مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال پنجاه و چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the breeding center of buffalo in the northwest of Iran in 2020-2021 growing season. Experimental treatments included different irrigation conditions at three levels (irrigation after depleting of 40, 60, and 80% of available water) as the first factor and application of different fertilizer sources at five levels (chemical, biological, organic, nano fertilizer, and control) as the second factor. Crude protein, dry matter digestibility, water-soluble carbohydrates, and protein yield were improved under different fertilizer sources and different irrigation conditions compared to the control treatment. With delay in irrigation, dry matter, forage ash and relative feed value decreased, while water stress increased the amount of ADF and NDF. Also, the highest amount of dry matter, ash and the relative feed value were obtained in the nano fertilizer. Irrigation after depleting of 40% caused 24, 14, and 18% increase in dry weight of leaves, stems and forage yield, respectively, compared to 80% of available water. The highest dry weight of leaves, stems, and forage yield were obtained with 11738, 16764, and 27938 kg/ha in nano fertilizer, respectively. In conclusion, the results showed that nano-fertilizers and organic fertilizers were more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fodder sorghum under water stress conditions compared to other fertilizer sources.

In order to investigate the effect of some herbicides with different doses in direct cultivation and comparing it with transplanted cultivation, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on random complete blocks in three replications in Mazandaran in the spring of 2018. The main plots include  transplanted flooded rice and direct seeded rice and sub plots include Kancil herbicide with doses (150, 120, 90, 60, 30), Nomini herbicide with doses (250, 200, 150, 100, 50), Clean Weed with 65 doses; pertilachlor + bensulfuron methyl; clomazone+pendimethalin; Clomazone, weed-infested control and weed-free control. The results showed that in weed-infested conditions, there was a significant difference in paddy yield between the two cultivation methods, so that in flooded cultivation, the yield was 355.6 and in direct cultivation, the yield was 185.1 kg per square meter. In direct cultivation, Kancil herbicide with a dose of 120 and 150 grams per hectare yields (492.5, 546) and Nomini herbicide with a dose of 200 and 250 cc per hectare (412.5, 539 3) and Clean Weed 65 cc. per hectare yield was 534.3 kg per square meter. It is suggested that direct cultivation of rice will be a good method for sustainable production in order to control weeds with herbicides and use less water and obtain optimal yield, considering the limited resources, especially water.

This study was conducted to obtain high yielding adaptive lines of PachBaghela (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Guilan region, using randomized complete block design with three replications in spring season in three locations of Guilan province (Lahijan, Rasht, Shanderman) in 2016 and 2018 cropping seasons. Nine lines were evaluated along with local landrace. The results of combined analysis of variance of fresh pod yield in three regions during two years showed that the effect of genotype and the interaction of genotype × location × year were significant. Also, the results showed that the lines had a significant difference in fresh pod yield. The comparison of the average yield of fresh pods in the studied regions during two years showed that the G9 line had the highest yield and the lowest yield was related to the local landrace in the spring cultivation. Analyzing the stability of fresh pod yield by the non-parametric rank method showed that G9 and G8 lines were the most stable lines. Also, based on the GGE biplot, G9 and G8 lines were selected as the best lines with high yield and compatibility.

To investigate stability, pattern of G×E interaction, 10 faba bean genotypes (G1-G10) as well as four control cultivars; Barekat, Saraziri, Baloochi and Zereshki were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications in four agricultural research field stations of Gorgan, Dezful, Brojerd, and Iranshahr, for two cropping seasons (2014-15 and 2015-16). The results of composite variance analysis showed that the main effect of year, the interaction of year × location and the triple effect of year × location × genotype on grain yield were significant at the probability level of 1%. GGE -biplot analysis (genotype effect+ genotype×environment interaction) revealed that the two first and second principal explained 84.7% and 6.6% of total variation, respectively, and 91.3% of the grain yield variation. Based on a hypothetical ideal genotype biplot, the genotype G9 was better than the other genotypes across environments for stability and grain yield. View of polygon graph revealed superior mega-environments and the compatible genotypes were determined for each mega-environment; Gorgan- Brojerd (G9) and Iranshahr (G14). G9, G1, and G4 genotypes with average grain yield of 3479, 2808 and 2739 kgha-1, respectively, had the highest grain yield. Based on GEI and GGE-biplot analysis, Gorgan and Brojerd experimental environments had good differentiation ability. Finally, genotypes G1, G5, G9, and G10 were the most stable genotypes and can be used in breeding programs.

