مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال بیست و نهم شماره 7 (پیاپی 221، مهر 1401)

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the common causes of anterior knee pain, which is related to the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors that affect the patellofemoral (PF) joint interface. The common causes of PFPS are: PF joint overloading, a disorder of patellar and femoral articular surface, knee muscular imbalance and weakness, an increase of Q angle, excessive subtalar pronation. This pathological chain can produce excessive compressive stress on the patellofemoral joint surface that causes nagging pain that significantly affects patients’ quality of life (QOL) and disability. The main factor of the therapeutic approach in conservative treatment of PFPS is exercise therapy including restoration of power balance quadriceps, improvement of the range of motion, as well as prevention of unequal compressive stresses on the PF joint. Generally, two exercise-based plans: Open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain exercises (CKC), have been employed for managing PFPS. It has been claimed that CKCs may provide more sensory feedback that could be effective in controlling joint stresses compared to OKCs. Quadriceps muscle actuates separately leading to an increase in PF compression stress; whereas muscular co-contraction occurs in CKCs that enhance joint stability and mitigate joint pain.Despite the existence of some clinical evidence of the effectiveness of the two exercise programs in the treatment of PFPS, there is a scarcity of scientific reports showing which method is most effective. The present study aimed to compare the therapeutic effect of the OKC and CKC exercises on the pain and functional statement in patients with PFPS. 

This study was designed as a randomized clinical trial with ethical approval of the Research Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences. It was conducted on 64 patients with PFPS who were referred to the Clinic of Sports Medicine in Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran. Inclusion criteria were: 1) age between 18-70 years, 2) pain in the anterior knee for at least two months with pain intensity equal to or higher than three based on the visual analog scale (VAS), 3) three or more positive clinical signs in the following tests: Clarke's sign, McConnell test, Nobel compression test, Waldron test, and patella in medial or lateral positions, 4) pain arose in at least two of the following situations: Resisted contraction of the quadriceps, squatting, prolonged sitting or kneeling, descending or ascending stairs, 5) normal mental state and 6) not participating in sports programs and physical therapy in the recent three months. On the other hand, exclusion criteria were: 1) history of previous surgery or injury in the knee, 2) history of acute traumatic injuries, 3) history of knee locking, 4) history of patellar dislocation or knee osteoarthritis, 5) history of knee intra-articular injection in the past six months, 6) Osgood-Schlatter disease, 7) unwillingness to participate in the study; 8) uncompleted evaluation programs; 9) any damage to the knee joint during the study and 10) using any therapeutic protocols. Therefore, outcome measurements were consisted of anthropometric parameters which were measured by the standard tools, pain intensity by VAS, 6-minute walking test (6MW test), timed up and go (TUG), sit-up test (numbers of sitting and getting up from a chair in 30 seconds), KUJALA anterior knee pain questionnaire and Functional Index Questionnaire (FIQ) for assessment of lower extremity function. The outcome measurements were carried out at three intervals: The baseline or pre-intervention, the 4th week, and the 8th week. Also, study intervention: A total of 117 patients with PFPS, 64 patients were included and randomly allocated to two groups, with 32 patients in each group. The participants began a 24-session program (three times per week) in each group after the pre-intervention assessment. All groups received the same warm-up exercises. OKC Protocol- the OKC group, received an exercise protocol that consisted of quadriceps setting, straight leg raise (SLR), and knee extension. CKC Protocol- the CKC group, received an exercise protocol that consisted of mini squat, Standing wall sit, and step up. Statistical analysis: The SPSS (version 16; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was reasonably applied to provide the analysis. The normality of data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Independent t-test and repeated measurement were also fulfilled to compare the results over time within and between groups.

Comparing the mean VAS pain score at baseline showed no difference between the OKC and CKC groups. And no difference was revealed in the mean KUJALA anterior knee pain score between the two groups before, one month, and two months after exercises. However, the results for the FIQ test were slightly different. Comparing the mean functional index between the subjects programmed for OKC and CKC exercises, it was presented that the CKC was slightly higher after two months of intervention. Again for the mean 6MW test, TUG test, and sit-up test, the difference was negligible between the two groups.

Findings in the present study showed that by planning both OKC and CKC training programs for eight weeks, a significant improvement in pain intensity and functional expression was achieved. Still, no priorities were determined between the two programs. As indicated by Witvirouw et al., an increase in the torque peak of the functional capacity of knee-related muscles and also pain reduction were found in both exercise groups. In a similar study, excellent results were revealed related to the pain and functionality.Contrary to our observation, Stiene et al., concluded that after an eight-week treatment, the CKC exercises were more effective than the OKC exercises. The above exposed statement suggests that both the OKC and the CKC exercises have been employed to treat the PFPS, but the OKC program seemed more effective in pain relief. Moreover, some studies could not demonstrate a discrepancy between the two exercise types. As indicated in a systematic review no significant differences in improvement of function or reduction of pain were apparent between the two types of exercise in any of the studies. There are significant differences between OKC and CKC protocols regarding action mechanisms and muscular effects. In OKC, a combination in which the terminal joint is free, while in CKC, one in which the terminal joint meets with some considerable external resistance that prohibits or restrains free movement. Also, in OKC, the distal end is opened, whereas, in CKC, the motion of one segment at one joint will produce motion at all other joints in the system in a predictable manner. In CKC exercise, the main basis is an exercise with greater proprioceptive input leading to an increase in proprioceptive ability, increasing joint compressive forces and knee stability, and thus increasing muscular performance. Totally, CKC exercise seemed to be safe because of decreasing shear force and increased muscle co-contraction. Unlikely, some advantages have also been pointed out for OKC versus CKC exercise, including improving strength and increasing ROM at specific joints, correcting strength deficits of specific muscles or joints, and beginning rehabilitation when athletes are not able to perform CKC exercises. It has been demonstrated that OKC and CKC exercises are equally effective in pain reduction and functional improvement. They are strongly recommended as rehabilitation protocols in patients with PFPS. However, why one protocol is superior to another remains controversial and needs further assessment.

In marketing, cognitive abnormality is defined as anxiety that emerges after shopping or making decision through a notable buying that has persuading alternatives (2). For example: consumers who bought an expensive car, when thinks about repurchasing, they likely conclude that alternative option would be a better choice, so he or she came over cognitive abnormalities (3). Abnormalities occurred when consumer have an opposite point of view (4). Cognitive abnormalities might arise after buying, as result something is purchased in comparison the others (5) provided the result was not favorite, consumer might sense psychological distress (6) that be accompanied by senses such as anxiety, unreliability, hesitation and regret (7). Also all humans might experience collection of different emotions daily. Collection of emotions that have significant effects on our relationships by self and the others is called Conscious emotions. To understand the effects of Conscious emotions on different aspects of life is important. During past decade, study and assess Conscious emotions such as shame and guilt has increased (8). Guilt and shame notably impact on people's daily life especially in ethical decision making and repurchasing (9). Shame and guilt feeling are some conscious emotions that occurred after a moral mistake and at individual and communicational levels are particularly practical. Shame and guilt are conscious emotions, because self is assessing in these feelings and are included as moral emotions due to having important role in improvement ethical behavior (10). Moral emotions are such emotions that are defined in relationship by moral affair (11) and have roots on social relations and are based on evaluations and bilateral judgments of self and the others (12) and also regulate ethical behavior and shape psychological signs. From the past, Experts have considered conceptual separation of these two constructs. Shame and guilt feeling often are used by each other, while either have a different meaning and independent structure. Guilt feeling includes Mental preoccupation, regret, but shame feeling is an embarrassed feeling due to a mistake action (13) studying guilt and shame is a significant and practical part of psychology and it is known as conscious emotion. From the point of view of psychology this conscious emotion is found in social relationships and it is increased by concerns about self, the others and performed behaviors. Fear of negative evaluation and self-behaviors are considered for guilt feeling and guilt feeling is considered as a social and ethical emotion and due to response to moral violation, moral behaviors, rules of conducts of interpersonal communication and Personal hygiene will be occurred (14). Shame feeling can be considered as an emotional state that derives of cognitive factors such as documents about self, constant documents, permanent documents and uncontrollable. Such position result to self-blame (because of constant documents, general documents, internal documents for negative events) that can provide anxiety contexts. Shame fundamentally helps to social behavior motivation and try to self-improvement. However, when shame overcome emotion can result to inconsistent results (16, 17). Shame includes defensive reactions such as anger and anger and sadness (10). Emotions have significant role in the field of consumer's ethical making decision. Researches show that the level of consumer's guilt impacts on types of decisions related to consumption such as using of recyclable product, smoking, diet and repurchasing (18). Studies about consumer's misbehavior, and also importance of shame and guilt in determining the level of consumer's moral, highlights deviation understanding. Negative effect of shopping mistake impacts on repurchasing and this feeling should be removed till shopping be continuous. Researches related to this topic is limited and exposed an emptiness. Du ring present years interest to concept of shame and guilt feelings is enhancing. For example, persons such as Yi and Baumgartner specified eight coping strategies that are usable in general concept of shopping, and also considering development of competition and diversification in shopping and products, assessing shame and guilt feeling from consumers' point of view is an important research topic. Studying this type of behavior represent an understanding of normal behavior. In spite of being practical, limited researches pay to assessing different aspects of shame and guilt feeling.. Saintives and Lunardo have investigated how guilt feeling will be moderated by changing amount of guilt feeling and emotional support and how them impacts on consumers. Past studies showed sometimes consumers feel guilt. Psychological literature show how guilt feelings and anxiety engage with emotional support. In this research shame feeling had mediator role on relationship between guilt feeling and consumer behavior's attitude. Also Yi and Baumgartner investigated the interaction effect of guilt and shame feeling on consumer's impulsive buying behavior. Based on psychological studies about guilt and shame, research show that the intensity of shame feeling on social support, consumer's reasonable behavior, regretting, resignation, lack of intellectual belonging and blaming have direct effect. Research's questionnaires were collected from 274 participants. Kabadaei et al's research was performed in Turkish youth by using quantitative method and distributing questionnaires and that states how consumer's feeling, self-controlling and perceived effectiveness impact on consumer's attitudes. This research's objective was an experimental study that direct and indirect effect of different factors on consumer's behavior were evaluated. 172 questionnaires of students were collected. This research show that perceived effectiveness has the most effect on consumer's tendency. Also consumer's guilt feeling has direct and indirect effect on shopping tendency among youth. Baker et al investigated the relationship between guilt feeling and moral judgments in a research titled religiosity, guilt feeling and moral judgments of consumer. This research's objective is recognizing moral and showing their effects on guilt feeling. The results show indirect effect of materialism on consumer's moral judgments and also its direct effect on guilt feeling. Ozhan and Kazancoglu in a research titled "consequences and backgrounds consumer's guilt feeling model" investigates relationships between regret from buying and not buying, violation of norms and hedonism in shopping on consumer's guilt. This topic can be newest in marketing. There is a complicated relationship between aspects of consumer's guilt feeling and reactions of avoidance of that. Results show regretting has the most effect on consumer's guilt feeling. . In Iran, there were not sources and research activities in the field of shame and guilt feelings. This concept that make a revolution in combination marketing and psychology and also consumer's values were hidden. So, research activities will make an insight in the field of consumer's moral values and will provide necessary context for guiding citizenships.

The present research method is descriptive-survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. Its statistical population is the postgraduate students of Islamic Azad University Faculty of Management, Tehran Central Branch, and the statistical sample includes 337 students who were selected by stratified random method. In order to test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used, and SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data.

Data analysis showed that instant shopping has a positive effect on consumer guilt and shame. And this is while the consumer's guilt and shame do not directly affect the intention to buy again. This shows the high power of the strategies considered in the research model to deal with the consumer's sense of guilt and shame in the intention of repurchasing.

