فصلنامه پژوهش های تولید گیاهی
سال سی‌ام شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Salinity is one of the main environmental stresses that affects seedling establishment and plant yield. Salinity stress often limits plant growth and productivity, and this stress is affected by a variety of processes. Dianthus barbatus belongs to the Caryophyllaceae family and is one of the most important ornamental plants in the open air, which gives a special beauty to the environment in spring. This plant grows in a wide range of climatic conditions. Due to the fact that extensive research on salinity stress threshold and cultivar resistance in this plant has not been studied, so this study aims to investigate the effect of different levels of salinity stress and cultivar type on some physiological, biochemical and nutrient concentration of Dianthus was done in greenhouse conditions.

This experiment was performed in November 2019 in the research greenhouse of Khomeyn Municipality located in Markazi province, as a factorial, in a completely randomized design, with three replications. The first factor was cultivars at two levels (including Diana and Barbarin cultivars), the second factor was salinity due to sodium chloride at 10 levels (including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 mM). The seeds were prepared from a Dutch company and planted in pots containing soil, manure and sand. The traits measured in this experiment included the concentration of NPK, calcium, magnesium, sodium, photosynthetic pigments, carotenoid content, proline, Electrolyte Leakage, Lipid peroxidation, relative leaf water content (RWC) and leaf enzyme activity (catalase and peroxidase)

The results of ANOVA showed that the main effects and interactions of salinity stress and cultivar were significant for catalase, peroxidase, potassium uptake and Electrolyte Leakage. As the concentration of sodium chloride increased, the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids, the concentration of calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus and RWC decreased, and the amount of malondialdehyde, electrolyte Leakage, enzyme activity, proline and absorption of sodium and potassium increased. Among the two cultivars studied, Barbarin cultivar was more tolerant to salinity stress than Diana cultivar. The highest uptake of potassium (5.157%) in Barbarin cultivar under non-stress conditions, the lowest (14.79%) in Diana cultivar under severe stress conditions (90 mM). The highest sodium uptake (1.36%) was reported in severe stress conditions (90 mM) and the lowest uptake (0.2196%) in non-stress conditions. Sodium uptake in Barbarin cultivar (0.5082%) was lower than Diana cultivar (0.5474%) which indicated that this cultivar was more resistant to sodium uptake.

According to the results of the present study, with increasing sodium chloride concentration, physiological parameters such as chlorophyll and carotenoid content and relative leaf water content decrease and biochemical parameters such as malondialdehyde content, enzyme activity, sodium and potassium uptake, electrolyte leakage and Proline increased. The results of this study showed that the cultivars studied in this study were resistant to low salinity (10-40 mM) and somewhat sensitive to moderate and severe salinity (50-90 mM). Among the studied cultivars, Barbarin cultivar was more tolerant to moderate and severe soil salinity than Diana cultivar. Also, according to the results, the optimal limit under salinity stress for carnation was about 50-60 mM salinityKeywords: Nutrient uptake, salinity stress, chlorophyll, carnation, RWC