This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the agronomic value of one new variety of white bean named "Hidajdor" which were introduced by the private sector with the aim of registering the named variety in the national list of plant varieties. This bean cultivar "Hidajdor" along with 4 domestic control cultivars (Almas, Dorsa, Pak, and Shokufa) were studied in 3 different locations (Karaj, Zanjan, and Khomein) based on complete randomized block design in three replications during two crop seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021). Results showed that flowering occurred significantly earlier in candidate cultivar "Hidajdor" than control cultivars (6 days earlier than mean of control cultivars). As the same way, physiological seed ripening in candidate cultivar occurred earlier than control cultivars (4 days earlier than mean of other cultivars). In candidate "Hidajdor" cultivar, despite the lower height of the plant compared to control cultivars, the height of the first pod was higher than control cultivars (5.5 percent). Although the number of seeds in the plant of "Hidajdor" candidate cultivar was lower than control cultivars (19.6 percent), but this cultivar produced bigger seeds, so that the average weight of one hundred seeds of this cultivar (46.72 g) was significantly higher (37.8 percent) than the control cultivars (29 g). Finally, the candidate cultivar "Hidajdor" can play an effective role as new germplasm in the country's beans production due to its erect growth type and ease of harvesting, early maturity, and production of larger seeds (marketability).

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of micronutrients on leaf phenol content and yield of SC704 corn hybrid in water deficit condition during two years (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) in Shahid Salemi farm of Ahvaz. The experiment was conducted as split-split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots included water deficit stress at three levels (complete irrigation, cut-off irrigation at vegetative growth stage (12-14 leaf stage), and cut-off irrigation at early seed growth stage (13-15 days after pollination), and sub-plots included sulfate foliar application zinc sulfate at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 g/L) and sub-subplots contained foliar solution of iron sulfate at three concentrations (0, 3, and 6 g/L). The results of this study showed that foliar application of zinc sulfate in the cut-off irrigation conditions in the vegetative growth stage and in the beginning of the seed growth stage led to a significant increase in stomatal conductivity and leaf phenol content. The lowest leaf proline was obtained under complete irrigation conditions without iron sulfate solution. The highest yield of ear was obtained in complete irrigation with 6 g/L concentration of FeSO4 (9135.66 kg/ha), which increased by 25.1% compared to non-spray at this irrigation level. In general, unfavorable changes in physiological and functional indices of SC704 corn hybrid under the cut-off irrigation at the reproductive growth stage were more than the vegetative growth stage, and the application of zinc sulfate and iron sulfate in optimal concentration led to reduce the damage and adverse effects of water stress in these growth stages.

One of the most important factors in reducing vigor of seed is the occurrence of water stress during seed development on mother plant. Also, the use of growth regulators in environmental stresses leads to the production of seeds with better germination ability. In order to study the effect of methyl jasmonate on germination indices and vigor of two bread wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial in a RCBD design in two growing seasons (2015 and 2017). In this experiment, different irrigation regimes including normal irrigation (control), irrigation cut off from bolting stage and irrigation cut off from the grain milking stage were investigated as the main factor, and two wheat cultivars Sirvan and Pishtaz and 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm of methyl as sub plots. The results showed that in both cultivars, germination indices decreased by stress, but application of 100 μM methyl jasmonate increased the germination percentage, germination rate, length and weight vigor, gluten and seed starch content in both years compared to the control. On average, at different levels of irrigation cut off and full irrigation, Sirvan cultivar showed higher germination percentage and rate than Pishtaz cultivar. Also, irrigation cut off from bolting stage had the greatest negative effect on the seed formed in the mother plant in different wheat cultivars. Overall, the results showed that among the treatments, the best methyl jasmonate application with a concentration of 100 mM was able to moderate the effects of drought stress and improve germination and qualitative traits of seed under stress and non-stress conditions and Sirvan had higher seed quality.