The results showed that cognitive abnormalities after shopping affect coping strategies and planning strategies to reduce impulse buying, planning to compensate for financial loss, lack of intellectual belonging, blaming others, justifying, and regretting strategy have a negative effect on repurchase intention. These findings confirm the results of past research. Also, shame-inducing patterns lead to the desire to hide and escape, and guilt-inducing patterns lead to the desire to confess, apologize, and make amends.

Obesity and being overweight is one of the major public health challenges all around the world. The prevalence of being overweight has been increasing over the past decade and it is estimated that more than 2 million people are overweight now. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of some chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Several different approaches like exercise training have already been introduced to combat obesity and overweight. According to previous studies, comprehensive approaches including training exercises, dietary supplements, and medications could provide the best outcome. Metabolic resistance training has been shown as a promising approach to weight loss with higher efficacy compared with other types of exercise training. Moreover, such effects have also been reported for Chlorogenic Acid (CGA). In the current study, we aimed to compare the simultaneous effects of 8 weeks of MRT and CGA on weight loss and lipid profile of overweight women.

We performed an open-label randomized clinical trial on 40 women with overweight. Study participants were women with body mass index (BMI) between 25 to 28 who were physically active over the past 6 months before the study. We used a balanced block randomization method for case assignment. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention given to the study participants was a combination of MRT and CGA supplements. Each MRT training session was 45 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of MRT, and 5 minutes of cool-down. They also received CGA supplements as a form of green coffee extract (400 mg per day). We collected data on age, weight, height, BMI, medical history, and volume of physical activity for each participant. Data on lipid profiles including HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were also collected for each participant at baseline using blood samples. Study participants were asked not to have vigorous exercise two in the last two days leading to blood sampling. Blood sampling was performed from the participant’s right-hand vein at 8 AM and all study participants were fasting in the last 12 hours. The same procedures were also repeated after 8 weeks of intervention.We provided and mean and standard deviation for each continuous variable. The mean comparison between intervention and control groups was performed using an independent t-test. Withing group variability of lipid profile was investigated using paired t-test. We also used a multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of CGA+MRT intervention on the lipid profile of overweight women adjusted for possible confounders. All statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software and P-values <0.05 were considered significant.  

We compared baseline characteristics and observed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding age, weight, and BMI. Lipid profile at baseline was also compared between these groups and there was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05). The average BMI change in the control group was 0.4 kg/m2, while it was 0.7 kg/m2 in the intervention group. We also observed a significant decrease in HDL, TC, and TG in the intervention group over the study period (P <0.05). However, no significant change was observed in the control groups regarding the investigated outcomes (P >0.05). The linear regression model showed that after adjustment for the potential confounders the average BMI reduction in the control group was 0.6 kg/m2 higher in the intervention group than the control group and the observed association was statistically significant (P <0.05). We also observed that MRT and CGA intervention has led to more reduction in HDL level on average (Regression coefficient= -8.9, 95% CI= -10.9, -7.0). The effect of the intervention on TG and TC was also statistically significant and the intervention significantly reduced the level of TG and TC in comparison to the control group (P <0.05).

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training and CGA supplement extracted from coffee beans on the body weight and lipid profile of overweight women. We showed that MRT and CGA supplementation could lead reduce body weight and body mass index in the intervention group. The observed difference compared to the control group was also statistically significant. We also observed a significant effect of the intervention on the level of HDL, TG, and TC. According to our data level of HDL, TG, and TC in the intervention group reduced over the study period and the observed difference was statistically significant compared to the control group.We showed that simultaneous CGA and MRT could reduce body weight and body mass index in overweight women. Such findings were supported by many previous researches. Haghighi et al. showed in a study that participating in eight weeks of aerobic exercise and consuming green tea supplements significantly reduced body weight and body mass index. These findings were similarly repeated in the study of Kanha et al. and they showed that consuming CGA for eight weeks leads to weight loss in mice with a high-fat diet and also improves lipolysis pathways. In a systematic review study by Gerji et al., it was shown that the consumption of CGA supplements and coffee extract can lead to weight loss in overweight and obese people. According to previous studies, participating in MRT courses could effectively increase energy consumption and consequently increase fat burning which leads to weight loss. We also observed that MRT and CGA modified the lipid profile of overweight women. According to our findings, women in the intervention group had a lower level of HDL, TG, and TC after 8 weeks of MRT training and CGA supplementation. Their results were consistent with previous studies. Ghasemi et al, in line with the findings of the present study, showed that participating in metabolic resistance exercises with CGA supplementation leads to positive regulation of the lipid profile of overweight people. Animal studies also showed that MRT training and CGA supplementation could significantly reduce the level of TG, TC, and HDL in rats. Several mechanisms including the effect of CGA on LDL receptors and inhibition of mass absorption were introduced to justify these findings. According to our findings, MRT and CGA supplementation could lead to weight loss and reduced BMI in overweight women with a significant positive change in their lipid profile.

Following the growing changes and changes that have occurred in the structure of human societies, the family institution has not been deprived of these changes and in some cases, has accepted dramatic changes in its structure, so marital incompatibility. Nowadays, it has become a social issue that damages the institution of the family and gradually leads the society to a critical situation and the collapse of values. For this reason, social planners need to investigate this problem in practice, identify its causes and factors, and take action to address it. The increasing problems, marital dissatisfaction, incompatibility, the increase in the divorce rate in recent years, as well as its negative consequences, indicate the need and importance of paying attention to marital adjustment. Adaptation means consistent adaptation to change and creating a connection between oneself and the environment in a way that enables maximum self-improvement with social welfare. Adaptation is defined as a continuous process in which specific social learning experiences create psychological needs and enable the acquisition of abilities and skills through which those needs can be met. Therefore, we say that a person is adaptable when he has learned the necessary skills to communicate and interact and can effectively meet his needs. Social adjustment is a process in which a person acquires the ability to be absorbed in that group by learning the principles and customs accepted in the group or community and aligning his or her needs and wants with the group in which he or she lives. Marital incompatibility has many negative effects such as reduced intimacy, reduced marital relationships, and reduced self-esteem in the family. The prevalence of marital incompatibility has always been of interest to psychologists and is more prevalent today. The prevalence of marital incompatibility has been reported in various ways. All the reports, despite their differences, show that the level of marital incompatibility is increasing. Research has shown that the ratio of divorce to marriage is increasing in Iran. A report on marital status in the United States also found that the proportion of children in families with two parents rose from 88 percent to 68 percent. On the other hand, in recent years, helping couples to improve their marital relationships by using training and applying different treatment methods has been considered. It is necessary to help couples to solve marital problems by recognizing the factors and causes affecting marital adjustment and reducing marital conflicts. The effect of communication skills on marital relationships in married couples is very important because it can help professionals in implementing the correct training program to provide better marital communication skills to meet physical and mental needs and wants. It can help couples live happier and more satisfying lives, it can also help them resolve their differences better, and it can therefore create a strong bond for better family functioning and social well-being. Slowly Despite the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach in improving subjects' behaviors in various studies, few studies have examined the effectiveness of the emotion-oriented approach on intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth. Hence, the research gap in this area is quite obvious. Given that couple adjustment plays an important role in family stability to achieve this goal, the emotional approach can be used, so the research question is whether the emotional approach to intimacy, communication skills And is the feeling of worth effective in incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran?

The research method is experimental with a multi-group pretest-posttest design and follow-up period. The statistical population includes all incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, whose number in 1400 was equal to 3500 people. Taking into account the existing files of incompatible couples referring to the Family Counseling Center of Tehran, 10 couples (10 men and 10 women) who referred to the Family Counseling Centers of Tehran due to marital incompatibility by sampling method in Availability of choice was divided into two groups of 5 couples (5 couples in the first experimental group and 5 couples in the control group). Criteria for inclusion in the sample are the existence of marital incompatibility, minimum cycle education, passing at least one year of married life, obtaining the consent of clients, and also the criteria for leaving the research are having a history of psychiatric disorders and participating in another treatment program and absence there were more than two sessions in treatment sessions. The individuals selected in these groups, after completing the Thompson and Walker Intimacy Questionnaire (1983), Matson (1983) Communication Skills, and Crocker et al. (2003) and Spanier (1976) Marital Adjustment Questionnaire in the experimental group under the emotion-centered approach treatment was performed and the control group remained to wait until the end of the course. Then post-test was performed for both groups and after two months follow-up was performed for all three groups. The results are analyzed by SPSS software.

The results showed that the emotion-oriented approach affects intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in the subscales (family support, overtaking and competition, physical appearance, and academic competence) in maladapted couples.

The aim of this study was the effectiveness of an emotion-oriented approach to intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in maladapted couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran. For this purpose, from all incompatible couples referred to counseling centers in Tehran, trained individuals and a control group were selected by the available sampling method. The results showed that the emotion-oriented approach to intimacy, communication skills, and feelings of worth in the subscales (family support, overtaking and competition, physical appearance, divine love, scientific competence, and consent from others) in incompatible couples is effective. Explaining the results of this study, it can be said that the emotion-oriented approach by controlling the person's emotions and improving the level of ability to manage the person's emotions teaches him how to react correctly in different emotional times. People who take emotion-oriented training courses know their emotions better and are prepared to be in exciting environments. In these people, emotional intelligence is also strengthened and the person chooses the best behavior and reaction from all the expected behaviors. According to the obtained results, it is suggested to use the emotion-oriented approach to improve the situation of intimacy, communication skills, and sense of worth in couples with marital incompatibility.

Adolescence is one of the most important periods of life. In this period, physiological and psychological changes cause profound changes in the individual. Simultaneously, these changes cause disturbance of mental and physical balance. Adolescents in this period are experiencing rapid physical growth. He is emotionally immature, limited in experience, and culturally fragile and vulnerable. Some teens have difficulty coping with their emotions, which can lead to more emotional distress and more behavioral problems. Behavioral disorders are one of the major childhood and adolescent problems that can be referred to by a mental health professional. Behavioral problems of children and adolescents are considered as abnormal behaviors that, while not appropriate for age, are severe, chronic, and persistent. Research shows that disorders in some components of family quality of life such as family coldness, negative parent-child relationships are associated with child and adolescent behavioral problems. The role of parenting in the development of children's behavioral problems has been shown in many studies. Behavioral problems include a wide range of persistently different behaviors, such as: disruption and disorder in daily activities, aggression, and physical or verbal aggression, inability to concentrate and pay attention to the use of experiences, distraction or distraction, refusal to participate in learning activities, destructive behavior, strange and unusual behavior. The parent-child relationship involves a combination of behaviors, feelings, and unique expectations that exist between parents and their children and play an important role in children becoming vulnerable or resilient. Research examining the parent-child relationship has shown that children with warm and supportive parents are more likely to have consequences for positive peers, including greater peer acceptance and reciprocal friendships. Parent-child relationships play an important role in vulnerability. Children become or become flexible. This relationship is broadly influenced by the characteristics of adolescents. Characteristics that, along with the characteristics of parents, family, environment, predict adolescent development. In the meantime, parenting is also important. One of the ways to eliminate or reduce behavioral problems is to correct the parenting style of parents, especially the parent-child relationship. Establishing effective communication will correct children's problems at home and school, and incorrect relationships will increase children's behavioral problems. Changes that begin in early adolescence change adolescents' perceptions and feelings about themselves and their relationships with others, including parents. High levels of parent-child conflict with a variety of negative social consequences, including: aggression toward peers, decreased social competence, and conflict It is linked in the deviant peer group. Proper parent-child relationships are associated with good outcomes for the child, including low levels of anxiety, high self-esteem depression, low incidence of substance abuse, and behavioral problems. Happiness, vitality is one of the most important psychological needs of human beings that has a major impact on the formation of personality and psyche. Happiness is one of the variables that has been considered in the field of health psychology in recent years. Parenting style and quality of parent-child relationship have a significant effect on self-esteem, happiness, and well-being. But you showed that close emotional relationships with parents affect life satisfaction and happiness of children and adolescents. Happiness requires a level of social skills this skill is more common in girls. Parenting style and the quality of the parent-child relationship have a significant effect on the self-esteem, happiness, and well-being of individuals. Happiness and vitality are also one of the most important human psychological needs that have a major impact on the formation of personality and mental health. The mental health of students, who are the builders of the future of society, is one of the pillars of mental health in society, so it is necessary to pay more attention to the mental and physical health of this large group and basic steps to prevent and treat mental illness and behavioral disorders from childhood and adolescence. It begins and extends to the next stages of life. Therefore, the identification and treatment of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents is very important. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of the parent-child relationship on behavioral disorders mediated by happiness in adolescents aged 12 to 15 years.

