مجله تحقیقات دامپزشکی
سال هفتاد و پنجم شماره 4 (زمستان 1399)

Avian influenza is one of the most important diseases both economically and from a public health viewpoint.

To investigate the serological and molecular prevalence of AI-H9N2 in live bird markets, bird gardens, parks and zoos.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from August to December 2016.  In each unit, 40 blood samples from different bird species and 60 cloacal samples from waterfowl (ducks and geese) were taken. All sera samples were tested by HI for detection of antibodies against H9N2 virus. The birds with sera titer =>4 (log2) and units with at least one positive bird were considered as positive. Swab samples were tested by RT-PCR method using two pairs of primers to detect M and H9 gene of H9N2 virus.

2638 sera samples from birds in 127 units in 22 provinces and 3001 swab samples from duck and goose were taken. 73 units out of 127 (57.48 %; 95 % confidence interval, 66.2 % - 48.4 %) and 720 birds from a total of 2638 birds (27.29 %: 95 % confidence interval, 29.6 % - 25.6 %) were sero-positive. Among the bird species, the highest seroprevalence was 47.6 % and 45.3 % in turkey and chicken, respectively and the lowest seroprevalence was 13.8 % and 16.3 % for ducks and geese, respectively. 39 pooled samples from 18 units (14.75 %) were positive.

The results of this study showed high prevalence and circulation of avian influenza H9N2 viruses among poultry in these markets. Organizing the markets by improving the health and biosecurity of the markets, and it is necessary to educate the people and continuously surveillance the birds that offered in the markets to control the disease.

BACEKGROUND: 

Toxoplasmosisis one of the most important zoonotic diseases in Iran and the world. OBJCTIVES: Due to the high consumption of lamb meat and the high frequency of Toxoplasma infection in sheep in Iran, the aim of study was to determine frequency of Toxoplasma infection in the slaughtered sheep of Mashhad area.

In order to do this study, from summer 2015 to spring 2016, 25 blood and 25 heart muscle samples were seasonally collected from Torghabae slaughterhouse in Mashhad area. The samples were transferred to parasitology laboratory. First, the blood samples were centrifuged and the serum samples were isolated, then a portion of the heart muscles sample was taken for PCR examination. The sera and muscles samples were kept at -20 ºC in freezer until examination time. The sera samples were examined to detect antibody against T.gondii by ELISA method. DNA of heart muscle was extracted by commercial extraction kit and was examined to detect Toxoplasma DNA by nested –PCR.

In the present study, of 100 sampled sheep, only 1 (1%) of the serum samples was seropositive, while 22 (22%) of the DNA samples were PCR positive. In this study, the highest frequency of Toxoplsma PCR-Positive was seen in spring and the lowest in summer in sheep. Also, the result of this study showed that the agreement between the molecular and EISA method was “fair”.

Based on the high frequency of Toxoplasma infection in heart muscle of sheep, it seems that the risk of transmission of Toxoplasma infection from sheep meat is high.

Congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy due to reduced maternal immune system could increase the risk of a child's autism disorder.

The aim of this study was to compare the Toxoplasma gondii infection in children with autism and normal children.

The research method was a case control study. The participants included 50 autistic children and 50 normal (N=100) children, aged between 3 and 12 years-old. They were matched according to age, socio-economic status, severity of the disorder, lack of physical and mental illness and other criteria considered in this research. From each group 5ml blood samples were collected to assess the prevalence of antibody against Toxoplasma gondii. To investigate the research hypotheses, the data were analyzed by Chi-square test.

The results showed that children with autism had a higher level of frequency contamination with Toxoplasma gondii parasite infection than normal group (p < /em><0.001).

Infection rate of Toxoplasma gondii in children with autism was significantly higher than in normal children.

Extracts rich in phenolic compounds have an important role in antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, and pistachio green hull extract is rich in polyphenolic compounds.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of green peel of Kalleqouchi and Fandoghi pistachio extract on performance, relative weight of carcass components, blood indices and intestinal microbial population of broiler chickens challenged with Staphylococcus aureus.

