مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 149، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1400)

Concerns are increasingly raised about the impact of social media use on depression in adolescents. The aim of this article was to summarize and synthesized quantitative studies addressing the association of social media and depression in adolescent population.

Methods & Materials:

 This research used systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the impact of internet and social media use on depression in adolescents using search tools in Persian and English databases. In total, fifteen studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis.Ethical consideration: Ethical issues have been completely observed by authors.

This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a small (0.18) statistically significant correlation (p<0.000) between social media use with depression in adolescents.However, this relationship is complex and associated with multiple psychological, social, behavioral, and individual factors, necessitating further investigation of mediating and moderating variables. It should be noted that most research has been cross-sectional and consequently this does not infer the causal relationship between social media use and depression. In Iran, research has only investigated Internet addiction. Further research is needed.

Overall, the mechanism of the impact of social media on depression should be further investigated through qualitative researches and longitudinal studies.

Due to the increased demineralization risk of enamel adjacent to fixed orthodontic attachments by cariogenic bacterias (e.g. Streptpcoccus mutans, Streptpcoccus sobrinus) and lack of adequate data about commonly used orthodontic cements, we decided to evaluation the antibacterial effects of three common domestic and foreign orthodontic cements (Glass ionomer, Zinc phosphate, and polycarboxylate) on two cariogenic pathogens (S.mutans and S.sobrinus).

In this in vitro study, direct contact test was utilized for evaluating cementschr('39') antibacterial effect after biphasic culturing and concentration adjustment of S.mutans and S.sobrinus. Groups (n = 5) included: three types of glass ionomer resilience cements, Hoffman’s zinc phosphate and Hoffman’s polycarboxylate and three glass ionomer cements, zinc phosphate and carboxylate from Aria Dent factory in Iran. Acquired data were analyzed using SPSS 20.

Ethical Considerations:

 MUBABOL.REC.1391.7.

Regarding to zone of inhibition, there was statistically significant difference between three tested cements in both S.mutans and S.sobrinus culturing media (p<0.001). The mean diameter of inhibition zone was greater for Iranian polycarboxylate compared to its foreign counterpart (p<0.001).

Glass ionomer cement demonstrated better antibacterial effect compared to zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements. There was also greater antibacterial effect of three tested cements on S.sobrinus than S.mutans. Iranian polycarboxylate showed stronger inhibition on both mentioned bacterias compared to the foreign one.

Diabetes is a well-known disease that has complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and gastropathy. This study was designed to investigate the effect of thiamine and lead acetate on the colon of induced-alloxan diabetic rats, the effects of which become obvious in the treatment or reduction of tissue complications caused by diabetes.

In this study 63 rats weighing 200 g were divided into 9 groups:1) Group of diabetes+pb acetate 200 ppm; 2) Group of thiamin+pb acetate 200 ppm; 3) Group of thiamine+pb acetate 1000 ppm; 4) Group of diabetes+thiamine+Pb acetate 1000 ppm; 5) Diabetes group; 6) Group of diabetes+thiamine; 7) Group of diabetes+thiamine+acetate 200 ppm; 8) Group of diabetes+pb acetate 1000 ppm; 9) Control group. After a 20-day period, the samples were removed from abdominal cavity and the slides were prepared by using routine tissue method. Then, the slides were evaluated for the stereological and histomorphometric studies.

Ethical Considerations:

 This study was approved by the Code of Ethics GRN1M1903 at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, and all methods used in the present study, including facilitation, were conducted in full compliance with the ethical principles of animal restraint.

Mean thickness of mucosa-sub-mucosa showed significantly different in groups 6 and 7 compared to other treatment groups. There was a significant difference in the thickness of the muscle layer between the control and all treatment groups except for groups 2, 6 and 7. There was no significant difference in the mean thickness of advantia layer in groups 1, 7 and 8 with the control group. The results also showed a statistically significant difference in the area of different layers of colon tissue between group 1 and control group.

Based on the results of this study, it seems that thiamine has enhancing effects on muscle layer thickness and adventitia layer thickness. On the other hand, the area of the mucosal layer was not affected by the improving effects of thiamine.

Non-syndromic hearing loss is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Mutation in GJB2 gene is a major cause of non-syndromic hearing loss in many countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate GJB2 mutations in 31 individuals with non-syndromic hearing loss in Guilan province.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, blood samples were collected from 31 individuals with non-syndromic hearing loss in Rasht and Bandar Anzali cities. After DNA isolation, GJB2 gene was amplified by PCR method and underwent sequencing.

In this study, three mutations were determined in 18 individuals with hearing loss. 35delG mutation had the highest frequency (48.38%) in individuals with hearing loss as homozygote (in 14 individuals) and heterozygote (in 2 individuals). A patient with heterozygosity in V153I mutation and a patient with compound heterozygosity in 35delG/G200R mutation were determined. 

