نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال نوزدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Previous studies have shown that family risk factors such as poor parenting, unstable, strict, inflexible and harsh discipline, and parental stress increase the risk of developing any of behavioral and emotional problems in children. Mindful parenting is based on the principles of mindfulness that have been developed in response to the shortcomings and criticism of behavioral parenting programs. Mindful parenting allows parents to understand their children without prejudice and to help parents be more responsive and less reactive in parenting. Therefore, the present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindful parenting on reducing the externalizing problems of male primary school students and their mothers' parenting behaviors in Iranian society.

This was quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest, follow-up and a control group design. The mindful parenting education program is considered as an independent variable and the externalizing problems of children and their mothers' parenting behaviors are considered as dependent variables. The research population included all mothers of male primary school students with externalizing problems in Karaj. The research sample consisted of 18 mothers of children with externalizing problems who met the inclusion criteria in research. Sampling was performed in two stages of available and purpose-based methods. The data were analyzed using repeated measures (mixed design) in SPSS software Version 20.

Data analysis showed that there was a significant decrease in the overall score of externalizing symptoms in the experimental group compared with the control group after the end of mindful parenting education sessions. The effect of the intervention was significantly kept after 2 months. Another finding of the research showed that there was a significant improvement in parenting behaviors and a reduction in negative behaviors in interaction with their children in the experimental group compared with the control group after the end of mindful parenting education sessions. The effect of the intervention was significantly kept after 2 months.

The results of the research support the effectiveness of mindful parenting education in reducing externalizing problems and improving parenting behaviors of mothers of male children with externalizing problems. Therefore, it is possible to use this method in Iranian samples

Issues related to the effectiveness of cognitive therapy interventions are important as a factor influencing students' performance. These issues need to think of appropriate and expedient measures to support and expand. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of three methods of cognitive reading, visual and auditory therapy on students' performance according to gender and learning style.

This was pre-experimental research with a posttest design. The research tools are the standardized questionnaires of Club learning styles and homework performance. The statistical population included undergraduate students of the research methodology course at Roudehen Azad University. 80 people were selected as a sample group using non-random and voluntary methods and were studied.

The obtained results showed that the main effect of gender factor is not significant on performance in homework. However, the main effect of learning style is significant on performance in homework. Moreover, the main effect of therapy method is significant on performance in homework. Based on the results of this research, the interactive effect of therapy method, gender and learning style is also significant on performance. Discussion and

According to the findings of this research, it can be included that cognitive therapy has a significant effect on learning style. In addition, therapists can use this method for students' academic achievement.

Infidelity is a common issue in couple therapy and is known as a common and challenging clinical problem for both clients and therapists. The aim of present research was to evaluate the fit of the transdiagnostic model of healing from marital infidelity.

The research method was a descriptive-correlational type of structural equation model. The statistical population of the research included all betrayed women who had referred to counseling centers in Tehran in 2019. These women had not received any therapeutic measure before this research. From this population, 400 people were selected using available sampling method. Participants were assessed with the questionnaires of the relationship healing after marital infidelity (Momeni, 2013), the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) (Wales, 2004), early maladaptive schemas (Young, 1998), Bagarozzi intimacy (Bagarozzi, 2001), Forgiveness (Ray, 2001), and Emotional Efficiency (Mazlum et al., Subprint). Data were analyzed using structural equation method and LISREL and SPSS software.

The results showed that the early maladaptive schema (T-Value= -3.93), metacognition (T-Value= -2.05), emotional efficiency (T-Value= 3.41), intimacy in the relationship (T-Value= 4.53) and forgiveness based on personal values (T-Value= 6.24) had a significant direct and indirect effect on healing from marital infidelity. The early maladaptive scheme did not have a significant direct effect on forgiveness (T-Value= -1.77). In addition, there was no significant effect in mediating forgiveness between the early maladaptive schema and healing from marital infidelity (T-Sobel= -1.113). The results of structural equation modeling indicated that the transdiagnostic model of healing from marital infidelity could predict healing from infidelity (R2= 79). The present model had a good fit with the research sample data. (RMSEA=0.013, Chi-Square/df=1.073, SRMR=0.023, GFI=0.88, AGFI=0.87, NFI=0.99, CFI=1, IFI=1, RFI=0.99). Discussion and

According to the achieved results, it can be concluded that this model can improve the researches related to the healing from marital infidelity and facilitate clinical treatments related to this issue.