A total 168 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six treatments, four replications and seven chicks. Experimental treatments included unchallenged groups (negative control) and chickens challenged with Staphylococcus aureus and fed 0, 200 and 400 mg / kg of aqueous extract of Kalleqouchi pistachio and 200 and 400 mg/ kg of pistachio Fandoghi green extract. All infected chicks were inoculated with oral solution containing 3 x 109 CFU of Staphylococcus aureus. Performance characteristics, immunity, blood indices and microbial population of the intestine were determined.

The aqueous extract of green pistachio inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus but the ethanolic extract inhibited the growth of lactobacilli. Growth performance of chicks was not affected by the experimental treatments except at day 24, when aqueous extract of 200 mg / kg led to higher body weight gain as compared to control (0.049). Kalleqouchi extract at 400 mg/kg level increased abdominal fat (P = 0.0005) and had no effect on relative weight of other carcass components. The 400 mg/kg Fandoghi green extract and 200 mg/kg kalleqouchi extract increased enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase activity and decreased the concentration of blood total protein (P <0.01). The pistachios extracts at all levels increased total antibody titer compared to control (P <0.02). Pistachio extract reduced total bacterial population of jejunal area compared to negative control (P = 0.008).

Application of aqueous extract of pistachio extract improves immune response, decreases blood lipids and intestinal microbial population of broiler chickens challenged with Staphylococcus aureus.

Aflatoxins are mainly developed during the storage of feedstuffs, and their destruction is difficult after the occurrence. The most practical strategy to combat aflatoxins is the use of mycotoxin binders.

Comparison of the efficiency of traditional and lab-synthesized polymeric mycotoxin binder with gastrointestinal microflora modulating feed additives in amelioration of aflatoxin effects in broiler chicken.

A total of 240 1-day old broilers (Ross 308, straight forward) were examined in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates of 12 birds for 24 days of study duration. Treatments were: 1. The negative control, feed without aflatoxin or any feed additive, 2. The positive control, aflatoxins contaminated feed (500 µg/kg), 3. Aflatoxins + probiotic (Hypro Tect), 4. Aflatoxins + molecular imprinted polymer (MIP), and 5. Aflatoxins + commercial toxin-binder (Zarin-binder). The growth performance of birds was measured during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, some biochemical and immunological analyses were performed on blood samples. Some bone characteristics were studied on tibia samples.

Supplementation of probiotics and toxin-binder in aflatoxin-contaminated feed improved the aflatoxin-induced reduction of feed intake and body weight gain in the first 10 days of the experiment (p < /em><0.05), compared to positive control group. Aflatoxin alone (the positive control) or with the feed additives did not affect feed conversion ratio. Aflatoxin reduced the levels of serum total protein, albumin, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc (p < /em><0.05). Use of probiotic, MIP and commercial toxin-binder, in aflatoxin-contaminated feeds, has alleviated the adverse effects of aflatoxin on serum albumin (p < /em><0.05). The tibia weight increased in probiotic and MIP fed broilers compared to the birds fed aflatoxin-contaminated feed without additives-the positive control (p < /em><0.05). The highest tibia breaking strength was observed in probiotic fed birds, which was different from that of the positive control group. The tibia length was decreased by the aflatoxin compared to the negative control birds (p < /em><0.05). Anti-SRBC titers were decreased in aflatoxin contaminated group without feed additive supplementation-positive control (p < /em><0.05).

The tested feed additives in present study exerted just partial protection against some aflatoxicosis effects. The extent of effectiveness of studied feed additives in amelioration of aflatoxicosis affects on performance, immunological, skeletal and serum biochemical parameters could be ranked as probiotics, MIP and toxin binder, respectively.

Balance in the amount of minerals in the aquatic animal’s diet is very important. Phosphorus is one of the most important minerals in fish and aquatic animal’s nutrition. Phosphorus is important not only for the proper growth and fish health, but also for excessive phosphorus excretion that may cause water pollution and algal bloom.

In this study the effects of adding monoammonium phosphate in the diet of fish (Cyprinus carpio Koi) and its comparison with monocalcium phosphate were investigated.

650 koi fish weighing 17 g were distributed in 15 tanks (5 treatments - each in three replicates) and mono-ammonium phosphate-fed diets at three levels (0.75, 1.5 and 3% of the diet), monocalcium phosphate in one level (3% of the diet) and a control group (no phosphorus supplementation) were fed for 8 weeks.