Rice is one of the most important cereals and staple food of many people in the world. In order to identify the possibility of supplying food to the world's population, given the need for continued production in sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to correctly predict the yield of crops. For this purpose, modeling of growth stages and yield of rice based on meteorological statistics of Iran, was studied in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The purpose of this study was to use the simple model SSM-iCrop2 to simulate rice growth and yield to investigate the effects of climatic factors, soil, agronomic management and to determine the genetic coefficients of rice in Iran. Due to the appropriate ability of the model in rice simulation, it can be used as a suitable tool for better planning and management of rice fields in the country. In this study, the SSM-iCrop2 model was used to simulate the potential yield. In this model, the amount of potential yield is calculated based on meteorological data, soil conditions, management and plant parameters. The model needs a series of inputs to run, which is made to perform the simulation of the collected model. The most important processes to be simulated in the model are plant phenology, leaf area changes, dry matter production and distribution, and soil water balance. For parameterization and evaluation of the model, the values of performance and day to maturity of the simulated were compared with those observed. For this purpose, a set of experimental data (data related to rice growth and production from published and unpublished articles and reports) was used in important areas under rice cultivation. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, 2001-2016, the main areas of rice cultivation and production in Iran were identified. In this study, to compare the deviation of the simulated values from the observed squared error mean (RMSE), coefficient of variation (CV), correlation coefficient (r) and the deviation of the simulated results from line 1:1 with a range of 20% difference. Between the simulated and observed values was used to test the model results. In parameterization of SSM-iCrop2 model for rice, the comparison of observed and simulated days to maturity with RMSE, CV and r values of respectively 12 days, 11 percent and 0.61, respectively, and for grain yield of 56 g m-2, 21 percent and 0.80 indicated the accuracy of the used parameters. Furthermore, in evaluation the model, RMSE, CV and r values for days to maturity were 9 days, 10 percent and 0.95 and for grain yield were 43 g m-2, 14 percent and 0.77 and in simulation evapotranspiration were 44 mm, 9 percent and 0.79 respectively, which confirms the precision of the model simulation. Application of SSM-iCrop2 model is simple and acceptably precise simulation is possible with minimal parameters and inputs. The results of parameterization and evaluation of SSM-iCrop2 model, which was (RMSE), (r) and (CV), showed that this model includes phenological stages and grain yield in the history of different plantings in the climatic conditions of Iran simulates with great accuracy, which indicates the appropriate structure of the model in the simulation. Therefore, considering the appropriate accuracy of SSM-iCrop2 model in simulating rice phenology and yield, it can be used as a suitable tool to study cropping systems and interpret the results in different environmental and management conditions to plan and improve the management of rice fields in the country.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in the world and is the common stress that threatens most of the world and reduces crops. Drought stress are the most common stress that reduces agricultural yields. In some medicinal plants, the use of environmental stresses causes changes in the growth and development of medicinal plants and on the other hand causes changes in the amount and quality of their, effective materials which protect plants against external disturbances as well as unfavorable environmental conditions so that the plants can survive. Today, the use of plant tissue culture techniques in vitro has provided a controlled environment for physiological studies such as the effects of drought stress to achieve maximum yield with more management of environmental factors. This study was carried out in a completely randomized design in the tissue culture and biotechnology laboratory of university of mohaghegh ardabili for in vitro screening of three species of lily for drought stress. In vitro bulblet scales of L. tsingtauense, L. regale and L. ledebourii in MS medium containing different concentrations of polyethyleneglycol 6000 (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/l) was cultured. After two months, morphological characteristics of regenerated plantlets such as plantlets height, leaf length and number, number of bulblets, number of roots and fresh weight, as well as biochemical parameters such as proline, soluble carbohydrates, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoid were measured and evaluated separately in each of the treatments. In the present study, among the three species of lily, only L. regale produced leaves. The results showed that the plantlet height, number and length of leaf, number of bulblet and number of root and fresh weight of plantlet decreased with increasing drought stress. The highest number of bulblet was obtained from L. ledebourii, the highest number of root was obtained from L. regale and the highest fresh weight was obtained from L. tsingtauense samples. The highest amount of phenol and carotenoid was obtained from L. regale and the highest amount of proline was obtained from L. ledebourii, while L. tsingtauense had more flavonoid, anthocyanin and chlorophyll than other species. According to the results, the levels of proline, flavonoids and anthocyanin had a positive correlation with drought stress, but the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates and phenol from the treatment of 10 g/l PEG and the highest amount of carotenoid from the concentration of 5 g/l PEG was obtained. In the present study, drought stress by reducing elongation and cell division and by affecting various physiological, biochemical and hormonal processes reduced the growth indices of lily plantlet species, While the amount of biochemical parameters compared to the control accumulated under drought stress conditions. Increasing proline, soluble carbohydrates and secondary metabolites, in addition to increasing crop yield, is a mechanism of drought tolerance and is an indicator for assessing plant resistance to drought stress.

Rapeseed (B. napus. L) is the most important and most cultivated area among other oil crops in Iran. Two types of it, spring and winter, are cultivated in the country. More than 70% of rapeseed is cultivated in semi-hot and tropical regions and only 30% in cold and semi-cold areas of Iran. Considering the dependence of more than 90% of the country on oil imports and the importance of producing oilseeds, it seems necessary to pay attention to the appropriate cultivars in semi cold and cold regions and use the existing potential to develop its oilseed cultivation. Therefore, in this study, the stability of rapeseed winter mutant lines was investigated.