The present study is a descriptive survey. The statistical population of adolescents 12 to 15 years old who were studying in girls 'and boys' schools in the first year of high school in Tehran, the sample size is 629 people, of which 320 are girls and 309 are boys. By completing the Mark Fine parent-child relationship questionnaire, Kwai and Patterson behavioral disorders, and Oxford happiness, and within 2 months, the data were collected and collected. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationships between subscales and mediating variables. Relationships were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Analyzes were performed using SPSS.26 and Amos.24 software.

The obtained data were analyzed. Based on the results, the significance level coefficient is 0.001 and the standardized coefficient is -0.10 and the non-standardized coefficient is -1.26. The explained variance of behavioral disorders based on the parent-child relationship, happiness is equal to R2 = 0.38.

Happiness is one of the most important human psychological needs that has a major impact on the formation of personality and psyche. According to research, the happiness of parents, especially mothers has a significant impact on creating a sense of security and life satisfaction in children, Based on the present study, the prediction of adolescent behavioral disorders based on the parent-child relationship with the mediating role of happiness was shown to have a favorable fit and improve the relationship. Parent-child can reduce behavioral disorders by increasing happiness. Happy parents can also pass on happiness to others, their children, and reduce their behavioral problems. According to theoretical views, happiness means repeatedly experiencing pleasant emotions, relative lack of unpleasant feelings, and a general feeling of satisfaction with life, so if children show behavioral problems, if parents have characteristics of happiness, they can better adapt to the problem and find a way to solve problems and problems. If parents have the characteristics of happiness, they can better adapt to the problem, and as a result, not only does it reduce the severity of the problem, but it also improves it. Parents 'happiness is negatively related to emotional problems, anxiety, physical, hyperactivity, coping behavior, and students' behavior problems, and parents have fewer behavioral problems with their children's greater happiness. Intimacy and empathy between family members are some of the most important pillars of dynamism and vitality. It is the family and makes the family not lose the necessary strength and power in the face of problems.

Marital infidelity is one of the most important factors threatening the performance, stability, and continuity of marital relationships. Marital infidelity refers to any sexual or emotional relationship beyond the framework of a committed relationship between two spouses, and research shows that about one-third of men and a quarter of women are likely to have sex at least once in their lifetime. Engage in extramarital affairs. Hidden relationships outside of marriage cause feelings such as depression, anger, frustration, lack of self-confidence, loss of identity, and feelings of worthlessness in a betrayed spouse. Marital infidelity also causes feelings of doubt, depression, and guilt in the unfaithful spouse. Couples who are treated for marital infidelity are more likely to separate and divorce than couples who present with other problems. Marital infidelity is one of the main reasons that bring couples to family counseling clinics for divorce. Research has shown that the harmful consequences of infidelity can last for a long time and may last forever, unless the couple receives proper treatment. One of the most important changes that can be made in the life of couples with extramarital affairs is to reduce the symptoms of depression and improve their sexual function psychologically, and it seems that the scheme of schema therapy can be effective in this regard. Various cognitive factors are influential in marital incompatibilities. One type of cognition that is important in a marital relationship is maladaptive schemas. Incompatible schemas are structures that are formed based on reality or experience and, as mediators, affect individuals' behavioral responses. Schemas are considered undeniable intellectual structures that are used as a framework for processing experiences. These schemas expand over time and define thoughts and relationships with others. According to Beck, early maladaptive schemas are essentially valid examples of traumatic childhood experiences that gradually become patterns of distorted thoughts and dysfunctional behaviors, and since the beginning of life, they are brought up in a habit and remain unquestioned, often forming human self-conceptions and views of the world. Even when there is evidence that schemas are refuted, many people distort their information to preserve the validity of the schemas. The usefulness of schema therapy in the treatment of severe marital problems and common problems in maintaining intimate relationships between couples has been confirmed. Considering the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the schema model and also the lack of research in Iran to evaluate its effectiveness on women affected by infidelity, in this study we tried to evaluate the effect of couple therapy based on the schema model on depressive symptoms and sexual function in women affected by infidelity in Bushehr should be examined.

This research is in the group of quasi-experimental researches which was approved by Bushehr University of Medical Sciences with ethics code IR.BPUMS.REC.1399.169. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women affected by infidelity in Bushehr who had been referred to counseling and family therapy centers in Bushehr. The sample consisted of 30 people (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). In the present study, the library method was used to review research sources and the field method was used to collect information. Both groups completed the research tools in the pre-test and post-test stages. Research instruments included Beck and Stear's (1996) Depression Inventory and Rosen et al.'s (2000) Sexual Function Questionnaire.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that couple therapy based on the schema model had a significant effect on reducing depressive symptoms and improving sexual function in women affected by infidelity. Based on the effect size coefficient, 71.1% of the variance of the dependent variables of depressive symptoms and sexual function can be explained by the independent variable of couple therapy based on the schema model.

The use of schema-based couple therapy can play an important role in reducing depression and improving sexual function in women affected by infidelity. Schema-based couple therapy is an approach consisting of cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, attachment, and experimental approaches in the form of an integrated treatment model that uses four main cognitive, behavioral, relational, and experimental techniques in individuals in addition to questioning maladaptive schemas. This is the main cause of the formation of dysfunctional and irrational thoughts, emotionally drains the buried negative emotions and emotions and often leads to depression. It has been found that there is a theoretical link between early dysfunctional schemas and depressive symptoms. For example, the perfectionist schemas of emotional inhibition, social isolation, self-development, impairment, and emotional deprivation appear to be associated with depressive disorder. Therefore, recognizing these schemas and changing them has important clinical implications. In fact, by identifying depressive schemas in women affected by infidelity, they can be targeted for treatment, and with therapeutic interventions focused on schemas, they can be changed and corrected. Also, in explaining the effect of schema-based couple therapy on improving the sexual function of women affected by infidelity, it should be noted that in schema therapy, through behavioral techniques, clients are allowed to have intimacy with their lives by sharing memories. Bitter and unfortunate and allow the spouse to approach. Therefore, it can be said that couple therapy based on schema model through cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies can correct the schemas of the first people that lead to an increased tendency to marital infidelity and decreased marital satisfaction, and as a result, the person acquires enough power to stop marital infidelity and increase intimacy with the spouse. Therefore, it can be said that the couple therapy effected on depressive symptoms and sexual function in women affected by infidelity. It seems that schema-based couple therapy, by affecting intimacy and marital forgiveness, has a positive effect on increasing couples' sexual intimacy and will improve their sexual function. Although in this study, an attempt was made to reduce the disturbing variables and possible biases by randomly assigning the subjects to the experimental and control groups, but the most important limitation of this study was not to use follow-up. Another limitation was the limitation of the sample to couples referring to the Welfare Counseling Center in Bushehr.

Today, the term sustainable is widely used to describe a world where human and natural systems can continue to exist until the distant future. Sustainable development means providing solutions to mortal patterns. It is a physical, social, and economic development that can prevent issues such as the destruction of natural resources, the destruction of biological systems, global pollution, climate change, excessive population growth, injustice, and the lowering of the quality of life of people now and in the future. Therefore, sustainable development is a transformation to meet today's needs without destroying the capabilities of the future generation in meeting their needs. In fact, a transformation is sustainable when it protects the environment and generates opportunities. This evolution requires an unbreakable link between the environment, economy, and social security, and economic developments and social life conditions must be in accordance with the long-term flow of maintaining the foundations and natural resources of the biosphere. Sustainable development includes (economic), (social), and (environmental) aspects. So far, various indicators have been presented by many international organizations for the purpose of comprehensive evaluations of sustainable development. Among them, we can mention the United Nations Environmental Program, the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank, the World Resources Institute in Washington and the Global Monitoring Institute in Washington, and finally the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. The aim of all the aforementioned institutions is to provide criteria and indicators to determine the success rate of countries in achieving the multiple goals of sustainable development in social, economic, and environmental aspects. The concept of sustainable development is based on the undeniable fact that ecological considerations can and should be applied to economic activities. These considerations include the idea of creating a rational environment in which the claim of development to advance the quality of all aspects of life is challenged. Organizational development is the application of behavioral science knowledge in the scope of the system for planned development and strengthening of organizational strategies, structures, and processes to improve the effectiveness of the organization. The organization means employees with different attitudes, interests, thoughts, knowledge, and physical conditions without which the organization would never have an external existence. Today, private organizations in an environment that requires green accountability, try to increase their market share and strengthen their accountability with a variety of green methods and techniques, and public organizations also try to benefit from the benefits of trust and satisfaction. Green management for the realization and convergence of green values and a wide range of economic, social, political, and legal motives is possible only by benefiting from green human resources management. Considering the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the green performance on the sustainable organizational development of the employees of Iran University of Medical Sciences.

The data collection tool includes a researcher-made questionnaire on green human resource management systems and sustainable organizational development. Convergent validity and reliability were calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of this research includes all employees of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula of 341 people and the sampling method was randomly stratified. The research data analysis method was through structural equation modeling using PLS software. To collect information, library and field methods including questionnaires were used. And the effect of the five dimensions of green human resources management on sustainable organizational development was investigated.

The results indicated that the five dimensions of green human resource management have a positive and significant impact on sustainable organizational development. Also, the results showed that performance evaluation analysis 0.478, green choice 0.367, safety management 0.149, green training 0.283, and reward management 0.454 directly explain the changes related to the variable of sustainable organizational development.

Tehran state universities are in their highest state in terms of quantitative development and have attracted the largest number of students over the past years, and of course, the energy consumption of these universities has increased accordingly. Lack of work and delay in the implementation of green management in universities will cause waste of energy resources, and water resources and as a result increase the cost of the government, increasing the share of universities in air pollution and environmental damage. The discussion of evaluating the green choice is in line with the goals of green human resources management and it is quite obvious that without an accurate assessment of personnel ability, planning for the establishment of green human resources management and the implementation of its instructions will not be successful. This evaluation can include their awareness of the importance and method of green human resource management and the evaluation of personnel motivations in establishing green management or their contributions and abilities in this direction. If they do not have enough motivation, the management should take measures to create motivation and provide the necessary incentives to accompany the person in the steps of establishing green management, or if there is not enough awareness in this field, by holding explanatory classes on the importance of green management and methods explain their participation. In addition to explanatory and in-service classes, distribution of brochures, and providing necessary guidance according to the position of the personnel, the use of technology potential was used to inform the employees. Currently, universities do not have authority in the field of green education courses and topics, which has made the subject of green education in universities weak and ineffective, and the expectations of the function of green education in universities are not met. Therefore, according to the state of the university, the statistical society is of the opinion that they will not have much effect on the issue of green management in the issue of green education. In terms of its importance and role in sustainable development, health and safety management is among the last row of components. And the reason is that although it is lower in terms of importance than other components, universities have almost no plans and have not done anything in this field. The explanation of the goals, plans, and problems of the establishment of green management shows that there is no objective and practical output from many of the meetings, and for this reason, this component is less important than other components for the statistical society. It shows that in order to advance the programs, it is not possible to establish green management without organizing planning and coordination meetings.

