arsenic, mercury, and cadmium concentrations in the rainy season were 32.18±4.61, 59.94±8.75, and 21.28±6.03 μg/l, respectively. The mean of the above variables in the low season of precipitation were 976.37±205.90, 549.05±109.32, and 5.30±2.47 µg/l, respectively and these values were higher than the national standard.

 In conclusion, the location of sampling stations influences the determination of heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, cadmium) in Yamchi Reservoir Dam and Ardabil drinking water distribution network in high and low rainfall season. Temperature and electrical conductivity had a significant positive and significant effect on arsenic and mercury concentrations; but pH did not affect on the concentration of heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, cadmium) in Yamchi Reservoir Dam and drinking water distribution network in Ardabil city during high and low rainfall in 2018.

The organic dyes are environmental pollutants that pour into water sources by industrial wastewater. It is necessary to develop effective methods for removing pollutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate photocatalytic efficiency of bare ZnO nanoparticles doped with Mg and La (1 to 6% by weight) and Mg 5% -La 5% / ZnO and Mg6%-La4% / ZnO nanoparticles in the removal of Rhodamine B from water solution by UVC irradiation.

In this study, nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Their photocatalytic activity was investigated by UVC irradiation to remove Rhodamine B in batch photoreactor. The concentration of Rhodamine B in aqueous solutions was measured by the determination of its absorption at the maximum wavelength of 554 nm with a visible-ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The removal amount in the presence of nanoparticles in 21 min of UVC irradiation was analyzed. In addition, a suitable kinetic model for the photocatalytic activity was investigated.

After 21 min UVC irradiation, the percentage of Rhodamine B removal from 11.5% (absence of nanoparticles) to 72.84% (presence of ZnO), 94.36% (presence of Mg 5% / ZnO), 88.54% (presence of La4% / ZnO) and 96.23% (presence of Mg5%-La5% / ZnO). The kinetic constants of active nanoparticles were also calculated.

The results of the study show that ZnO nanoparticles are effective as a photocatalyst for the removal of Rhodamine B from aqueous solutions under UVC irradiation, by doped and co-doped ZnO with Mg2+ and La3+ ions enhance the efficiency of nanoparticles in the removal of Rhodamine B. Also, results indicated that the kinetic model followed from the pseudo-first order.

Environmental health is one of the major challenges of sustainable development in most countries. Environmental health indicators are very important because they reflect the changing state of peoplechr('39')s living environment and the existing health threats. This study aimed to investigate the trend of changes in indicators related to environmental health in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces during the years 2007-2016.

The present study is a longitudinal retrospective study that uses the data available in the environmental health department in the Health Center of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province The trend of changes in environmental health indicators was examined over ten years. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.

In the present study, environmental health indicators in rural, urban, and the whole city were analyzed. These indicators include the percentage of rural dwellers with access to sanitary toilets, waste disposal, sewage disposal, livestock waste/manure, improvement percentage, and the hygiene of public places and food preparation and distribution centers, the health cardholders percentage and healthy drinking water in the village, city and the whole city were calculated, Which were 87.3%, 95.4%, 68.4%, 88.9%, 86.7%, 83.9%, 94.3%, and 91.3%, respectively.

The findings of the present study show that except for the index of improvement and sanitation of public places and food preparation and distribution centers, which was not significant in Kohgiluyeh city, other environmental health indicators have improved during ten years, but most indicators were lower than the average indicators set by environmental health experts in the province. This effort requires the authorities to improve the environmental health indicators by providing solutions such as attracting specialized environmental health personnel, applying the laws of Article 688 of public health and Article 13 of cosmetic beverages, and providing the necessary correspondence with the relevant departments to interact.

Health care centers are among the most important and essential centers that proper and timely access to them is one of the basic goals of social justice. The health of the individual and the community depends on the centers that provide primary health care. Rapid, timely, and inexpensive access to these centers is very important and necessary, in any community, especially in urban areas. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and analyze the access of Ardabil suburbs to health care delivery centers.

This study, using spatial statistics models, in Arc / GIS software, has dealt with the spatial distribution of healthcare applications in Ardabil. The required data has been collected in a library-based manner by referring to relevant sources and organizations. IDRISI SELVA software has been used for correlation between population and health use as well as health use with other uses.

The results show that area 2 of area 2 and area 5 of area 4 are in better condition in terms of access to health centers on the other hand the rest of the areas are in poor condition. Also, the correlation between population and medical use was negative in the whole city and area four.

In the field of compatibility between health and other uses, there is a positive correlation between health use and educational, cultural, green space, commercial, service and, sports applications. In contrast, there is a negative correlations with residential, law enforcement, industrial workshop.

Zarrinehrud River is one of the most important permanent and water-rich rivers in West Azerbaijan province located in the catchment area of Lake Urmia. In this study, to evaluate the quality of the Zarrinehrud River, with a length of 57.5 kilometers from the outlet of Noroozlou to the drainage dam to the Lake Urmia, QUAL2K computer simulation model was used.

The selected parameters of the model included: flow, dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemically required oxygen. The selected time for the simulation was May 2016. Model calibration was performed by determining the oxidation coefficients of carbonaceous materials and the re-aeration coefficient of the river, using the mean square root of error (RMSE)

The results show that the water quality of the river downstream of the Noruzlu regulatory dam has caused significant changes in the quality parameters of the river due to receiving wastewater from slaughterhouses, sugar factories, urban, rural and agricultural drains.

Due to the high self-purification capacity of the river, the amount of dissolved oxygen is appropriate and the amount of BOD has reached an acceptable level despite a sudden increase. In terms of matching the observational data with the output diagram of the model, there was a good fit in other parameters except flow rate. In the case of non-compliance of the observed flow data with the simulation diagram, it may be due to unauthorized withdrawals from the river for agricultural purposes.