In this study, three Rapeseed cultivars named Zarfam, Talaieh and Express, along with 16 mutant lines, were obtained from irradiating the above cultivars with intensities of 800-900-1200 g of gamma-ray and, after seven generations, were salved. Along with three commercial cultivars, Okapi, Ahmadi and ES Neptune, they were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. This experiment was carried out in four research stations (Karaj, Zarghan, Kermanshah and Isfahan) during the two crop years of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. In the combined analysis, the effect of environment (year composition on location) was considered random, and the effect of genotype was fixed. The stability of the lines was performed by AMMI method, Stability value (ASV) statistics and other stability methods include S (1-6), NP (1-4), etc.

The Combined analysis of data showed that the effect of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction were significant at the 1% level probability and explained 7.5, 55.3 and 37.0% of the total variance of the data, respectively. In this study, genotype × environment interaction was divided into four components, which accounted for 36.7, 23.6, 16.5, and 9.7% of the total interaction squares, respectively. This study's results showed a high genetic diversity between mutant lines evaluated in terms of grain yield.G13 (T-900-4) lines, followed by G6 (Z-900-7), and G3 (Z-800-6) were superior to other lines in grain yield, averaging 3840, 3757 and 3665 kg/ha, respectively. In the biplot diagram of grain yield and ASV index, lines G3, G6, G2, G18 and G7 had the highest yield and the lowest number for ASV, which were identified as stable lines.

The results of the Three-dimensional graph of the mean rank of stability statistics (Ar) and standard deviation of rankings (SD), and mean yield showed that lines G6 (Z-900-7), G2 (Z-800-3), G12 (T-800-6) and G15 (T-1200-1) were stable line with higher-than-average yield and control cultivars of the region and were identified as stable lines.

Due to the extent of salinity in Iranian soils, the high salinity of water and soil can limit crop quality and productivity. On the other hand, due to the increasing global demand for the use of medicinal plants such as peppermint, today the use of sodium nitroprusside is one of the new strategies to improve and increase the yield of plants in adverse environmental conditions such as water and soil salinity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the morphophysiological characteristics of peppermint (Menthapiperita L.) under salinity stress. This experiment was performed in the greenhouse of Hormozgan University as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications in 1400. In this study, two factors of sodium nitroprusside (0, 0.1, and 0.2 mmol) and salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mmol) were studied. Rhizomes 4 cm long were selected and planted in pots with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 18 cm. The soil in each pot was a mixture of arable soil, sand, and rotted manure in a ratio of 1: 3: 6 (this ratio was suitable for growing peppermint rhizomes). For each treatment, 3 pots were considered as 3 replications. After plant growth, the leaves were sprayed with 200 ml of sodium nitroprusside solution. Control plants were sprayed using distilled water. Foliar application was performed with an interval of three days at a rate of 10 ml per pot and once every three days. 24 hours after the last foliar application and two months after planting, the plants were treated with salinity. Twenty days after application of stress, plants were harvested and traits were evaluated. Measured variables included Leaf length and width, stem diameter, leaf wet and dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, ion leakage, proline, catalase and oxidative capacity. The results showed that the presence of 0.2 mM sodium nitroprusside compared to its absence caused a significant increase in leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and proline to the extent of (80.60, 65.38, 150.70 38, 120 and 101.13 percent) in 100 mM salt stress. While it was observed that the use of 0.1 mM sodium nitroprusside decreased ion leakage by 365.90% at 100 mM salinity stress compared to the control. Therefore, according to the results of the present research, it is possible to recommend foliar spraying of sodium nitroprusside to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress in peppermint plants.

Crop simulation models are widely used in the analysis of cropping systems, climate change and crop management methods. It is a good tool for completing and developing the results of field trials to evaluate new cultivars and new management systems. The aim of this research was to simulate the phenological stages and yield of different bread wheat cultivars in climatic conditions of Gorgan city using DSSAT-Nwheat model.