Cancer is one of the most important issues in the world which affects public health as an important problem. Cancer is the third cause of death in Iran with an annual occurrence of 51,000 new cases [1]. Previous studies demonstrated the considerable increasing trends in the mortality of gastrointestinal cancer in Iran, especially for Gastric cancer and colorectal cancer [2]. In general, incidence rates of these two cancers are high in Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia, and South America and the lowest rates are in North America, and most parts of Africa [3]. The most critical factors that increases the risk of gastrointestinal cancer are aging, inappropriate diet, biological factors, and infectious diseases which contribute to the cancer occurrence [4]. Colon cancer is studied to be one of the most critical digestive diseases and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths [5]. Gastric cancer is important cancer in the world and the prevalence of gastric cancer is raised with aging in both men and women [6]. Colon cancer is a disorder in which malignant cells form in the large intestinal tissues [7]. On the other hand, in gastric cancer the malignant cells form in the lining layer of the stomach caused it. The risk of gastric cancer is high in Iran, and unlike in Western countries it is not under the control, thus it is on a dramatically increasing trend in Iran [8]. Secondary metabolites and phenolic compounds of plants can play an important role in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy drugs and have some positive effects on cancer cells, as well as in the expression of apoptotic pathway genes [9]. Colutea persica was used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent in gastrointestinal problems [10]. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Colutea persica on gastric cancer (AGS), colon cancer (HT-29), and normal fibroblast (SKM) cell lines.

Fresh Colutea persica leaves were collected from the Delfard region of Kerman province in 1399. Dried leaves of Colutea persica were ground into a fine powder by the electronic grinder. At the next step, the ground powder was extracted using ethanol by the maceration. Then, it was placed on a shaker at room temperature. After that, the collective extracted was filtered using a filter membrane. The solvent extracted was evaporated in the rotary evaporator. Finally, to completely remove the solvent, the extract was placed in an oven, and the hydroalcoholic extract was maintained at -20 °C until use.In order to measure the total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts the aluminum chloride complex-forming assay was applied. In this method, quercetin was applied as the standard which flavonoid content was distinguished based on the quercetin equivalent. Briefly, Colutea persica extract was added to the aluminum chloride hexahydrate and mixed with potassium acetate and distilled water. After 30 minutes, the absorbance of the reaction was checked using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 415 nm. The blank sample was made by replacing aluminum chloride with deionized water. Before measuring, all of the solutions were filtered by using Whatmann filter papers (number 41). Total flavonoid content in Colutea persica extract was measured using the standard calibration curve which is achieved from different concentrations of the standard reference.The total phenolic content (TPC) of organic crude extracts was calculated using the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent method. In this method, gallic acid was used as a reference standard (20-100 μg/mL) for plotting the calibration curve. 0.5 mL of the Colutea persica extract was added to 1.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu solution. Then, it was diluted (1:10) with deionized water and added to the sodium carbonate solution.The absorbance was recorded after one hour at 765 nm by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Finally, the total phenolic content was calculated based on gallic acid equivalents (mgGAE/g). All the experiments were done in triplicate.Cytotoxic effects of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml concentrations of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were evaluated on the cells for 24 hours using MTT assay. The apoptosis induction was monitored using flowcytometry by annexin-V FITC/PI double-staining. Cells were seeded and after 24 h they were incubated with a 1.25 mg/ml concentration of the extract and for each treated cell line, one control cell was considered. The annexin V/PI assay was performed to confirm the cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts against AGS and HT-29 cell lines. Total RNA was isolated from cells using RNX-plus TM Reagent before and after treatment. Total RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using M-MuLV-RT and random hexamers. The cDNA was assayed by real-time PCR using primers for BAX and BCL-2 genes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, one way ANOVA, Tukey test at p ≤0.05...

The MTT assay revealed the cytotoxicity against both two cell lines (HT29 and AGS) in comparison to the HT29 and AGS normal cell line (SKM). The expression level of BAX gene increased and BCL2 gene decreased in AGS cell line after treatment by plant extract. (p<0.05). The total phenolic content was expressed in terms of milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight of plant extract. The total phenolic content of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Colutea persica were 5.02±.05 and 5.85.±0.08 mgGAE/g respectively.

In conclusion, our findings show that Colutea. persica has anti-cancer effects in vitro against AGS and HT-29 cancer cell lines. Induction of apoptosis by using plant extract was achieved by down-regulation of BCL2 and up-regulation of BAX. Finally, the current study suggests that Colutea. persica may have cancer-fighting properties and could be a promising new candidate in this field. Besides, the molecular target of Colutea. persica and its mechanism are unknown, and the author intends to use animal models and bioinformatics methods to discover the active ingredients of Colutea. persica.

Anterior cruciate ligament injury is one of the most common injuries of the knee joint and prevention of this injury is of great importance. Considering that ground reaction forces are one of the load factors on the anterior cruciate ligament, Despite much research in this field to prevent ACL injury, the prevalence of this injury is still high. For example, previous studies have shown that increasing the valgus angle of the knee, decreasing the flexion angle of the knee, and decreasing the flexion angle of the hip during landing cause more damage to the anterior cruciate ligament. In fact, the common movement pattern in non-contact ACL injuries includes a decrease in knee flexion, hip flexion, and trunk flexion with an increase in knee valgus and tibial rotation. Studies have shown that the anterior shear forces are the main mechanism of load on the anterior cruciate ligament. Ground reaction force is an important kinetic parameter in the lower extremities. The ground reaction force during sports activities affects the magnitude of the anterior tibial shear force by changing the flexion-extension torques of the knee, which must be balanced with the quadriceps and hamstrings. Landing Error scoring system test is a very inexpensive tools that calculates the jump-landing technique error in a range of visible items in human movement. Given that the LESS is a test to predict anterior cruciate ligament injury, and on the other hand, the ground reaction forces that enter the knee joint as a result of landing after a jump can cause anterior cruciate ligament injury for That the results of the landing error scoring test are to predict anterior cruciate ligament injury, given that it has been proven the ground reaction forces on the knee cause anterior cruciate ligament injury to be more confident in the results of LESS test to Predict Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and how much the implementation of the LESS test based on ground reaction forces can help the athlete community in identifying individuals prone to anterior cruciate ligament injury. therefore, the purpose of this study The relationship between the kinematic parameters of the lower limb and the maximum ground reaction force during the jumping and one legged landing in football players.

The present study was a type of correlational research and sampling method was selected and available. The statistical population of this study included all male football players in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province with the age range of 17 to 23 years. Among this statistical population, based on the LESS test, the reliability was reported be good to excellent. A total of 21 subjects were selected and the criteria for exclusion from the lower extremity injury test (including knee, ankle, etc.) and any surgery in the lower extremity. The test procedure for the landing error score test was that people jumped from a 30 cm platform and landed in front of the platform at a distance of approximately 50% of their height, and then immediately performed a maximum vertical jump. 21 athletes (age:19.6±0.9 years, weight: 69.5± 6.3 kg, height 176.24± 3.44 cm) that 11 people with a high score from the LESS test is susceptible to the ACL injuries and 10 people with low scores were selected from the LESS test who were not susceptible to ACL injury. Before taking the test, each of the subjects was explained how to take the test and the project, and they all signed the consent form to take the test. To collect the maximum ground force information from a three-axis force plate (Kistler model 5*60*50 cm, made in Switzerland) which was embedded in the laboratory floor, to record and measure the ground reaction forces entered by the lower band and detect the first foot contact was used. Ground reaction force information was recorded by a force plate with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. To perform the single-leg jump-landing test, the subject stood on two legs and performed a maximum vertical jump and landed on the dominant leg. Ground reaction force data Were registered by QTM software and These data were then transferred to Moka software (three-dimensional analysis of kinetic and kinematic motion) and the data were extracted by this software and MATLAB software was used to analyze the force data. In order to filter the raw data, the low-pass Butterworth technique with a shear frequency of 20 was used, which was determined using the residual analysis technique. All data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to investigate the data distribution and Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between the maximum ground reaction force and the landing error score. Also, hypothesis testing was performed at a significance level of 95%.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between knee flexion, trunk flexion and plantar flexion with ground vertical reaction force and also between knee flexion and trunk flexion and plantar flexion with posterior anterior ground reaction force (p <0.05). There is a significant relationship between all cases of lower limb movement, that's mean knee flexion, trunk flexion, knee valgus, plantar flexion of the foot and the position of the foot (outward or inward foot) with the internal-external force of the ground reaction (p<0.05). That is, by reducing the knee flexion and reducing the trunk flexion and reducing the plantar flexion of the foot (landing at the first moment of impact with the sole of the foot or with the heel), the vertical force of the ground reaction on the knee increases. Also, by reducing the knee flexion and reducing the trunk flexion and reducing the plantar flexion of the foot, the anterior-posterior force of the ground reaction applied to the knee also increases. By increasing the knee flexion, decreasing the trunk flexion, increasing the knee valgus, increasing the plantar flexion of the foot and increasing the position of the foot, the internal-external force of the ground reaction to the knee increases. As can be seen in the table, most correlation with the external internal reaction force of the knee is the valgus of the knee, which increases with increasing valgus of the knee.

According to the results it can be concluded that just as the ground reaction force is one of the causes of anterior cruciate ligament injury and has a significant relationship with the landing error score, so the landing error score can predict the anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Mental health is one of the key issues in the international arena that has been able to play an important role in the formation and emergence of functional issues (1). Improving mental health indicators has been considered as one of the key indicators in country evaluations and extensive efforts have been made in this regard (3). From the past to the present, human beings have attached great importance to their physical and mental health and are always striving to employ a healthy body and a great soul and spirit in order to establish a successful and refreshing life for themselves (4). Mental health promotion can play an important and decisive role in various areas, including organizational issues. Improving mental health status as a serious concern can overshadow the process of organizational activities (10). Various variables can be effective in improving mental health (11).Managers are currently facing various challenges. Environmental changes, including increasing efforts to compete for market share by competing organizations and increasing sustainability, the emergence of interest in the environment and the formation of various groups in this field, accelerating the process of environmental instability, the effects of information technology and The movement of environmental forces in different and unfamiliar directions, including political, economic, social, cultural, legal, etc., causes pressures that, while affecting managers as stress, etc., can have major effects on success and It also has the failure of organizations. Apart from the role of managers in the success and failure of organizations, manpower is also a central element in the success and failure of organizations. At the same time, researches and studies show that the policies adopted by human resource planning also affect organizational performance (17). Lack of attention to the issue of organizational sustainability has led to the lack of sufficient use of this variable to improve the organizational situation. So that today there is no necessary concern to use the capacities of this variable, especially in Islamic Azad universities in northern Iran. The research gap in this field as well as the inefficiency of the organizational system to improve the organizational sustainability has caused the research gap to improve the organizational sustainability in Islamic Azad universities in the north of the country has not been created. This issue has caused the present study to be designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the effect of organizational sustainability on mental health in Islamic Azad universities in the north of the country.

For the present descriptive, survey and applied research, which was conducted in the field, among the staff of the Islamic Azad University in the north of the country (13255 people) using Morgan table, 374 were selected by cluster random sampling as a sample. Were. Then, a 16-item questionnaire of organizational sustainability with two mental dimensions (questions 1-8) and behavioral (9-16) based on a 5-point Likert scale and a 28-item mental health questionnaire with a subscale of physical symptoms (1-7), anxiety and Insomnia (8-14), social dysfunction (15-21) and depression (28-22) were distributed among them based on a 5-point Likert scale, and finally 361 questionnaires were analyzed using the structural equation analysis method. And analyzed. The whole process of research data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 20 and PLs version 2.