Growth indices and feed conversion ratio in fish fed 3% monoammonium phosphate showed the best results. The control group showed the lowest weight gain and the highest feed conversion ratio. Blood phosphorus was also significantly correlated with increasing monoammonium phosphate. The highest level of calcium in the blood was observed in the group fed monocalcium phosphate (3%).

Considering the improvement of growth and nutrition indices, adding 1.5 to 3% monoammonium phosphate in the diet of koi fish was suggested.

Phosphorous is an essential nutrient for poultry. Receiving too much phosphorous by livestock and excretion of excess phosphorus, can lead to environmental pollution.

Determining the ileal and total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium in di-calcium phosphates produced in Iran.

A total of 720 day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into 8 treatments with 6 replicates of 15 birds in each. In control treatment phosphoric acid was used as a source of phosphorus. The other dietary treatments included one of the seven domestic samples of di-calcium phosphates (A to G). Chromium oxide was used as a marker in the diets. On day 21, after collecting of feces, all birds were slaughtered via neck dislocation. Then, the last one-third of ileum was removed. The contents of the intestine were collected for each replicate and after drying were sent to the laboratory to determine the chromium oxide, phosphorus, and calcium amounts. Percentage of ileal and total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium for each sample were calculated separately.

The effect of type of di-calcium phosphate samples in feed on ileal and total tract digestibility of calcium and phosphorus was highly significant (p < /em> < 0.001). Ileal digestibility in control was 69.8 percentage, while the lowest was observed in the E and F samples, and the highest value was related to sample A. Digestibility for phosphorus in control diet was 53.4 percentage throughout gastrointestinal tract. The lowest amounts of total tract digestibility of phosphorus were observed in treatments E and F, respectively, while the highest total tract digestibility was related to treatment A with 47.9 per cent.

It could be concluded that ileal digestibility is more accurate in evaluating phosphorus bioavailability and sample A had the highest biological value, while the lowest was related to the samples E and F.

Arrhythmias play an important role in reducing the performance of racing horse. There are no studies that maintained the same condition for all horses, and in previous studies, the conditions for all horses were not the same.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of arrhythmias during exercise include warm-up and trotting.

This study was carried out on 30 sport horses. Modified base-apex has been used for electrocardiogram recording. Electrocardiogram was taken by telemetry device in all conditions, all horses were examined in the electric lounge. Warm-up period was 10 minutes and consequently 10 minutes trotting was done, and ECG was recorded during exercise.

18 horses had SVPCs during warm-up and 9 showed SVPCs during trotting; also, 4 horses showed VPCs during trotting. AVB II happened in one horse during warm-up.

The occurrence of SVPCs and VPCs during rest is abnormal, but it is common during physical activity. To better understand the importance of these arrhythmias more studies are needed.

The Schirmer tear test (STT) is widely used in both human and veterinary ophthalmology. Two types of STTs have been developed: STT I and STT II.

The purpose of this research was to determine the reference value for measuring tear production of the Caspian horse by using the Schirmer tear test strip.

Twenty apparently healthy male and female Caspian horses, aged between 2 and 15 years old and weighing between 192±32 Kg were selected. After physical examination and reviewing the horse's health history and assuring their health, the Schirmer tear test was performed. To produce a higher volume of tears in horses, compared to other animal species, we used the Schirmer tear strip (Schirmer‐ Eickemeyer®, Germany), for 30 seconds instead of one minute in the lower conjunctival sac. In this study, we investigated the effect of age and gender on tear production in the Caspian horse, as well as the comparison between the left and right eyes tear production.

The study shows that the results of STT I in the study animals illustrated the mean±SD STT I value was 23.38±3.6 mm/min (range, 15–30 mm/30s). Based on the results of this study, the variants of age and gender had no significant effects on the STT1 results in the Caspian horses. No significant difference was noted between the amount of tear production in the left and right eyes.

Considering the importance of rapid diagnosis of dry eye syndrome and preventing its subsequent disorders such as Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, the results of this study can be used as the reference value in the future to measure the amount of moisture of caspian horses of the Caspian horse.

The decreases in insulin sensitivity and extensive perinatal lipolysis are common causes of metabolic diseases related to energy metabolism in ewes.