It appears that 35delG mutation is a common mutation in GJB2 gene in individuals with non-syndromic hearing loss in Guilan province

Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels from the old ones, which plays an important role in physiological conditions such as growth, wound healing and reproduction. This process also plays a vital role in pathological phenomena and the occurrence of various diseases, especially tumor growth and metastasis. In the present study, the anti-angiogenic effects of nanoemulsion synthesized from Anethumgraveolens essential oil were evaluated using CAM method.

In order to investigate the anti-angiogenic effects on the second day of incubation, a window was opened on the eggs and on the eighth day a gelatin sponge with nanoemulsion with different doses (12.5, 25 and 50 μg/ml) on the chorioallantoic membrane was inserted. On the twelfth day of incubation, a research stereomicroscope was used to evaluate the rate of angiogenesis and imaging of the treated area. Vascular factors were examined with Image J software.

 Ethical considerations: 

All experiments of this study were performed in accordance with the ethical standards and approved by the ethics committee in the research of the Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch with the approved ID IR.IAU.MSHD.REC.1398.027.

The results of investigation of the effect of nanoemulsion on the rate of angiogenesis in CAM test showed a decrease in the length and number of vessels of the chorioallantoic membrane in treated samples compared to untreated. Also, reduction in height and weight of treated fetuses compared to untreated fetuses was shown in this study (P <0.05).

The anti-angiogenic activity of nanoemulsion synthesized from Anethumgraveolens essential oil indicates the possible use of this substance for diseases such as cancer, in which the formation of blood vessels is inhibited. Therefore, Anethumgraveolensnanoemulsion can be suggested as a material for further cancer studies.

It is almost impossible to imagine life without electromagnetic waves. This wave plays a key role in the function of melatonin and creates many diseases. According to the harmful effects of electromagnetic waves, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between electromagnetic waves and the melatonin level of employees in 230 substations in Golestan province.

This descriptive study was carried out on workers in 230 KV Substations of Golestan province in 2016. 44 workers of electrical substations (the case group) and 23 workers of health centers (the control group) with 24-hour shift works entered to this study.The intensity of electric and magnetic fields was measured by the TM -190electromagnetic wave measuring device using NIOSH method number 203. Melatonin levels in serum samples of case and control group were measured using quantitative luminescence and ELISA method laboratory. All data analyzed by Spss22 software using T-test, mann-whitney U, one – way Anova, Kendal and person correlation method.

All of the measured electric field intensity and magnetic flux density of the 230kV substations in Golestan Province were in threshold occupational limits. The mean melatonin in the case group was lower than in the control group, but no statistically significant difference was observed (P=0.761). Also there was no statistically significant difference between melatonin level with age (P=0.381), work experience (P=0.213), job groups (P=0.515) and employee activity area (P=0.482).

According to the this study, no significant relationship was observed between electromagnetic waves and melatonin level, and electromagnetic waves were within the permissible exposure, Then  it can be concluded that there is no relation  between electromagnetic and  melatonin in  230 kV power plants in the province. But Due to the observed decrease compared to the control group, definite comments need more investigation.

Despite the anti-cancer and antimicrobial effect of licorice extract and lavender essential oil, some factor such as low bioavailability and biodegradable, limit the use of them as a therapeutic treatment. Using of nanoparticles is one of the ways to overcome these limitations. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of nanoemulsion containing licorice extract and lavender essential oil against cancer cells and evaluate its antimicrobial properties in the In Vitro environment.

In this experimental study nano-emulsion containing rosemary and peppermint essential oils was synthesized by spontaneous emulsification. The cell toxicity of nanoemulsion was studied using the MTT method against HepG2 and SK-MEL-3 cell lines. The antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion was determined using four bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Stapphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method.

The results of MTT test on HepG2 cells showed that concentrations of 630, 1250 and 2500 μg/ml nanoemulsions caused toxicity to the cell and caused the death of more than 50% of the cells (IC50=401μg/ml ((p<0.05). Evaluation of SK-MEL3 cells showed that with the exception of 75 μg of nanoemulsion, other concentrations caused the death of more than 50% of the cells (IC50=82μg/ml ((p<0.05). The MIC results revealed that the nanoemulsion had a significant antibacterial activity.

the nanoemulsion containing lavender essential oil and licorice extract had antibacterial and anti-proliferative activities against cancer cells. The results of this study indicated that nanoemulsification of lavender essential oil and licorice extract can enhance their biological effect and it can be used as a drug formulation.

Major depression is the most common psychiatric disorder, with severe decline in performance, disability, and a 15 percent risk of suicide. Allopurinol increases the level of tryptophan in the body by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, and by increasing the level of tryptophan, which is itself a precursor to serotonin, it can improve the symptoms of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of allopurinol in the treatment of major depression.

In this double-blind clinical trial, 70 patients with major depression based on DSM IV-TR were randomly (Paired and individual patient file) divided into two equal groups. Both groups received 40 mg of citalopram daily for 6 weeks. In addition to citalopram, the intervention group received 300 mg allopurinol daily and the control group received placebo. At the end of the third and sixth weeks, patients were tested for Hamiltonchr('39')s depression scale.