In this study, in order to evaluate the performance of the DSSAT-Nwheat model, the data drived from a two-year experiment (Growing seasons 2019-2020 and 2021-2020), in which four new bread wheat cultivars were studied under seven sowing dates as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD). Seven sowing dates (from 1 November to 31 December, 10-day intervals) were placed in main plots and four bread wheat genotypes (including Arman, Araz, Taktaz and N-93-9) were placed as subplots. The data derived from the first year and the second year were used for calibration and validation of the model, respectively. In addition to field data, daily meteorological data, management events, soil characteristics and geographical coordinates were provided to DSSAT 4.7 software. After determining the genetic coefficients of each genotype, the model was calibrated for different traits and subsequently the same coefficients were used to validate the model. Using statistical indices, the simulated values of the model were tested with the observed values.

The results showed that the phenological stages including day to anthesis and day to maturity were simulated with root mean squared error (RMSE) equal to four days, and normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) less than 3%. RMSE for grain yield and biological yield were 416 kg ha-1 and 1000 kg ha-1, respectively, and nRMSE values were between 7-8%. In water productivity based on grain yield and biological yield, nRMSE values were 6.21% and 7.53%, respectively, and RMSE values were 0.93 kg ha-1 mm-1 and 2.91 kg ha-1 mm-1, respectively. In all the simulated traits, the Willmott's agreement indices (d) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were in the acceptable range, which showed the proper performance of the DSSAT-Nwheat model for simulating these traits in different bread wheat cultivars.

The results of this study showed that the DSSAT-Nwheat model had proper performance for simulating phenological stages, grain yield, biological yield and water productivity in four cultivars including Araz, Arman, Taktaz and N-93-9. The nRMSE values for all studied traits were between 6-8%. The cultivars studied in this study are the latest cultivars released for the northern warm and humid agro-climatic zone, Iran, in the next few years, they will occupy a large area of wheat cultivation in Golestan province. Therefore, it seems that the results of this study can be used in the decisions of wheat cultivation systems, different effects of agricultural management and current and future climate change in Golestan province.

Grape is one of the most important fruit products globally and has a high nutritional value with strong antioxidant and anti-cancer activity. Today, the use of healthy natural compounds, including organic nitrogen compounds, has become very important to improve the qualitative performance of fruits. The use of amino acids as one of the natural compounds of nitrogen can increase the nutritional values of fruit crops. In the present study, gamma aminobutyric acid was used as a non-protein amino acid to improve the quality characteristics of Qizil-Uzum grape fruit.

The experiment was performed in two separate orchards located in two regions of Urmia city with different microclimatic conditions in a completely randomized design with GABA foliar application at 4 concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25 mM) in two stages (veraison stage and one week later) with 3 replications on 13-year-old cv. Qızıl Uzum grapevines. Some fruit quality characteristics include titratable acids (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), total antioxidant content, total phenol, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, the activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), catalase enzymes, phenolic compounds of fruit including flavonols, flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids, and also a relative expression of PAL and CHS genes were evaluated.

Based on the results, GABA at a concentration of 10 mM, caused the highest content of titratable acids, total soluble solids, total phenol, total flavonoids, total antioxidant and total anthocyanin of fruit. The highest activity of PAL enzyme was also observed at this concentration. Catalase enzyme had the maximum activity at 25 mM. The phenolic compounds that were measured by HPLC in this study included the flavonol compounds: myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, syringetin; the flavan-3-ols compounds: catechin; and the non-flavonoid compounds: gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and resveratrol, most of which had the highest level at 10 mM, followed by 5 mM GABA. Also, PAL and CHS genes had the highest expression at both sampling times (48 and 72 hours after foliar application) at the concentration of 10 mM GABA and their lowest expression was at the concentration of 25 mM GABA.

This study showed that GABA at the concentration of 10 mM at the veraison stage and one week later had an effect on increasing fruit quality indicators, including total soluble sugars, as a basic substrate for the biosynthetic pathway of effective fruit quality compounds, and with effect on antioxidant content improvement, as well as enhancing the expression of related genes for PAL enzyme activity, as a key enzyme of the biosynthesis of the phenolic compound, can improve fruit quality and marketability of grape fruit of Qızıl Uzum cultivar.