The present study was designed to study the effect of organic zinc on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance indices in early lactating ewes.

18 Ghezel ewes were divided into three groups based on organic zinc supplementation, including CTR: (basal diet without Zinc), LZn: (basal diet supplemented with 30 mg Zn/kgDM) and group 3, HZn: (basal diet supplemented with 300 mg Zn/kgDM).

The results of this study showed no significant differences between the experimental groups in glucose, NEFAs, BHB, cholesterol, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations. Furthermore, the effect of zinc on the insulin to glucose ratio was not significant among the experimental groups (p < /em>>0.05). Supplementation of zinc-methionine significantly increased serum zinc concentration in ewes (p < /em><0.001). The area under the curve (AUC60, AUC120) was the highest for the control group and LZn and the lowest for HZn group (p < /em><0.05). The rate of glucose clearance in zinc-methionine supplement recipients was higher compared to the control group. The time to reach half maximal glucose concentration in zinc treated ewes was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < /em><0.001), indicating an improvement in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

Our findings indicate that Zinc is effective in improving the NEB and preventing insulin resistance in early lactation. It is possible that in sheep, the tissue responsiveness to insulin is enhanced with dietary Zn supplementation, and present findings suggest that dietary Zn-Met may improve energy balance and insulin resistance in lactating ewes.

Leptospirosis is a common bacterial disease in humans and livestock, which leads to reduced production and reproductive disorders in ruminants and also causes major economic losses to villagers and farmers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of different Leptospira interrogans serovars in ruminants population of Lorestan province and assess the role of environmental and host factors on the severity of the serological infection.

For this purpose, referring to livestock and sheep and goat flocks in different cities of Lorestan province, 691 blood samples were collected including 258 sheep, 195 goats and 238 cows, and then, the point of infection with seven different serovars of Leptospira interogans was assessed using microscopic agglutination test. Hosting factors such as age, gender and also environmental factors including geographical area, rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and altitude of sampling area from the sea level were recorded, and their probable role in the seroprevalence was statistically analyzed.

Results of this study showed that the overall prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats examined in the Lorestan province was 26.05 % (95 % CI: 19.7-31.23), 22.48 % (95 % CI: 16.95-25.16) and 14.87% (95 % CI: 9.37-20.36), respectively. There was no statistically significant (p < /em>>0.05) difference from the point of age groups and sexes. The most prevalent contaminant serovars for cows, sheep, and goats with seropositive reaction against leptospira were grippotyphosa (41.93%), canicola (32.76%) and canicola (48.27 %), respectively. The results showed environmental factors including relative humidity (p < /em>=0.02), annual rainfall (p < /em>=0.001) and altitude from the sea level of sampling location (p < /em>=0.03) have a significant effect but the annual temperature does not have a significant effect (p < /em><0.05) on the seroprevalence of Leptospira. Also, more positive reactive animals in the eastern and western areas of Lorestan province were found (p < /em>>0.05).

Leptospirosis is endemic in livestock population of Lorestan province and environmental factors play a significant role in the severity of infection, which increases the need for attention to the geographical areas at risk.

Tendon repair requires a sequence of medical procedures such as physical modalities, tissue engineering, growth factors, and mechanical stimulation. Previous studies have shown that using of PRP is effective in tendon healing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differentiation effect of PRCR on mesenchymal stem cells extracted from rabbits’ bone marrow.

Mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) of 10 New Zealand white rabbits. The cells were then examined both flow cytometrically and morphologically. Afterwards, the cells received treatment using PRCR. Finally, the markers indicating tenocytes were analyzed through the method of Real-Time PCR.

Investigating the differences between differentiated cells and undifferentiated stem cells (BM-MSCs) regarding the expression of four genes including Scx, Tnmd, Col I, and Tenascin C revealed that the level of expression in all the four genes was significantly enhanced after receiving PRCR- mediated treatment.

BM-MSCs treated with PRCR express high levels of tendon-related genes and undergo differentiation into tenocyte-like cells.

Infectious and noninfectious causes of lameness result in economic losses in the dairy industry. Digital dermatitis (DD), interdigital necrobacillosis (IDNB) and heel erosion (HE) are considered as the most important infectious causes of lameness.