The mean Hamiltonchr('39')s score after 3 weeks of treatment in the placebo group was 28.42 ± 3.1 and in the allopurinol group was 23.02 ± 3.4 and after 6 weeks after, the average depression score in the placebo group was23.28 ± 4.1 and in the allopurinol group, the mean depression score was 20.4 ± 1.2. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups, which indicates that the intervention group had a lower average mean score in the Hamilton test than The group has control.

Allopurinol can improve the symptoms of depression and can also be used as an adjunct in the treatment of depression.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women with a greate deal of physical and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of holographic reprocessing therapy on cognitive flexibility and posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer.

Methods and Materials: 

This study was a semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and a control group. The statistical population includes all patients with breast cancer after mastectomy who were treated in a oncology and chemotherapy subspecialty center in Tehran in the summer of 1399. Through convenience sampling method, 30 women with breast cancer were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group, while receiving drug treatment, collectively underwent holographic reprocessing therapy in 9 one-hour sessions (two sessions per week) for 5 weeks; But the control group received only drug treatment. Both groups were assessed in pre-test and post-test conditions through the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS-23 software.

Ethical Considerations: 

All study subjects signed the written consent form. The Research Ethics Committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences approved this study (Code: IR.ARUMS.REC.1399.393).

Results showed that holographic reprocessing therapy was effective on cognitive flexibility (F=42.319, P<0.01) and posttraumatic growth (F=18.300, P<0.01) in women with breast cancer and increased their cognitive flexibility and posttraumatic growth.

Consideration of psychological factors and information processing methods in patients with cancer is highly important. Thus, counselors and psychotherapists are advised to use holographic reprocessing therapy as a complementary treatment which has no side effects along with medical treatments to reduce the psychological and social problems caused by the disease.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2) receptor is a tyrosine kinase receptor that plays an important role in the growth, invasion, movement and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been found in the intron 2 of the FGFR2 gene, which are associated with a high risk of breast cancer. Genetic variation in this receptor is a new risk factor for breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2981582C / T in women with breast cancer in central Markazi province.

80 women with breast cancer and 80 healthy women (controls) were selected. Polymorphism rs2981582 was analyzed to investigate the association with breast cancer. The presence of this SNP was determined by the RFLP-PCR . Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software version 19.

Significant differences were observed in the frequency of rs2981582 polymorphism in the FGFR2 gene between the control and patient groups (P = 0.000). In the patient group, the TT genotype was significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer (P = 0.001; OR = 3.566). On the other hand, allele C showed a protective role against the disease (P = 0.000).Discussion and

Our study showed a significant relationship between rs2981582 C/T polymorphism and the risk of breast cancer, suggesting that this single-nucleotide polymorphism could be used as a biomarker to predict breast cancer.

Obesity is a clinical condition that affects the growth-related hormonal system, especially in adolescents. High-intensity intermittent exercise is likely to reduce these destructive effects.

For this purpose, in a quasi-experimental research, among adolescent boys (age: 13-18 years, height: 154±8 cm, body mass index: 27.05±1.4 kg/m2), 30 people They were selected voluntarily and divided into 3 groups of short-term, long-term periodic exercises and control group. short-term exercise group performed 9 bout of 30 seconds with 150-second breaks between sessions, and the long-term exercise group performed 4 bout of 150 seconds with 240-second breaks between sessions 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Body composition and blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after the training protocol to measure the desired parameters. The changes of each index were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures of 2 * 2 and at a significant level (p <0.05).

Ethical Considerations: 

This study has an ethics code number IR.TABRIZU.REC.1398.021.

After 8 weeks of HIIT, growth hormone increased and thigh, arm circumference and fat percentage decreased (P <0.05). But no changes in Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, BMI and weight of subjects were observed (P> 0.05).

Short- and long-term of High-intensity interval training has the potential to improve growth hormone status and body composition of overweight adolescents.

The growth and development of any society depends on the educational system of that society. The educational system can be efficient and successful when it considers the academic performance of learners in different courses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mental self-care education on studentschr('39') mental health and academic motivation.

The design of this study was quasi-experimental with unequal control and experimental groups. The statistical population of this study was students referring to school counseling that 40 of them (20 in the control group and 20 in the experimental group) were selected by random sampling. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale and Academic Achievement Scale were used to collect data. Psychological self-care training was presented to the experimental group in 10 sessions of 2 hours. Then post-test was taken from both groups. Data analysis method was performed at the inferential level using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The findings indicate that mental self-care education was effective on students chr('39')mental health (P <0.05) and also the results showed that psychological self-care education was not effective on studentschr('39') academic motivation.

It can be concluded that mental self-care education is used to improve mental health and also mental self-care education has no effect on academic motivation.