Problematic internet use has become a health threat among adolescents and young adults. The aim of present research was to investigate the mediating role of low self-control in the relationship between personality traits and problematic and risky Internet use in male and female students.

The results showed that the partial mediation model of low self-control had a good fit with the data in the relationship between personality traits and problematic and risky internet use in total sample and in both groups of male and female students. In addition, the results of group allocation of structural relationships showed that the relationships between the variables were equivalent in the two groups of male and female students. The results showed that all regression weights were statistically significant in the general model and models related to male and female students.

The results showed that the partial mediation model of low self-control had a good fit with the data in the relationship between personality traits and problematic and risky internet use in total sample and in both groups of male and female students. In addition, the results of group allocation of structural relationships showed that the relationships between the variables were equivalent in the two groups of male and female students. The results showed that all regression weights were statistically significant in the general model and models related to male and female students.

The results showed that part of variance between the conceptual domains of personality traits and risky internet use behavior can be explained by changes in the low self-control scores of male and female students

The aim of present research was to determine the effect of digital educational technology on improving the quality of life of elderly women in Karaj.

This was quasi-experimental research. The statistical population of research included all elderly women in Karaj in 2019. 30 subjects were selected by available non-random sampling method and were divided into two groups of 15 experimental and control. Digital educational technology was implemented on the experimental group in eight forty-five-minute sessions. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire of Lipad life quality for the elderly (1998). Hypotheses were tested using one-way and multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results of statistical tests showed that: Digital educational technology has a significant effect on improving the quality of life and its dimensions (physical performance, self-care, depression and anxiety, mental performance, social performance, sexual performance and life satisfaction) in elderly women in Karaj (p= 0.05).

According to the results of research findings, the field of digital educational technology training should be provided in order to improve the quality of life of the elderly.

The purpose of this research was to compare the dimensions of affective and emotional temperament in students with and without self-harm behaviors.

This was causal-comparative research. The sample included 62 students with self-harm behaviors in the recent six months, 60 students without self-harm behaviors and 49 students with self-harm behaviors in the recent year. Participants were selected using multistage cluster random sampling method among female students of second grade of junior high school in Rasht city. Data were collected using Sansone self-harm questionnaire and Lara affective and emotional temperament scale.

The results of Multivariate analysis of variance showed that there are significant difference in three groups of students in affective temperaments (depression, anxiety, apathetic, cyclothymic, dysphoric, volatile, irritable, disinhibited and euphoric) and emotional temperament (volition, anger, inhibition, coping and control) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that there are not significant difference in affective temperaments of obsessive, euthymic and hyperthymic and emotional temperament of sensitivity in two groups of students (P>0.05).

The affective and emotional temperaments are important components in the pathology of self-harm behavior. These components can be used to better understand the personality, affective and emotional characteristics involved in self-harming behavior as well as its treatment.

The purpose of this research was to identify the psychodynamic dimensions of object relations and determine its role in predicting marital satisfaction.

194 married men and women were purposefully selected in Tehran who had been married for at least 2 years and did not have an acute psychiatric disorder. Participants completed the Bell object relations Inventory (2003) and ENRICH marital satisfaction scale (1993).

The results of correlation analysis showed that there is a significant negative relationship between marital satisfaction and the dimensions of object relations (egocentricity, alienation, insecure attachment and social inadequacy). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that different dimensions of object relations including egocentricity (R2=0.394, p < 0.001), insecure attachment (R2=0.054, p < 0.001) and social inadequacy (R2=0.016, p=0.05) are the most significant variables in predicting marital dissatisfaction. Moreover, results showed that egocentricity (R2=0.444, p < 0.001), and social inadequacy (R2=0.061, p < 0.001) in men and egocentricity (R2=0/323, p < 0/001) and insecure attachment (R2=0.061, p < 0.001) in women, respectively are predictors of marital dissatisfaction.

The findings of the research provide evidence for the model of psychodynamic explanation in marital satisfaction

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of positive parenting program on self-efficacy and parenting style in mothers of children with internalized and externalized disorders.