The results of the present study showed that organizational sustainability has a significant effect on mental health in Islamic Azad universities in the north of the country. In other words, improving the organizational sustainability can provide the basis for mental health.

Promoting mental health can create desirable capacities in organizational areas. Mental health as one of the key issues in the individual sphere plays an important role in mental and behavioral functioning of individuals. The World Health Organization defines mental health as: the ability to communicate harmoniously and harmoniously with others, to change and modify the individual and social environment, and to resolve personal conflicts and inclinations in a just, rational, and appropriate manner. Knowing the characteristics of healthy people and people with mental disorders is helpful for diagnosis. The importance of mental health has led to its importance in improving various policies. Improving and promoting mental health causes the mental and behavioral condition of people to be constantly overshadowed; In other words, investing in improving mental health can lead to improving the mental and behavioral status of individuals (27).Attention to health as an important and key issue has always been considered by advanced societies. Improving the level of health as one of the indicators of the development of countries has an important role in the process of improving the health, cultural and social status of individuals. This issue has led to the attention to various aspects of health and efforts to improve it as important and key goals. Improving health can have positive effects in other areas of humanity and affect all levels of society. Among the broad field of health, mental health has always been discussed as one of the most important and key pillars of health. Organizational sustainability by improving the mental system of employees can lead to the creation of an ideal organizational environment for them, which in turn provides the basis for improving their mental health. In other words, organizational sustainability can improve mental health among individuals by improving mental conditions (25).

Identifying the factors affecting the foundation of the family, such as marital boredom, failure, negative feelings towards the spouse, etc., and examining prevention and elimination strategies, is of undeniable importance. Marital boredom is a painful state of physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion that affects those who expect their abundant love to give meaning and meaning to life and its quality. These people find out that they have experienced marital boredom when, despite all their efforts, their relationships have not given them a meaningful life (2). Failure is another factor that can shake the foundation of the family as the most important element of society. Failure is one of the most important human characteristics that is related to tolerating failure and refers to the amount of stress that a person can endure before his behavior becomes integrated and disrupted (4). On the other hand, one of the factors that play an important role in the health and well-being of the family is a positive feeling towards the spouse and married life. Establishing a proper relationship with the spouse, saying words and sentences at the right time is one of the main factors affecting the formation of positive emotions of the couple, durability and life satisfaction (6).One of the ways to prevent and eliminate the destructive factors of family foundation is couple therapy methods including cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and imagotherapy. Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy uses cognitive and behavioral strategies and life skills training to try out the obvious behavior and interaction of couples by changing their thoughts, expectations, interpretations and ways of responding to them. Change (7). In addition to cognitive reconstruction, this approach also uses a variety of behavioral interventions to strengthen couples' coping skills (8). In addition, various studies have shown the effectiveness of these therapies on the relationship between couples, but the results are contradictory. Given the above, the identification of factors affecting the foundation of the family, including marital boredom, failure, negative feelings towards the spouse and the study of prevention and elimination strategies, including various methods of couple therapy, the importance of undeniable to The purpose is to preserve the sacred foundation of the family in Iran. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of imagotherapy and cognitive and behavioral couple therapy on marital boredom, failure tolerance and positive feelings towards the spouse in couples are compared.

In order to conduct the present quasi-experimental research, which was conducted with pre-test and post-test design, among couples with marital conflicts who referred to family court, dispute resolution councils and counseling centers in Mashhad in 1399, 30 couples as The volunteers participated in the study as a statistical sample and were randomly divided into three groups: imagotherapy, cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and control. Subjects first retracted the Pynes (2004) Marital Boredom Questionnaire, Harrington Failure Tolerance Questionnaire (2005), and Positive Feeling of Spouse's New York State University Couple Clinic (1975). Then, the subjects of the experimental groups received 10 sessions and each session received 90 minutes of intervention. Finally, all subjects completed the questionnaires again. It should be noted that the conditions for entering the research included 3 to 10 years of marriage, having a minimum diploma, having an age of 30 to 45 years and no history of divorce, and exclusion criteria included being absent for more than one session and canceling further cooperation. At the end of the intervention sessions, all subjects completed the questionnaires again. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Shapirovilk test to examine the natural distribution of data, multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for statistical analysis of data using SPSS software version 24.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the groups of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, imagotherapy and control in at least one of the variables of marital boredom, failure tolerance or positive feeling towards the spouse (F = 76.31, P = 0.001). On the other hand, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the intervention methods in all three variables of marital boredom (CB), failure tolerance (FT) and positive feeling towards the spouse (PF). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that both cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and immagotherapy compared to the control group significantly reduced marital boredom, increased failure tolerance and increased positive feelings towards the spouse in couples with marital conflicts. Also, imagotherapy couple therapy was more effective in reducing marital boredom, increasing failure tolerance and increasing positive feelings towards the spouse in the couple in comparison with cognitive-behavioral couple therapy.

The findings of the present study are consistent with some of the results of De Klerk (2001) research that receiving immunotherapy has been able to increase couples' satisfaction and satisfaction (17). Also, the results of the present study are part of the findings of the study by Westerman et al. (2008) who found that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy improves marital satisfaction, reduces psychological distress symptoms and husband boredom with spouse and increases the overall functioning of the relationship. Gives, confirms (18). In addition, the findings of the present study, with part of the results of Martin and Bailowski (2011) research that found that Imago-based couple therapy method, increased conversations between spouses, increased self-understanding and understanding of spouses, understanding of Has increased childhood and spouses as well as increased self-confidence, is consistent (19). Also, the findings of the present study, with some of the results of Jang (2015) research that received image therapy on marital relationships, marital intimacy, marital relationships, communication skills to resolve marital conflicts, mutual respect, gender role, sexual satisfaction, Couples' time together and decision making have a significant positive effect, it is consistent (10). Also, the results of the present study are consistent with some of the findings of Karimi and Khalatbari study (2017) who found that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy has a significant effect on marital boredom and its components, marital satisfaction and marital intimacy (23). In addition, the findings of the present study confirm some of the results of the research of Shakralahzadeh et al. (2017) who found that cognitive-behavioral skills training has an effect on marital conflicts and marital apathy (24).

Ionic liquids are organic salts composed of organic cations and organic and / or inorganic anions that have many remarkable properties and properties, such as wide liquid state range, low vapor pressure, easy recovery process, high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window and design capability. Structural engineering with appropriate modification to represent cations or anions. Recently, many researchers have focused on the development of a new branch of ionic fluids called dichotomous ionic fluids (DILs); These fluids usually consist of two cationic groups that are connected to each other by a rigid or flexible spacer and are connected to two counter anions. Compared to mono-cationic ionic liquids, multi-cations have higher melting point, viscosity, surface tension and thermal stability, have a wider liquid range and more stable physical and chemical properties. Therefore, these liquids have a wide range of applications; Including solar cells, fuel cells, batteries, lubricants, reaction media, separation technology, material preparation, catalytic reactions and most recently, improving the normal isomerization rate of pentane and electrolytes for photo-harvesting. Structures containing xanthine are known for their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral activities. In addition, xanthine ions are present as structural units in a large number of natural products.

In this paper, for the first time, the catalyzed synthesis of xanthenedione and 4,3-dihydropyrimidine-2 (1H) - they are under Solvent-free conditions have been reported by the Brunsted ionic acid liquid. Ionic liquids are organic salts composed of organic cations and organic and / or inorganic anions that have many remarkable properties and properties, such as wide liquid state range, low vapor pressure, easy recovery process, high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window and design capability. Structural engineering with appropriate modification to represent cations or anions All reagents and solvents were commercially available and used without further purification. 1H NMR and 13C NMR in DMSO-d6 were recorded on a Bruker Avance Ultrashield spectrometer at 500 and 125 MHz, respectively. Chemical shifts were reported in parts per millions (δ), relative to the internal standard of tetramethylsilane (TMS). Thermal analysis (TG–DTA) of the DIL was recorded on a STA-1500 Rheometric Scientific TGA. Mass spectrometry (MS) studies were performed using 5957C VL MSD with a triple-axis detector, Agilent Technologies (ion source: electron impact (IE) 70 eV, ion source temperature: 230 °C, analyzer: Quadrupole). FTIR spectrum was taken on a FTIR PerkinElmer Spectrum Version 10.51 with KBr plates. Melting points were recorded on a Mettler Toledo Type FP62 in open capillary. Generally To a mixture of aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol) and 5, 5-dimethyl-1, 3 cyclohexanedione (2 mmol), 25 mol% of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} (0.25 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C with stirring. After completion of the reaction monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the reaction mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature. Water (10 mL) was added and filtered to separate the catalyst. Then, the obtained solid product was filtered and then recrystallized from ethanol to afford the pure product. The products were identified by IR, 1H NMR and physical data (M.P.) with those reported in the literature. Also To a mixture of aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (1 mmol) and urea (2 mmol), 25 mol% of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} (0.25 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 120 °C with stirring. After completion of the reaction evident from thin-layer chromatography (TLC), the reaction mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature. Water (10 mL) was added and the obtained solid product was filtered and then recrystallized from ethanol. The products were identified by IR, 1H NMR and physical data (M.P.) with those reported in the literature. The spectra data for some selected compounds are presented in the following.

To achieve the appropriate reaction conditions, the reaction of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and 5,5 dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione catalyzed by {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} was chosen as model reaction, and the reaction was carried out under different sets of conditions with respect to solvents, amounts of catalyst and temperatures. Initially, the model reaction was investigated in different solvents. The solvents did not improve the yield of the reaction in the presence of the catalyst. Therefore, we carried out the model reaction under solvent-free conditions. The result indicates that the yield of the reaction under solvent-free conditions was higher and the reaction time was shorter in comparison with solvent conditions.  To optimize the reaction temperature, the model reaction was heated at 90 and 110 °C .The results showed that the 100 °C led to highest yield; therefore, it was selected as the reaction temperature for all further reactions. Finally, the model reaction was optimized by varying the amounts of catalysts (20 and 30 mol%) at 100 °C under solvent-free conditions. The results show that 25 mol% of the catalyst is sufficient for the best results. To determine the role of the catalyst, the model reaction was performed in the absence of the catalyst at the same condition, which results in very low yield of the product, which indicates the high catalytic activity of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} in the synthesis. To evaluate the scope and the limitations of this method, we extended our studies to various aldehydes under the optimized conditions. From the results, we could see that all reactions proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding xanthenediones in high to excellent yields in the short reaction times. Various functional groups present in the aryl aldehydes such as halogen, methoxy, hydroxy and nitro groups were tolerated. Extension of this methodology to heterocyclic aldehyde was also successful. In view of green chemistry, reusability of the catalyst is important. Therefore, some experiments were run under the same optimal conditions mentioned above over the {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2}. The results showed that the catalyst could accelerate the reaction three runs without a significant loss in its catalytic activity. The mechanism of the reaction starts with facilitating Knoevenagel condensation due to activating carbonyl group of aldehyde by acidic property of catalyst. In the following, the catalyst again plays a significant role in accelerating the Michael addition and dehydration.