Current study was done in order to evaluate annual incidence of infectious causes of lameness in four different dairy farms in Charmahal & Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Khorasan Razavi and Mazandaran provinces of Iran.

Records of 71896 hoof trimming and inspections during 2012-2013 on 10100 dairy cows were recorded and analyzed. All information was recorded by professional hoof trimmers and veterinarians during study.

Heel erosions (HE) were recorded between 0-13, DD between 0-145 and IDNB between 0-47 cases in each month in different dairy farms that were significantly different. Digital dermatitis (DD) in spring (8.62 percent), IDNB in winter (2.79 percent) and HE in spring (0.68 percent) show the highest seasonal incidence; however, seasonal incidence of infectious causes of lameness were significantly different. Total incidence of 19.18 and 17.45 percent were recorded in 2012 and 2013 that was significantly different for DD. Distribution of infectious lesions were different among different dairy farms as annual incidence of DD was recorded as 32.97 and 30.1 in farm 3 and 0.93 and 0.68 in farm 2 in 2012 and 2013 respectively.

The present survey showed that overall, 20 percent incidence of infectious lesions plays a very important role in financial losses of large dairy farms and needs special attention.

Detection of ovulation time using progesterone measurement is important to inseminate or breeding during the optimum time.

The aim of present study was evaluation of bovine progesterone semi-quantitative test kit for estimation of blood serum progesterone levels in bitch.

Five healthy intact anestrus bitches were used in the present study. Dogs were treated with cabergolin until onset of proestrus. Vaginal cytology, ultrasonography and blood sampling were performed from the 7th day of proestrus until two days after ovulation. Blood serum samples were divided as follows: one part to measure progesterone level by using RIA, and the other part was investigated by bovine progesterone semi-quantitative test kit. Ovarian changes were evaluated by ultrasonography and assessment of the estrus cycle was performed by vaginal cytology examination.

Following Spearman analysis, significant positive correlation was observed between the semi-quantitative test kit and RIA results (r=0.916; p < /em>=0.00). The results of ROC and Kappa analysis suggested that the highest diagnostic accuracy of progesterone semi-quantitative test kit was observed in the blood serum progesterone levels of 2 and 5 ng/ml. The sensitivity and specificity of the used kit at the level of 5 ng/ml of progesterone were 88.5 and 93.7 %, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the used kit at the level of 10 ng/ml of progesterone were 82.4 and 96 % and at the level of 10 ng/ml were 82.4 and 96%, respectively. The observed scores during the late proestrus were 2-3 and just one dog showed score 4. During the estrus phase, in two dogs scores 4-5 and in three dogs scores 3-5 were revealed.  

Bovine progesterone semi-quantitative test kit is useful for estimation of estrus cycles in bitch. Scores of 4 and 5 of semi-quantitative test kit indicate ovulation time and proper breeding time.

Salmonella are endemic on most large intensive dairy farms and salmonellosis is a common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Disease and mortality usually reflect a variety of management events and environmental stressors that contribute to compromised host immunity and increased pathogen exposure.

In this study, PCR method was used to identify Salmonella Enteritidis, Infantis, Dublin and serovars isolated from diarrhea samples and aborted fetuses of Tehran and Alborz provinces dairy Farms. Further observation showed that the isolation of S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis is closely related to the consumption of contaminated poultry meat powder in diet of cows.

Forty-one Salmonella were isolated from diarrhea and aborted fetus samples in Tehran and Alborz provinces Farms and were confirmed by biochemical assays, then the isolates were identified by serological methods by polyvalent and monovalent Salmonella antisera. DNA of samples was extracted by Boiling method and was tested by PCR. Salmonella serovars were identified according to the presence of specificgenes for Salmonella Enteritidis, Infantis and Dublin.  

All samples were tested by PCR were positive. 32 samples were identified as Salmonella Enteritidis (78/04 %), 4 samples were identified as Salmonella Infantis (9/77 %) and 5 samples were identified as Salmonella Dublin (12/19 %).

According to the results, it seems that PCR can be used as a alternative method to the expensive and time consuming biochemical and serological methods for identifying Salmonella serovars. As Salmonella Enteritidis was usually isolated from poultry, isolation from cows may be due to has been used chicken meat powder in diet of the dairy farms.