This was quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest, and a control group. The statistical population included all mothers of children who had referred to the Falavarjan Education counseling center in the academic year of 2017-18. Thirty mothers whose children ranged in age from 6 to 11 years were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.  Participants received a score higher than the cut-off point in the Goodman's ability and problems diagnosis of internalized and externalized Disorders. The mothers of experimental group was trained for eight sessions. The tools of this research were Domca parental self-efficacy scale and Baumrind parenting style questionnaire. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and MANCOVA.

The results showed that positive parenting program can increase parenting self-efficacy and change parenting styles in mothers of children with internalized and externalized disorders.

Teaching positive parenting program to mothers of children with internalized and externalized disorders can increase parenting self-efficacy and change extreme parenting styles (authoritarian and permissive) in mothers. It is suggested that this program could be used to improve the parenting skills for mothers of children with internalized and externalized disorders

Perfectionism plays an important role in creating and developing symptoms of social anxiety. Moreover, mindfulness affects psychological problems and disorders. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety symptoms by considering the mediating role of mindfulness.

The sample consisted of 226 Bachelor, Master and PhD students who were studying at Shahed University of Tehran. The research tools included the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The collected data were analyzed using path analysis method and SPSS 25 software and Process macro.

The results showed that perfectionism could significantly predict an increase in social anxiety with a correlation coefficient of 0.27. In addition, perfectionism with a coefficient of effect of 0.14 can indirectly increase social anxiety by reducing mindfulness, which is significant at the level of 0.02. Most of this effect has been done through two subscales "description" and "non-reaction".

The findings of the present research confirmed the relationship between perfectionism and social anxiety and the variable role of mindfulness in mediating between perfectionism and social anxiety. Therefore, the mentioned variables can be considered in the range of intra-individual and inter-individual communication, educational, family and clinical problems.

It has been well established that there is a relationship between behavioral brain systems and generalized anxiety disorder, but the role of mediators in this relationship has not been considered. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the mediating role of worry and rumination in the relationship between behavioral brain systems and generalized anxiety disorder in students.

This was descriptive-correlational research. The sample of this research included 200 students from the Applied Science Center of the Industrial Management Organization of Khorasan Razavi Province. Students were selected using cluster sampling method from among applied science centers in Mashhad in 2018-2019. Data were collected using the Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation System Scale (Carver & White, 1994), the Penn state worry questionnaire (Mayer et al., 1991), the Rumination Response Scale (Treynor et al., 2003), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale (Spitzer et al., 2006). Data were analyzed using the software SPSS version 24 and lisrel software, Pearson correlation method and path analysis method.

The findings of the present research showed that there is a relationship between behavioral inhibition system and generalized anxiety disorder, but there is no relationship between behavioral activation system and this disorder. The model related to the mediating role of worry and rumination has a good fit with the relationship between behavioral inhibition system and generalized anxiety disorder in students. In other words, worry and rumination play a mediating role in the relationship between behavioral inhibition system and generalized anxiety disorder in students.

The results of this research suggest that the behavioral inhibition system, worry and rumination play an important role in causing generalized anxiety disorder in students

The character abilities reflect humanistic virtuous behavior. The purpose of this research was to confirm the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the Values in Action Inventory.

This was descriptive-analytical psychometric research. The sample consisted of 500 student teachers in Tehran who were selected by available sampling method. Participants answered the Values in Action Inventory and the Complete Mental Health Scale.

The results of exploratory factor analysis showed the existence of 5 factors that explained 76.248% of the total variance of the Inventory. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed the existence of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 factor models. The overall reliability coefficient of the Inventory was appropriate with two methods of Cronbach's alpha (0.90) and test-retest (0.88). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the factors of this Inventory and the complete mental health scale.

The results of this research showed that the Inventory has appropriate psychometric properties to measure virtues in the non-clinical group.

The aim of present research was to investigate the results of 13-year-old Iranian non-clinical sample in Rorschach test and compare these results with findings of non-clinical and non-Iranian sample (Exner, 2003) in similar ages.