A comparative study on the catalytic activity of the introduced catalyst in this paper with some reported catalysts was carried out using 3a as a model compound. From this study, {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} can be regarded as a more powerful catalyst for the synthesis of xanthenediones in terms of the yield and the reaction time. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are defined as one-pot processes that combine at least three reactants to selectively form single complex compounds as well as small heterocycles containing essentially all the atoms of the reactants. Among MCRs, the Biginelli reaction allows for the straight access of multifunctionalized 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (DHPMs) through one-pot cyclocondensation of an aldehyde, a β-keto ester and urea in the presence of catalytic amount of acid Molecules containing DHPM core and its derivatives are of immense biological importance due to a wide range of pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties such as antiviral , antitumor,antibacterial ,anti-inflammatory , anti-HIV agents mitotic kinesin inhibition , calcium channel modulation , α1a-adrenergic antagonists and A2B adenosine receptor antagonists . In the classical Biginelli conditions, low yields and difficult isolation of the products are the main drawbacks due to strongly acidic conditions. Hence, many catalytic methods including Brönsted and Lewis acid , ionic liquids polymer-supported catalyst and nanoparticles have been introduced to enhance the efficiency of the synthesis of these important heterocycles. After obtaining acceptable results from xanthenediones synthesis catalyzed by {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2}, we decided to study its efficiency in the synthesis of DHPMs. In order to obtain the optimized conditions, the model reaction involving cyclocondensation of 4 chlorobenzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea was examined. The best result was obtained when the reaction was carried out at 120 °C in the presence of 25 mol% of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H] Cl 2} under solvent-free conditions. After getting the satisfactory reaction condition in hand, the scope and efficiency of this approach were examined with respect to aldehydes. Fortunately, a variety of functional groups, such as halo, methoxy, hydroxy and nitro, were all well tolerated. In addition, heterocyclic aromatic aldehyde afforded the corresponding product with high yield. A plausible one-pot reaction pathway for the synthesis of DHPMs catalyzed by {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2}. Initially, acyl imine intermediate (I) is produced via condensation of aryl aldehyde and urea in the presence of the catalyst as a Brönsted acidic catalyst. Next, ethyl acetoacetate attacks the (I), followed by intramolecular cyclization and dehydration reaction under acidic condition to yield the Biginelli product. Next, the reusability of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO3H]Cl2} was examined in the reaction of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea under optimized conditions. The catalyst could be reused three times without a significant loss in its catalytic activity. In order to show the efficacy of {[SO3H–Pyrazine–SO 3H]Cl2}, a comparison of the present method and some reported methods is shown in results. As revealed from this table, the catalyst can be considered as a more powerful catalyst for the synthesis of DHPMs in terms of the yield and reaction time.

The use of repeatedly heated oils has adverse effects on human health, causing oxidative stress and dysfunction of genes and proteins. Oxidative stress disrupts the regulation of vascular walls and heart cells, mitochondrial damage and cellular apoptosis in heart cells. Myocardial cells, especially mitochondria, become vulnerable to oxidative stress and the ability to their reproduction and regeneration are reduced. The two proteins involved in the process of mitochondrial biogenesis of the cardiac muscle and free radicals in the cell are FOXO3 and ATP Synthase proteins. FOXO3 is like a double-edged sword and on the other hand prevents pathological myocardial hypertrophy, which maintains the size of cardiomyocytes by inhibiting the growth of cardiomyocytes and promoting autophagy. On the other hand, in conditions of ROS accumulation, it promotes cell and mitochondria towards apoptosis. ATP Synthase is associated with octopamine because of its role in relaxing the cardiac muscle. Octopamine (an endogenous biogenic amine) has been introduced as a plant extract with anti-anxiety, sedative, anticonvulsant effects and promotes the growth and growth of nerve stem cells. Octopamine, which is naturally present in many plants such as oranges, has positive effects. In controlling heart diseases such as controlling the nervous system of the heart, reducing tachycardia, and relaxing the cardiac muscle. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training and octopamine on FOXO3 protein and ATP Synthase gene expression in the cardiac muscle of rats fed deep-fried oils.

30 8-week-old Wistar rats in 5 groups (6) including healthy control, consumption of deep-fried oils, consumption of deep-fried oils + aerobic exercise, consumption of deep-fried oils + supplements Octapamine, consumption of deep-fried oils + aerobic exercise + octopamine supplement were divided, during the study period, deep heated oils were fed orally (gavage, 10ml / kg) to the tested rats for 4 weeks. (Morning). Deep-fried oil was obtained from 8 liters of sunflower oil, which was heated at 190 to 200 ° C for 8 consecutive days. According to sources every 30 minutes. Foods including chicken nuggets, potatoes, and protein products (sausages and sausages) were immersed in oil and at the end of the fourth day, the oil was stored for use in the poisoning intervention. DFO oil was orally gavaged to rats for 4 weeks 5 days a week (10 ml/kg). The supplement used in this study was octopamine. The duration of complementary intervention was 4 weeks and 5 days per week. The dose used according to the articles was 81 μmol / kg by intraperitoneal injection (IP solution with 9% normal saline). The training protocol was performed with moderate intensity training in the range of VO2 max 65-50%, which includes 5 sessions of 30 minutes per week (treadmill) with 5 minutes of warm-up, 20 minutes of activity, and 5 minutes of cooling down. On the first day of training, the speed starts from 16 m / s and increases according to the protocol every week, and reaches 26 m / s on the last day after 4 weeks. 48 hours after the last intervention with at least 8 hours of fasting with chloroform solution anesthetized after splitting the chest, a blood sample was taken from the left ventricle of the heart with a 3 cc syringe. The collected blood was placed in a simple 12 ml tubes and the EDTA tube was placed in a refrigerated centrifuge to collect serum and plasma. After blood sampling from the heart, the tissues were quickly isolated and the tissue was washed with saline phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and placed in the microtube. Alterations of FOXO3 protein expression and ATP Synthase gene expression by Western blotting by Primary and secondary antibodies and Real-time-PCR were performed by specific primers. To determine the effect of deep-frying oil intake, healthy control group, and control group - deep-fried oil were compared using an independent t-test. A two-way analysis of variance was used to determine the main effect of exercise, the main effect of octopamine, and the interaction between exercise and octopamine. If there was a significant difference, the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the location of the difference. The expression of the desired gene was calculated by the formula 2∆∆ct and the values of multiplication changes.

Compared to the control group who did not receive supplements and exercise significantly reduced the expression of FOXO3 protein in the exercise group (P = 0.005). Octopamine supplementation also significantly reduced FOXO3 protein expression (P = 0.001). The combination of exercise and supplements was also significant compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Although the lowest expression of FOXO3 protein was observed in the exercise group and octopamine supplementation, the interaction of these two interventions was not statistically significant (P = 0.159). (Figure 2 Section A and Table 1). Compared to the control group who did not receive supplements and exercise, exercise significantly increased the expression of the ATP Synthase gene (P = 0.012). Octopamine supplementation also significantly increased ATP Synthase gene expression (P = 0.001). The combination of exercise and supplements was also significant compared to the control group (P = 0.0001). Although the highest expression of ATP Synthase gene belonged to the exercise group and octopamine supplementation, the interaction between exercise and octopamine expression of this gene was not statistically significant. (P = 0.071).

It has been reported that moderate-intensity exercise training can reduce myocardial infarction during cell myocardial infarction in rats by modifying FOX family proteins, enhance cardiovascular function, autophagy and Promote the degradation of damaged proteins. Octopamine as a lipolytic agent probably acts on rat fat cells and it is conceivable that octopamine to increase Stem cell proliferation rate is effective and mimics some of the effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline. This response probably indicates a positive and antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory, weight loss, fat burning, and anti-cancer effects of octopamine, which has been able to act on cells damaged by heated oil poisoning and the damage caused by DFO. According to the results of the present study, it seems that aerobic exercise training and octopamine can reduce the destructive effects of deep heated oils. Octopamine probably plays a very important role in regulating autophagy and mitochondrial function as an antioxidant and aerobic exercise, so exercise can be a key process in cellular and molecular mechanisms.

In today's world, views of health and medical services have found a broader perspective and special attention has been paid to non-medical determinants of health. Each of these factors, by themselves or by affecting each other, severely affects the health and medical services of each country and causes injustices in the health care. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education, as the main trustee of providing and maintaining public health, with the aim of achieving the highest possible level of health for members of society, has paid special attention to social issues affecting health and health services and the issue of justice in health services. But maintaining and promoting health and health services and eliminating the destructive effect of some social factors on health and health services is an individual, national and even international responsibility that requires the joint efforts of all levels of society, namely individuals, communities and government. They have a heavy responsibility in this area. Hospitals and health centers as the most important centers providing health services in the country to improve the health of people and restore health to patients in need, scientific and efficient management at all levels. Managers' decisions and their performance in the department Health and treatment are important for the health of the community and the people because health policy is a set of guidelines developed by policy makers and senior managers of the health system in the areas of financing, generating resources and providing health services to restore, promote and maintain public health. The decision-making of managers is low-level. For example, what health managers are most involved in are health care costs and the factors that affect health care. For example, the University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units, such as hospitals, health centers, medical schools, pharmaceutical and educational departments, and all health networks, use an adjusted cash base for their financial reports. Revenues are reflected in the books when they are acquired or realized, regardless of when the cash is received, and the basis for identifying and recording expenses is the time of incurring expenses. On this basis, transaction accounting and other events are identified at the time of occurrence, recorded in accounting documents, and reflected in the financial statements of the relevant courses, all of which affect health care. Health services are considered as one of the main dimensions of social policy that managers' decisions play an important role in improving the process of health services. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting medical treatment and education services with the decision-making approach of the managers of the Ministry of Health of Iran.

The method of this research was survey-descriptive and it was done in deductive-inductive format. This means that the theoretical framework and background of the research is done through library studies, study of books, articles and sites and in the form of deductive reasoning and gathering information to test hypotheses through inductive reasoning and this research is another type of analytical-applied Was. The statistical population of this study included all financial staff of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units including all vice chancellors who were working in 2019, which was equal to  180 people. According to Morgan table, the research sample was  118 people which was done by random sampling. In this study, to investigate the factors affecting medical treatment and education services with the decision-making approach of the managers of the Ministry of Health of Iran, a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 items and five components of legal factors, political factors, socio-economic factors, international factors and problems (challenges) It was a field of health and treatment. In this study, the interpretation and analysis of data collected from the study population in the form of analytical statistics and descriptive and inferential statistics has been done. So that in descriptive statistics, first the data related to each of the variables that were used from the answer to the questionnaire, has been obtained in the form of statistical indicators such as mean and standard deviation in terms of research components. In the inferential statistics section, the t-path coefficient test is used.

The results showed that 5 variables "legal factors", "political factors", "socio-economic factors", "international factors" and "problems (challenges) in the field of health and treatment" are the background variables affecting health services with the decision-making approach of managers is in the Ministry of Health.

Based on the research results, it can be said that the University of Medical Sciences and its affiliated units can improve the process of medical services and its development in society by considering the factors affecting the decision-making of managers. The basis of any research is the information with which the research hypothesis is tested. Obviously, the more accurate and complete information is provided to the researcher, the more accurate the results of the research will be and the more valid the research will be, which can be pointed out to the inherent limitation of the questionnaire. There are also limitations to the scale of data measurement and the Likert spectrum. The order does not exceed and cannot be considered at the level of distance scales, and the reluctance of some respondents to respond were among the limitations of the research. In order to provide better health services, service and medical organizations can develop medical services in the organization by resolving the mentioned challenges. This is more evident in hospitals due to its geographical spread. Because they will have many consequences for the organization and the country. Therefore, according to the results of the research in this section, the managers of the Ministry of Health are recommended to try to improve the above-mentioned causal conditions to develop treatment services by applying various laws and instructions.