Light is an essential factor for growth and development in agricultural production. Vertical agriculture has been increasingly developed to produce leafy vegetables and herbs. High light consumption is the most important obstacle in the development of vertical farming system. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables and is suitable for growing in plant factories. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reveal the yield and dry matter production response of basil to add far-red light to the photosynthetic active spectrum, and finally to investigate the interaction of far-red light and daily light integral (DLI) on growth, morphology and light use efficiency in basil. The experiment was performed in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design. Treatments included daily light integral (DLI) at two levels of 6.4 and 10.8 (mol m-2 d-1), and far-red light at three levels of 0, 5 and 20% based on the light recipe of the LEDs DLI. The measured traits included morphological traits (fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and plants, plant height and leaf area), growth (specific leaf area (SLA), and partitioning to leaves), and determining the efficiency of light and radiation use efficiency. The results showed that the plant fresh and dry weight increased by far-red light at the level of 20% in high DLI conditions (10.8), which was due to the increase in stem fresh and dry weight. As a result, the partitioning to leaves decreased slightly, although it was not statistically significant. Similar to high DLI conditions, the plant fresh and dry weight increased with the addition of far-red light (5 and 20%) at low DLI conditions (6.4), but this increase was due to the increase in leaves fresh and dry weight, and eventually led to the more partitioning to leaves. SLA in plants grown in low DLI decreased significantly by decreasing the phytochrome stationary state (PSS) as a result of adding far-red light from 0.88 to 0.82, which was due to the increase in leaves dry matter. In this regard, in plants grown at high DLI, with decreasing the PSS as a result of adding far-red light from 0.88 to 0.85, the SLA did not change. In general, the response of shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) seems to be more associated with increased stem height when plants grown under high DLI, and is more associated with increased leaf area and stem height when plants grown under low DLI and high levels of far-red light.

Water scarcity is one of the major environmental stresses that adversely affect physiological processes and plant growth. Deficit irrigation (DI) is one of the important irrigation management strategies that has been proposed to conserve water, whereas plants are exposed to a certain degree of water stress. The purpose of the present study was to identify physiological and morphological responses of Ranunculus to different levels of deficit irrigation.

The pot experiment was arranged in the greenhouse in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Plants were irrigated under four water regimes included (1) the control (100% SWC), with full irrigation, in which the soil water content was maintained at 100% pot capacity throughout the plant growth period, (2) the low deficit irrigation (75% SWC) in which the soil water content was retained at 75% of the pot capacity, (3) the moderate deficit irrigation (50% SWC) in which the soil water content remained at 50% of the pot capacity, and (4) severe deficit irrigation (25% SWC) in which the soil water content maintained at 25% of the pot capacity. In this study growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, number of buds, flowers and petals, petiole length, fresh and dry weight of shoots and underground organs), physiological attributes (electrolyte leakage, relative water content), photosynthesis parameters (transpiration rate, leaf temperature, intercellular CO2 concentration, ambient CO2 concentration), water use efficiency (WUE) and degree of tolerance to deficit irrigation stress of Ranunculus plants were evaluated.

The results showed that severe DI reduced plant height (34.5%), leaf number (57%), petiole length (47%), bud number (233%), flower diameter (23%), number of petals (17%), fresh and dry weight of aerial parts (59%, 53%), fresh and dry weight of underground parts (69%, 77%) compared to stress-free conditions (100% SWC). These symptoms indicated the adverse effects of deficit irrigation on the plant. As a consequence of this, leaf temperature (31.90°C), ambient CO2 concentration (479.06 µmol.m‐2.s‐1), and intracellular CO2 (479.47 µmol.m‐2.s‐1) were higher in severe DI. Plants subjected to full irrigation, and low deficit irrigation (75% SWC) had more flowers bud than moderate and severe water stress. Findings of the experiments revealed that low deficit irrigation slightly decreased the plant height, leaf number, petal number, and plant biomass than full irrigation conditions. Also, the highest transpiration rate (0.88 µmol.m‐2.s‐1) was observed at a moderate DI (50% SWC). In addition, plants submitted to an irrigation water deficit have lower values relative water content (RWC) than those of fully irrigated plants. Severe DI (25% SWC) caused a remarkable increase in electrolyte leakage followed by 50% SWC. It was found that WUE decreased with an increase in water stress levels. The WUE was higher (37.5%) in full irrigation than in moderate and severe deficit irrigation. Moreover, by implementing DI, irrigation at 25% SWC for Ranunculus plants saved 45.78% of water.