The import of heavy metals into various sources of drinking water supply is one of the major problems of water quality, especially in industrial areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of mercury and arsenic metal pollutants to be removed from aqueous solutions using green oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green method. For this purpose, the extract from an indigenous lichen sample of Ardabil province was used as a sorbent for synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles.

For the preparation of magnetized iron oxide nanoparticles, a fast and common method called co-adsorption was used. In this method, a mixture of bivalent and trivalent iron salts with a specified stoichiometric ratio is added to a certain volume of the extract obtained from Sinensis Ramalina (SR). Due to the use of lichen in the process of synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, the method used in the present study is also referred to as the green synthesis method. UV-Vis spectrophotometry, XRD, FT-IR, SEM and EDX elemental analysis were used to confirm the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles.

In the spectrophotometer spectrum, the peak appearing at 574±5 cm-1 indicates the transfer of oxygen electrons to the iron synthesized from SR lichens. The XRD spectrum also confirms the purity of the iron oxide nanoparticles, as the diffraction pattern was correctly obtained at 2θ=30.40, 35.75, 43.60, 57.90, 63.60. The uniform spherical nature of the iron oxide (III) nanoparticles with a size between 31.74 to 53.91 nm can be seen using SEM images. EDX analysis was also used to show the elemental structure of the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. Elemental analysis revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles contained 19.68% by weight of iron and 51.49% by weight of oxygen.

Studies showed that mercury follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (R2=0.998) and arsenic follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model (R2=0.968) and the removal process in both metals is spontaneous and exothermic. The data obtained from the kinetic studies of removal of both metals from aqueous solutions were fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with an appropriate correlation coefficient above 0.99. The ability to remove arsenic and mercury by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by SR plant extract was 71.02% and 72.84% at pH=4 and initial concentration of 50 mg/l, respectively.

One of the biggest concerns about the increasing development of the mining industries, especially in the dry and tropical regions, is their high water consumption and, consequently, the serious threat to the local water resources as well as the impacts of these industrieschr('39') pollution on the environment and other downstream water resources. Therefore, it is necessary to make appropriate decisions and take appropriate measure to manage water consumption in the mining industry. However, the presentation of any operational plan to control water use in such industries depends on the planned and scientific monitoring of water consumption over specific periods.

In this study, water consumption monitoring in the Gohar-Zamin Iron Ore Complex (Sirjan, Iran) was investigated for the first time using Shewhart statistical monitoring method. For this purpose, water consumption data of the plantchr('39')s dual processing lines were collected and organized during one year of operation to develop the control charts.

The results show that in different months of the year, water consumption can be independent of the weather conditions or the factory production. Moreover, the cumulative diagrams show that the trend of water consumption in the two lines is almost opposite to each other and each month with increasing water consumption of one line, water consumption of the other line has decreased.

To alleviate these problems, expediting the construction of tank No.2 was proposed as the best operational solution for independent water consumption of each processing line.

Parents of children with learning disorders experience more negative emotions than parents of normal children, therefore, they require attention and receiving psychological interventions.  This study made an effort to reduce the psychological problems of these mothers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on the shame and guilt of mothers of children with learning disabilities.

The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers with learning disabilities who referred to Ardabil education and rehabilitation centers for special learning problems in academic year of 2018-2019. The sample of study consisted of 40 mothers who were selected by available sampling method and were assigned in two groups of 20 people including experimental and control group. The experimental group received 8 seventy minute-sessions for compassion training. Shame and guilt scale were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using SPSS-22 software.

The findings showed that self-compassion training had a significant effect on reducing the shame and guilt of mothers of children with learning disabilities (p<0.001). That is, 0.15 and 0.18 of the changes in the mean scores of the post-test compared to the pre-test was due to self-compassion training regarding the variables of shame and guilt in experimental group.

The results showed that self-compassion training reduced the feelings of shame and guilt of mothers of children with learning disabilities. Feelings of shame and guilt can lead to psychological damage in mothers and children. So, it is recommended to use this treatment or educational method to reduce the psychological problems of mothers of children with learning disorders.

Aluminum phosphide is one of the most common causes of poisoning in the country. It liberates lethal phosphine gas when it comes in contact either with atmospheric moisture or with hydrochloric acid in the stomach. It mainly attacks the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Eating even small amounts of this toxin can lead to death. This study reports a case of successful treatment of aluminum phosphide poisoning.

A 23-year-old man was referred to the Lordegan Shohada hospital. He was admitted into the hospital approximately 35 minutes after taking half a pill with consecutive vomiting, nausea and exacerbation of gastrointestinal symptoms. The contents of the stomach were rinsed with charcoal and bicarbonate and half a liter of olive oil was given to him half an hour later. One liter of normal saline was infused due to low systolic pressure, 70 mmHg. Sodium bicarbonate (2-3 vials per hour) was started to correct metabolic acidosis and blood gases. In addition, 10 CC of calcium gluconate 10% every 8 hours, 1 g magnesium sulfate every 6 hours, and solution (insulin, glucose, and potassium: GIK) were given intravenously to the patient. On the third-day blood gases (PaCO2: 90, pH: 7.2, HCO3: 19) and blood pressure (10.60 mmHg) improved, and vital signs stabilized. Ejection fraction increased to 30% on day four and the patient was discharged after 6 days.

Effective measures in aluminum phosphate poisoning including prompt patient referral, careful and continuous care, rapid evacuation and dilution of gastric contents, administration of olive oil, and stabilization of cell membrane potential and ECMO can be useful.