Improving the level of health in society requires advancement in the level of education in universities of medical sciences. This improvement will only be achieved by removing the obstacles. One of the obstacles with which most of the students are encountered, and which has an unpleasant impact on learning and educational success, is called academic procrastination. Academic procrastination is considered as a common phenomenon due to the fact that it involves 70% of students. Academic procrastination means a delay in doing the assignments and completing the projects and preparing for exams. There are two types of procrastination in doing the assignments among students. The first type is purposeful procrastination. For instance, when students have to finish different assignments at the same time, they, therefore, prioritize the assignments. The second type is unreasonable procrastination, and we consider this type of  procrastination as academic procrastination. Procrastination has negative, irreparable impacts on medical students, for example, decrease in knowledge, and not learning the skills to take care of patients. At last, after entering the workplace, these people suffer from occupational anxiety and depression, medication errors, occupational burnout, lack of essential motivation to take care of patients and decrease in quality of providing services more than their other colleagues. According to the studies that were conducted, students of medical sciences are prone to mental disorders due to having certain study conditions, such as entering a large and stressful workplace, heavy study load, intense competition, educational period, uncertainty about future career. The students of today, will be the medical staff of future in health and medical field. Thus, in order to have a knowledgeable medical staff, we should take into account the consideration of students’ health at present. Despite the fact that there has been a large number of studies on the topic of influential factors on procrastination, there has not yet been shaped a clear insight on this topic. Given that academic procrastination is a common phenomenon among students, and has unpleasant effects, the researcher, thus, decided to conduct a reviewing study of the literature about procrastination incidence and the associated mental-social factors among students of medical sciences, so that a step is taken to be able to identify the dimensions of this issue and to develop approaches to decrease procrastination through the results obtained from this study.

This article is a review study which was conducted in 2020. It was done through a search in databases of SID, Iran Medex, Google Scholar, Magiran, Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, by using the key words “procrastination”, “student”, “medical sciences”, in Farsi and also with their English equivalents. Inclusion criteria included descriptive and analytic studies, or narrative or systematic review studies, which at least contained an abstract in Farsi or English, with a time limit from 2010 to 2020. And exclusion criteria also included studies whose full text was not available in Farsi or English, and they were omitted from the study. 3110 articles in total were extracted in the initial searching. After omitting the repeated articles, 57 articles were obtained, and they were screened in two stages. In the first stage of screening, the titles and a general summary of the articles which were obtained, were investigated. Those articles which had the inclusion criteria and could answer the research questions of the present study, were selected. 30 studies were excluded in this stage. In the second stage of screening, the full text of the articles which were included after the previous stage, were investigated and those articles which were not related to the purpose of the present study (n = 7) were excluded from the list of the study. In the end, 20 articles were used to write this review article.

This review study demonstrated that the prevalence of academic procrastination among students of medical sciences in Master’s degree and in Dentistry, and students who reside in dormitory, is higher. And each of the variables which were mentioned were categorized in two categories of mental factors and social factors. Out of the 20 articles that were studied in this research, 16 articles were in Farsi and 4 articles were in English. In addition, most of the studies were conduced in the years 2018 – 2019. Out of all the articles which were investigated, categorization of the studies was carried out based on the content; it was in such a way that eventually the results of the study were categorized in two categories of: A) the level of procrastination in students, and B) psycho-social factors. psycho-social factors included the following sets: 1) psychological factors were divided to three sub-categories of mental illnesses (such as anxiety and mood disorders), mental abilities (such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and optimism), and personal characteristics (self-discipline, self-regulation, inefficient schema, attributional style and perfectionism), 2) social factors were divided into two subcategories of social media and educational associated factors. The diversity of these studies is an indication of the wide coverage of this study in the researches which were conducted before. In order to observe the ethical considerations in the research, the studies which were used are mentioned and correctly written in the reference section.

Review of different studies from all around the world indicates the high prevalence of academic procrastination among students of medical sciences. With regard to the above-mentioned impact and consequences of academic procrastination on students of medical sciences, and as a result, the incidence of these consequences in working environment of health and medical staff (the quality of caretaking and finally safety of the patient) which will have irreparable effects; it is, therefore, suggested to the managers of medical sciences that they plan strategy-training programs, such as holding workshops on improving motivation and academic achievement and positive psychology in order to reduce academic procrastination, specially in students who reside in dormitories, so that students can enjoy a better academic achievement. In addition to that, it is better to design and conduct an intervention study for determining the effectiveness of the techniques which were recommended.

Spirituality has been defined in different ways, which generally include belief in supernatural power in nature and a feeling of oneness with all living beings, and a kind of awareness of the purpose and meaning of life. In the spirituality of hope, peace, happiness, and inner peace emerge. Some experts have considered spirituality as "the main and central gem of religion that cannot be ignored and is inevitable". Based on this, spirituality is the most stable element of religion, which determines the private relationship between a person and God. Some psychologists have defined spirituality as the constant human effort to answer the reasons for life. Some people define spirituality as something that allows a person to experience the transcendent meaning of life, and some others define it as a structure that includes the concepts of faith and meaning and breathing the spirit into a person's life, searching for the "sacred matter" or the ability and tendency that for each person, It is natural and unique. This spiritual orientation leads people toward spirituality, love, meaning, peace, hope, transcendence, connection, compassion, goodness, and integrity. The importance of spirituality and spiritual growth in humans has attracted the attention of psychologists and mental health professionals more and more in the last few decades. Spirituality is often associated with a concept of a higher being, but a person can achieve this holiness in many other aspects of life as well. Without spirituality, the highest level of quality of life cannot be achieved. It was also shown in studies that psychological factors of positive health affect physical functioning and those who have higher mental well-being have better physical health. The characteristics of spiritual needs include stability in life, a close relationship with oneself, God, society, and the environment, harmony, and having meaning and purpose in life and peace. Need and spiritual health include two dimensions, existential health, and religious health. Existential health represents the relationship with others, the environment, and the self, but religious health represents the relationship with God or an infinite power. Now, if the individual's spiritual needs are shaken, there is a possibility of disorders such as loneliness, depression, and loss of meaning in life for the individual. Spiritual needs reduce mental disorders and improve a person's mental health, such as increasing self-control and self-confidence, and reducing anxiety and depression. On the other hand, in our country, the women of today's society are active in various fields with views derived from the constitution and in sync with the goals of the country's developing programs. In other words, their position and social role in line with the plans of the system have become so clear that the prestige and interests of the family are closely tied to national interests. Since in industrial societies the position of every phenomenon is determined from the point of view of economic and commercial interests, women are given more value as economic producers than as a producer of spiritual and valuable human beings. In fact, unlike our society, which is based on social and political relations on the spiritual development of human beings and forces all elements of the system to create suitable opportunities for self-improvement and moral excellence of the members of the society, in industrial societies, in terms of Giving too much value to economic benefits, women are seen both as a tool for her supply to provide advertising goods and as a means for more production. It should be noted that pregnancy conditions and related diseases have always deprived women of the ability and competitiveness to obtain long-term and stable jobs and to take charge of the supervision and management of lucrative jobs. This has deprived them of the ability to acquire job skills and participate in professional training courses (mainly in terms of long maternity leave). Therefore, it is important to make changes in the legal and occupational status and living conditions of people, especially women, since some women may not have suitable living conditions. Therefore, the conditions of spiritual needs and strategies to deal with stress can be a solution to reduce stress and heal their conditions and legal and occupational status, and on the other hand, no study has been observed about the relationship between spiritual needs and strategies to deal with stress on women's social and occupational rights, so in this study, We are looking for an answer to the question of whether there is a significant relationship between spiritual needs and stress coping strategies with women's social and occupational rights.

In terms of purpose, the present research is applied, and in terms of method, it is a descriptive research of correlation type. The statistical population of the research includes all women working in the Bandar Khamir  in 2021. The statistical population was 1800 people according to the inquiry from Bandar Khamir Guilds Unit. The sample size was selected using the simple random sampling method, with the number 317 people using the Morgan Krejci table. The criteria for entering the research are: The basic educational level of the diploma was considered so that the subjects did not have any problems in terms of understanding the concepts. Not having physical diseases, psychological disorders, physical and mental disabilities, and not simultaneously receiving a psychotherapy approach or taking drugs such as antidepressants, and having informed consent to participate in the study were other criteria for entering the research. The exclusion criteria are: having mental disorders such as severe personality disorders, etc., as well as the use of psychotherapeutic drugs such as anti-anxiety and anti-depressants, and the existence of a mental disability, severe physical disability, as well as non-cooperation and lack of consent to participate in the study. In this research, a standard questionnaire tool has been used, which includes the spiritual needs questionnaire of Büssing et al. (2010), the stress coping strategies questionnaire of Parker and Landler (1990) and the researcher-made questionnaire on the legal status and It was a job. Descriptive statistics (prevalence, frequency percentage, graph) and inferential statistics (Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation test) were used for data analysis. SPSS version 22 software was also used for data analysis.

The results showed that the standard path coefficient between the two variables of spiritual needs and legal and occupational status is positive and equal to 0.620, so it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in spiritual needs, the legal and occupational status increases. The standard deviation will be 0.620. Also, because the coefficient of the standard path between the variable of stress coping strategies and the legal and occupational status is positive and equal to 0.645, it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in stress coping strategies, the legal and occupational status increases. The standard deviation will be 0.645.

In general, it can be concluded that by increasing spiritual needs and stress-coping strategies, women can increase their level of social and occupational rights, and there is a need to find ways to cope with stress and increase spiritual needs. However, it should be noted that one of the most important known roles of spiritual needs is dealing with stress. Stress, which is a pervasive disease of the 21st century, is more common in women. Knowing the determinants of people's ways of coping with stressful situations in order to strengthen their abilities to manage and control stress is one of the basic issues in behavioral studies.

The outbreak of the Covid-19 disease has had a devastating effect on the global health systems with a ripple effect on all aspects of human life. The outbreak of this disease began as an acute global emergency on January 30, 2020. Different governments have applied various strategies such as border closures, travel restrictions, and quarantine even in the countries that make up the world's largest economies and have raised the fear of an impending economic crisis and economic stagnation. Since the outbreak was first identified, it has spread to more than 190 countries and the United States. Its epidemic had a significant impact on the world's economic growth, and estimates so far show that this virus could reduce the world's economic growth if the current conditions continue and increase the risk of a global economic recession by approximately 2% per month, similar to what It will happen during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Containment measures are very important to prevent the epidemic of this disease, but it entails a lot of short-term economic costs. The results indicate that containment measures have had a very large impact on economic activity on average, and using new data on measures such as workplace vacations and staying at home and fiscal and monetary policies in response to the crisis have been used, it is understood that these measures were accompanied by the highest economic costs and the stagnation of some market activities and the bankruptcy of market operators. In the early stages of any kind of epidemic, quarantine is considered an effective solution. In the case of the corona epidemic, quarantine was also recommended and implemented as an important instruction to prevent this disease. But approximately 25 million jobs may be lost worldwide due to this disease. This economic and work crisis may cause income and job stress among workers and as a result harm their health. Due to the spread of the coronavirus in different societies, the current situation made working at home one of the serious measures taken by governments to control this epidemic. Some of the social consequences of this disease can be panic, resistance to changing behavior, reduction of interpersonal, family, and social relationships, pain and damage caused by Covid-19 patients, isolation of sick people and their families, and disruption in interactions. Socially, there is confusion about this disease. The duration of this disease, deprivation of freedom, and separation of the patient from the family. A phenomenon called stigma or social scandal can also occur after a person is released from quarantine, even if the risk of spreading the virus to others has disappeared. Although quarantine is an important and primary solution in the outbreak of epidemic diseases, it may not be very useful in pandemic cases. That is, it may have effects and consequences for individuals, families, and social health. However, due to the need to reopen and start social and economic activities, peaceful coexistence solutions with this disease and compliance with updated health protocols should be used. Therefore, making changes in lifestyle and work activities, adapting to new conditions, and even accepting new lifestyles during various epidemics, including Covid-19, and using virtual facilities and remote work help to improve adaptation to conditions. Therefore, both the Covid-19 disease and the quarantine environment have a negative psychological effect on the population. According to our information, no study was found regarding the identification of factors affecting the social and legal dissatisfaction of women during the quarantines of the Covid-19 disease. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the social and legal dissatisfaction of women during the quarantines of the Covid-19 disease.