In general, these results show that Ranunculus is sensitive to severe deficit irrigation stress and is moderately tolerant to 75% SWC. Therefore, low deficit irrigation (75% SWC) stress, but not moderate or severe, could be imposed in Ranunculus to reduce water consumption, still maintaining plant ecophysiological performances and ornamental quality.

According to global warming and climate change, investigating and assessing the efficiency of adaptation strategies are necessary for achieving agricultural sustainable development under future climate conditions. Change in sowing date and dormant seeding for crops can be considered as a suitable strategy to adapt with changing climate conditions. Under dormant seeding management (DSM), the seeds remain ungerminated in the soil, and germinate and emerge with the onset of warming thanks to climate change exploiting late-winter rainfalls, and consequently decreasing frost risk stress at seedling stage and increasing water use efficiency. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of sowing dates especially dormant seeding on rainfed chickpea seed yield in Kermanshah (West) and Tabriz (Northwest) climatic conditions.

In the current study, three general circulation models (MPI-ESM-LR, MPI-ESM-MR and NorESM1) were used under two emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the future of 2039–2069 in Kermanshah and Tabriz regions. GCM outputs were downscale by AgMIP methodology. The SSM-Chickpea model was employed to simulate the growth and development of chickpea (Soltani and Sinclair, 2011). Five sowing dates including 21 December (DSM), 6 March, 21 March, 4 April and 21 April were considered as an adaptation strategy to possible impacts of climate change. Study traits included leaf area index, number of days to maturity, mean temperature over the growing season, cumulative rainfall, evapotranspiration, biological yield, and grain yield.

The results of model validation showed that the model was able to predict the grain yield reasonably well (R2=0.92 and RMSE=14%). Overall, averaged grain yield at all sowing dates in Tabriz was 131% more than Kermanshah in the baseline. High grain yield in Tabriz compared with Kermanshah can be attributed to more leaf area index and length of growing season. Averaged grain yield in dormant seeding was 13.51, 22.30, 31.94 and 46.86% higher compared to 6 March, 21 March, 4 April and 21 April, respectively in both locations at the baseline. On average (GCMs, emission scenarios and locations), dormant seeding had the highest grain yield (24.93%) than other sowing dates in future climate change conditions compared to baseline. The reasons of superiority of dormant seeding of chickpea compared to other sowing dates was due to coinciding of crop growth period with rainfall (Hajjarpoor et al., 2016), reduction in negative effects of high temperatures on grain yield especially during grain filling (Hajarpour et al., 2013), increasing transpiration efficiency due to lower temperatures over the growing season (Soltani et al., 2006) and escaping terminal drought stress at end of growing season. Averaged grain yield (locations, sowing dates and GCMs) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios increased by 8.97 and 14.12% compared to baseline. Increasing grain yield was due to the positive effects of boosting the carbon dioxide concentration on the photosynthesis rate of chickpea as a C3 plant under changing climate (Meghdadi et al., 2014).

Rainfed planting of peanuts in Guilan province has a history of more than 120 years. The use of late cultivar NC2 in most of the peanut fields in this region during the last 45 years has provided the basis for the spread of diseases and severe functional fluctuations in the production of this plant. The light soil texture in the fields of this plant also increases the yield fluctuations of this cultivar in the low rainy years by reducing the available moisture for peanut plants. As a result, the introduction of new cultivars adapted to the climatic conditions of the region, which have good pod yield in rainfed conditions, is one of the most important necessity for Guilan province. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate and compare physiological indices and radiation use efficiency in 14 new peanut genotypes and compare them with NC2 cultivar.

This study was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years 2016 and 2017 in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh city. 14 peanut genotypes along with NC2 cultivar, which is the dominant cultivar in the region, formed experimental blocks. All genotypes were planted flat and in rainfed conditions. Heat unit throughout the growth period, crop growth rate, pod growth rate, partitioning coefficient, radiation use efficiency, pod yield, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were studied in all genotypes and NC2 cultivar and were compared with this cultivar.