The statistical population included 13-year-old children from 4 education districts of Qom. Then, 98 13-year-olds children (46 boys and 52 girls) were selected as the sample who were studying in the first grade of junior high school. The Rorschach test was administered to them. The results were analyzed using t-test.

Comparison between the two13-year-old Iranian and Exner groups showed that there was a significant difference between two samples in some of the variables of location, determinant, content and popular responses. For example, in the location index, the Whole Response (W) is lower in the Iranian sample and the Detail Response (Dd) in the Iranian sample is higher than the Exner sample.

The samples were selected from two different cultures. Therefore, it can be concluded that the most important reason for the observed differences could be caused by the differences between the Iranian and American communities. According to the expectations of Iranian culture and society from individuals, it can be noted that Iranians are likely to be cautious in expressing their emotions. Iranians try to express their emotions in a controlled manner and experience a high degree of depression.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the short form of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire.

This is descriptive-psychometric research. The sample included 1093 (562 female and 531 male) university students and employees of the province who were tested in the year of 2017-18. The data collection tools were the short form of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja personality questionnaire (ZKA-PQ/SF), the HEXACO-60 scale of personality, and the short dark triad questionnaire (SD3). Data analysis was performed by SPSS20, Amos software using descriptive ‎and inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis, Alpha Cronbach, test retest, Pearson ‎correlation). ‎

Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the factors ranged from 0.784-0.880. The reliability of the test retest was 0.751 for the whole questionnaire and was 0.748-0.788 for the factors. There weas no significant difference between males and females with respect to the mean scores of factors, except for sensation seeking factor which was significantly higher in females. There was a poor convergent and divergent validity between ZKA questionnaire with two SD3 and HEXACO questionnaires. The results showed that the confirmatory factor analysis in the indices finally obtained an appropriate fit of the model.

The short five-factor version of the personality questionnaire (ZKA) has an appropriate psychometric property between university students and employees. This questionnaire could be used for research purposes, according to its appropriate psychometric properties.

Reward deficiency syndrome is the root of many mental disorders and behavioral problems. Long–term experience of failed paths to positive reinforcement act as unconditional stimuli for humans and other organisms. These experiences evoke emotional components such as depression and anxiety. The purpose of this research was to investigate the psychometric properties and confirmatory factor structure of reward probability index among students of senior high school in Tehran.

The method of this research is a type of psychometric validation studies. The statistical population included all senior high school students of public schools in Tehran. 364 students were selected as the sample using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Students were asked to complete Reward Probability Index (RPI), the Yale–Brown obsessive-compulsive scale modified for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-YBOCS) and multidimensional scale of perceived social support (Zimet et al).

The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model of reward probability index (reward probability and environmental suppressors) has a good fit. The total reliability coefficient of the questionnaire and the reward probability and environmental suppressor’s subscales were obtained by Cronbach’s alpha method of 0.90, 0.88 and 0.83, respectively. This indicates the appropriate reliability of the tool. This scale showed a significant correlation with the multidimensional scale of perceived social support by Zimet et al and the Yale–Brown obsessive-compulsive scale modified for body dysmorphic disorder. This correlation confirmed the convergent validity of the questionnaire.

The results indicate that the reward probability index scale has appropriate validity and reliability among students in Iranian society and could be used in psychological studies.

Network analysis is an advanced statistical and graphical method which visualizes the relationship between multiple variables. The purpose of this research is to describe the analysis of computational psychological networks. Psychological network analysis helps researchers find the most important variables and relationships in a complex system. The latest estimation tools included accuracy using Bootstrap method, the degree of stability of focal indices, linkage comparison in psychological networks, and estimated indices. In addition, two new statistical methods called stationary correlation coefficient and the bootstrapped difference test were presented to compare edge-weights difference and focal indices. The statistical population of the research included 368 (120 male and 248 female) students of Tehran universities in the academic year of 2019-20. Then the anxiety of participants was measured. Network analysis using R showed that nodes 3, 6 and 11 are the most important nodes and the relationships between nodes 12-18 and 17-18 had the strongest positive relationships. Bootstrap method showed that the parameters and focal indicators of the network provide the correct estimation. The practical and interpretive steps of the mentioned theoretical foundations were presented in practical formats with anxiety data using R statistical software. The design of this article is based on theoretical and practical implications