The research method is survey-descriptive. The statistical population included all women working in self-employed and domestic jobs in Bandar Abbas, who was working in 2019, and their jobs were damaged during the Corona period, and according to inquiries from Bandar Abbas, their number is more than 10,000. Was. The sample size was selected using the simple random sampling method, with the number 373 people using the Morgan Krejci table. In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire tool with 32 items and five components of legal factors (4 items), political factors (7 items), economic factors (7 items), social factors (7 items), and problems (challenges) of the job field (7 items) object was used. In the inferential statistics section, the path coefficients t-test was used.

The results showed that legal, political, economic, and social factors and occupational problems are among the factors affecting the social and legal dissatisfaction of women during the quarantines of the Covid-19 disease.

In general, all these discussions show that during the epidemic of any disease, the duties of statesmen and politicians become heavier, so it is necessary for the authorities to take effective measures to reduce the social and legal dissatisfaction of people in order to reduce the complications caused by the disease epidemic. society, and in between, it is necessary to consider basic measures for all genders, i.e. both women and men, so that during epidemics, dissatisfaction does not increase in these people and does not lead to social and behavioral harm in society. The current research, like any other research, has limitations that can clarify the findings and suggestions of the research and help future researchers to adopt effective measures to deal with the threat of internal and external validity of research projects. to give The basic limitations of the current research are as follows: the bias of people towards answering the questions of the questionnaires, which reduces the accuracy of the results to some extent, the presence of unwanted variables that affect the results of the research, and the lack of use of other research tools such as observation and interview. It has been associated with the subjects and only using the questionnaire.

Every year, it is estimated that 2.3 million unsafe abortions (pregnancy terminations performed by a person without the necessary skills or in an environment without adequate medical standards) among teenage girls between the ages of 15 and 15. 19 years old is done. This figure accounts for approximately 15% of the global incidence of unsafe abortion (22 million), and abortion-related deaths among girls and young women account for approximately one-third of abortion-related deaths worldwide. constitutes Furthermore, the focus of policy and programmatic attention remains primarily on 15-19-year-olds, creating a significant gap in our understanding of the sexual and reproductive experiences of 10-14-year-olds, and it is estimated that particularly in areas Very poor of the world (545 million people) pregnancy leads to unsafe abortion. Most cases of unsafe abortion are concentrated in low- and middle-income countries, where the 10-14-year-old population is relatively the largest, and many countries have restrictions. The potential for sexual and reproductive harm among adolescents is a current and growing threat, yet our understanding of abortion in this group is insufficient to adequately address their needs through programmatic and policy interventions. In most cases, this abortion means that the egg or sperm has the wrong number of chromosomes and as a result, the fertilized egg could not develop normally. We must remember that the importance and unique role of man in the system of creation, as well as the beginning and end of his life, have always been studied by divine thinkers and religions. Abortion as a social and therapeutic phenomenon has long been customary in most societies and nations, and especially its social type in the last century, in economically and industrially advanced societies have increased more and more and is still increasing. Abortion is one of the current problems of human societies, and its dramatic increase results from unrestrainedness and disturbances that pollute the face of societies. Because of the dignity that Islam considers for human beings, even for the stage of coagulation of the sperm and before the soul is breathed, Islam places a special value on the fetus. The studies conducted show that there is illegal abortion in Iran. Most of it is done secretly and by non-specialists, however, legally and officially, except in very limited cases, abortion is not licensed. According to recently announced statistics, about one and a half million births and 300,000 abortions take place in Iran every year, some of which are intentional and others are unintentional. A lot of research has been done on abortion, but it can be seen that abortion is spreading in all countries. Therefore, it is important to research its effectiveness and medical and jurisprudential opinions.

In this review study, the idea and scientific view of medical experts, as well as rational and customary reasons, were among the things that have been paid attention to in this research. Also, the major fatwas of contemporary Shiite jurists and scholars regarding human abortion were discussed and investigated. The focus of the discussion is mostly based on jurisprudential opinion, and based on the explanation and analysis of their jurisprudential opinion, the author's point of view was also given.

In medical science, abortion issues and complications and ways to help the mother were taken into consideration, and during the last 3 decades, the death rate related to abortion has decreased significantly. However, the key to reducing mortality is patient education and increased awareness among healthcare workers about the potentially fatal complications that can follow abortion. At the same time, it is deduced from the Islamic texts, whether the verses of the Quran or the hadiths, that abortion has bad consequences for the physical and mental health of a person.

In general, it can be acknowledged that medically and legally, abortion has conditions that are dangerous for the mother's health if it is not those conditions. It should be kept in mind that the sanctity of abortion is not an absolute and permanent issue from the point of view of most jurists. In many cases, it is exceptional and according to the conditions under which the abortion takes place or what purpose it pursues, it is different. For each of those cases, a suitable solution or a specific jurisprudential ruling has been provided. In matters of jurisprudence, everyone should follow the point of view of his authority. Qatabah of Islamic jurists considers abortion at any stage of pregnancy as haram and non-Sharia, if there is no valid reason for it. Also, most abortions are simple, and some of them are associated with complications that can be life-threatening. Due to the high complications of abortion, an interprofessional team including an obstetrician, radiologist, triage nurses, nurse practitioner, general surgeon, urologist, and infectious disease specialist is recommended. Most patients with complications after abortion go to the emergency room and are first visited by a triage nurse. The triage nurse should be familiar with possible complications after abortion and quickly accept the patient and warn the interprofessional team. In addition to acute bleeding, complications after abortion can include septic shock, bladder or bowel perforation, and possibly ectopic pregnancy, which can lead to high mortality if not diagnosed in time. A thorough physical examination, including the pelvis, should be performed immediately to ensure that there are no injuries. The anesthesia and operating room nurses should be informed if the patient needs urgent surgery.

Conflict often refers to cases in which units or individuals work against each other instead of working together. Webster's dictionary defines conflict as a battle and the difference between opposing forces and the existing contradiction between instincts or morals and religious and moral ideals (1). According to Robbins, conflict is a process in which the first person intentionally tries to prevent the second person from achieving his or her interests and goals in a deterrent manner (2).Due to the nature of sports and its close relationship with social, political and economic issues in society, the sports environment, especially educational organizations, are the source of potential conflicts between different organizations (4). It is therefore essential to exercise competence to resolve, manage and prevent employee conflict before it leads to resignation, retaliation, litigation or other extremist action (5). For example, teachers, and especially physical education teachers, in order to be able to provide basic physical education programs to ensure the physical and mental health of students and to create favorable conditions for the development of students' athletic talents, must have differences and Manage conflicts effectively and efficiently. Since the main part of physical education classroom management is to provide a suitable educational environment and gather students in groups that work away from conflicts and disagreements in achieving educational goals, physical education classes need to There are teachers who moderate the internal pressures on their motivation and balance their behavior (6).There are shortcomings in physical education classes, including: physical education hours in schools, facilities and equipment, sports equipment, priority of other subjects over physical education, school principals' attitude towards this subject, which has caused conflicts between teachers and principals. . Studying conflicts and resolving them in the field of education is still a complex and multidimensional issue. Research should examine this relationship with other levels of education and whether these outcomes affect teachers' performance. Given these explanations, the researcher seeks to address the dynamic conflict model of physical education teachers.

For the present applied research which was done by survey method, among the physical education teachers of Alborz province (150 people) due to the limited population using available sampling and the total number of all members of the community were considered as a sample. The researcher-made questionnaire consisted of 40 questions that were prepared and compiled for each factor, at least 3 questions, and these three questions distributed and collected the factors affecting the dynamic conflict of physical education teachers from various aspects. To determine the validity of the questionnaire from the perspective of experts, professors and experts, its validity was approved by these experts by providing amendments. Also, in order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient test was used and the reliability of the research tool was 0.816. Finally, descriptive statistics, Kalmogorov-Smirnov tests, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, t-test and structural equations were used for SPSS software version 22 and Amos version 20 at error level of 0.05 for statistical analysis of data.

The results showed that the average opinion of the respondents about the situation of dynamic conflicts of physical education teachers is equal to 4.15, which is higher than the hypothetical average (μ = 3). The value of sig / 2 is equal to 0.001 which is less than 0.05 and also the value of t-statistic is equal to 39.86 which is a positive value so it can be said with 95% confidence that the components of the dynamic conflict components of physical education teachers It is desirable (Table 1).Another finding showed that the model has a good fit (Table 2). According to the results of the research model, the dimensions of "mutual benefit option", "focus on the future", "transparency" and "positive cooperation" have the greatest impact on "dynamic conflict of teachers" with coefficients of 0.77, 0.75, 66, respectively. / 0 and 0.66. Finally, the results showed that the probability values ​​of all components are less than 0.001; Therefore, all components are accepted at a significance level of 0.99(Table 3).

The results of the present study showed that among the sources of dynamic conflict in physical education teachers, providing options for mutual benefit has the greatest effect. Research shows that communication problems, inadequate information exchange, and rhetoric in the communication channel alone are barriers to communication and create potential conditions for conflict. Too much or too little communication also increases the possibility of conflict. As a result, it is possible to increase communication to a certain extent, and by exceeding that limit, communication becomes excessive, which results in increasing the possibility of creating opposition. This factor can be suggestions in terms of win-win method in communication (19).Another result of the present study is the focus on the future by learning from the past. It seems that the difference between the teaching conditions for physical education teachers compared to other teachers, the lack of importance of physical education lessons, unreasonable expectations of managers and the lack of sports facilities and equipment have caused physical education teachers by managers and Their co-workers endure a lot of psychological and environmental pressures. Existence of psychological and environmental pressures causes physical education teachers to not be able to work in schools as expected of them and to achieve the goals set by themselves and the organization, and this causes a conflict between colleagues and teachers with the principal.In addition, according to the results of the research model, the transparency factor can be effective in creating a dynamic conflict among physical education teachers. This result of the research indicates that physical education teachers are confused in the implementation of their responsibilities and the reason may be the lack of clear rules related to the job description of teachers. It seems that there are many differences in the set of rules and regulations of education and the perception of these rules is different in different people. Also, the transparency of the rules and their explanation is not done by the senior managers of the organization and consequently the school principals for quick and timely decisions.In general, the results showed that the relationship between the dynamic conflict components of physical education teachers is based on a positive attitude in conflict resolution, in other words, to form and maintain the perception that leads to conflict behavior, communication Strengthen among teachers. Communication problems can be an important source of incompatibility and conflict formation.

Infectious diseases can be caused by the direct or indirect transmission of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi. The spread of these diseases and infections may cause a global pandemic such as COVID-19. Establishing and using artificial intelligence can help scientists predict infectious diseases to prevent the spread of epidemics, understand the behavior of microorganisms, and discover drugs to control disease faster. Today, artificial intelligence is on the verge of evolving the health care system through disease-focused analysis and interventions to promote faster, more reliable, and more cost-effective solutions to human well-being. Artificial intelligence systems use cognitive computing, deep learning, variable neural networks, and machine learning and can play an important role in diagnosing, screening, monitoring, reducing the workload of caregivers, and predicting new treatments. This article reviews the potential applications of artificial intelligence in the field of infectious diseases that can help the health institutions of the global community in combating the increase of infectious diseases.