The results of this study indicated that the highest heat units from planting to harvesting maturity were observed in NC2 cultivar and ICGV02317 and ICGV92222 genotypes, respectively, while ICGV00350 and ICGV87846 genotypes had the lowest heat units during the growing season. The highest values of crop growth rate, pod growth rate, radiation use efficiency, pod yield and grain yield were obtained from NC2 cultivar and ICGV00420, ICGV99019 and ICGV92116 genotypes.

According to the results, in rainfed conditions, 3 genotypes ICGV00420, ICGV99019 and ICGV92116 reached the harvesting maturity stage faster than NC2 cultivar with a lower heat unit in this area while in many of the measured traits were similar to the mentioned cultivar. The results also indicated that the mentioned genotypes can be considered as an alternative to planting NC2 cultivar in the region's farms according to the calculated physiological indices and radiation use efficiency because these genotypes had suitable radiation use efficiency, pod and grain yield under rainfed cultivation conditions.

Grapes are a significant source of phenolic compounds, Genetic factors primarily determine anthocyanins, and in grapes, skin color is a critical and influential factor in the large germplasm of grapes. Since about 250 cultivars of 800-1000 grape cultivars are grown in Iran, studying anthocyanin compounds in the available germplasm resources is crucial. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the profile and diversity of different polyphenolic and anthocyanin compounds in some colored grapevine cultivars (V. vinifera L).

In this study the cultivars Flame, Crimson, Red Globe, Sahebi ghoochan, Ghare Shire, Sahebi Urmia, Syah Ghare Bagh, Rish baba, Flame seedless and Lale Bidane were investigated. The amount of phenol in the pulp was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and total flavonoids were measured by aluminum chloride calorimetry method. Total anthocyanin was measured with a spectrophotometer at 760 nm. The evaluation of the individual anthocyanin compounds was done by HPLC-DAD. Analysis of variance for all morphological traits was performed with the software IBM SPSS 26 using the one-way method ANOVA. The correlation among varieties, PCA analysis, and the scatter plot of the distribution according to PC1/PC2 were made with the statistical software SPSS. The distance values were calculated using the Euclidean method, and the dendrogram was generated using the UPGMA method of the NCSS statistical software (NCSS.12).

The percentage of total phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in the berries of the studied cultivars were 48, 43, and 9, respectively. The results showed that the highest concentrations of total phenols were found in the cultivars “Crimson” (16.94 mg GAE/100 g), “Red Globe” (13.74 mg GAE/100 g), and “Flame” (13.58 mg GAE/100 g). The highest content of total flavonoids was found in “Flame” (36.47 mg100 g-1) and “Red Globe” (10.05 mg 100g-1), also the highest content of anthocyanins was found in “Ghare Shire”, “Syah Ghare Bagh”, “Lale Bidane” and “Sahebi Urmia” with 6.09, 6.59, 3.58 and 2.01 mg kg -1, respectively. Among the varieties studied, the lowest content of total anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenol respectively was observed in “Flame” with 0.23 mg kg-1 and “Syah Ghare Bagh” with 5.8 mg/kg, and in “Sahebi ghoochan” with 2.88 mg kg-1. The composition of pelargonidin and its derivatives was not identified. The concentration of malvidin in “Flame” and “Red Globe” was trace and was not observed in “Sahebi Urmia” and “Lale Bidane”. The correlation results show that the highest positive and significant correlations were between delphinidin 6-acetyl glucoside and cyanidin 6-acetyl glucoside (r=0.99). Malvidin showed the highest correlation with delphinidin and petunidin. According to the dendrogram of cluster analysis of ten red cultivars for anthocyanins, they were divided into two main groups. The first group consisted of the two cultivars “Syah Ghare Bagh” and “Ghare Shire”, further away from the other eight cultivars of the second group.

The studied cultivars showed significant differences in the individual anthocyanin compounds and the amount of phenol, flavonoids, and total anthocyanins. According to the results, peonidin and malvidin had the highest concentrations in the studied cultivars; In “Syah Ghare Bagh”, the highest concentration of peonidin was found at 54.08 mg kg DW -1, and in “Ghare Shire” malvidin with 42.78 mg kg DW -1. In addition “Syah Ghare Bagh” and “Ghare Shire”' had the highest total anthocyanin concentration. Consequently, these genotypes were located in a separate group by distance from most cultivars based on cluster analyses.