In order to evaluate the grain yield and the quality characteristics of sunflower grain oil in response to deficit irrigation (DI), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors was carried out at experimental farm of Safiabad agricultural and natural resources research and education center in 2019–2020 growing seasons. The factors were DI as the main factor (including control, moderate DI, and severe DI- based on the discharge of 50, 70, and 90% of field capacity) and cultivar as sub-factor (including Oscar, Felix, Shakira, Savana, Labad, and Monaliza). The results showed that deficit irrigation caused a significant difference in grain yield, grain number per head, grain weight per head, oil quality characteristics compared to the control. Deficit irrigation caused a significant reduction in grain yield, grain number per head, and oil yield by 49.94, 49.94, and 26.67%, respectively, compared to control. In addition, deficit irrigation increased iodine index, peroxide value, phosphorus, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, and oil acidity; hence, impurity in oil and oil corruption was increased. In conclusion, Felix and Labad cultivars are recommend for cultivation in Dezful and similar regions due to having high grain yield and maintaining yield under deficit irrigation conditions.

Studying the nature of the genotype×environment interaction provides the possibility of identifying stable and compatible genotypes for breeders, and it has always been one of the important issues in the production and release of new stable and high-yield cultivars in breeding projects. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the response of genotypes in each of the studied areas, based on AMMI and GGE biplot models and better understanding of the genotype×environment interaction and determining the level of public and private stability of cultivars. Twenty facultative and winter wheat genotypes were cultivated and evaluated in nine regions (18 environments) during the two crop years of 2017 to 2019 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In order to analyze the compatibility and stability of genotypes, AMMI and GGE biplot models were used. The results of AMMI analysis showed that the main effect of genotype, genotype×environment interaction effect and the first six principal components were significant at the 1% probability level. The first and second principal components explained about 51% of the sum of squares of the genotype×environment interaction effect. Based on SSiASV and SSiWAAS simultaneous selection indices, genotypes G13, G1, G3, G2, G6, G16, and G7 were identified as the best genotypes. Biplot analysis showed that the genotypes G1, G3, and G6 with average yield had the highest general stability compared to other genotypes. None of the genotypes can be considered as desirable genotypes that have high average yield and high yield stability, but genotype G16 and in the next stage the genotypes G1 and G13 were close to the ideal genotype. Polygon biplot model divided environments into two environmental groups (macro environment) and genotypes into four groups. The first environmental group included Kar1, Kar2, Qaz1, Qaz2, Ham1, Ham2, Mia2, Egl1, Jol2, Ard2, and Ara1 environments, with G16, G17, and G4 genotypes having the highest yield. The second environmental group included Mas1, Mas2, Mia1, Ard1, Jol1, Ara1, and Egl2 environments, and in this macro environment G2, G11, G7, and G12 genotypes had the highest yield. Finally, the examination of the relationships among the environments showed a very high correlation among the investigated environments, which indicated the similar behavior of the genotypes in the most of the tested environments.

Early vigor, stress resistance, uniformity, high yield, and breeder right protection have turned hybrid cultivar development into the most successful breeding strategy in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). The goals of this research were to develop the first CMS based rapeseed hybrids in Iran and to evaluate their performance and fertility. The effect of different traits on yield increasing of hybrids was also studied. Seven CMS lines were crossed with R2000 (a restorer-line) and the seed yield of hybrids was tested using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. Three of hybrids with 4.64, 4.40, and 4.38 tons per hectare, showed considerable yield and were significantly different than Nilufar, Neptune, and Nima (3.44, 3.37, and 3.30 tons per hectare, respectively), as check cultivars. R2000×A8 demonstrated the highest heterosis (34.71%) to high-check cultivar. All hybrids obtained were normal in terms of fertility, having no male-sterile flowers. Based on the results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis, the simultaneous increase in the number of pods per plant and the thousand seed weight, together with crossing the more distant parents will lead to more high yielding hybrids. The promising hybrids with high yield and remarkable fertility could be released as new cultivars after passing adaptability and stability experiments.

Metabolic adaptation to cold stress plays an important role in the growth, survival, and yield of crops. Diamine cadaverine (Cad) as an osmolyte may take part in counteracting the oxidative stress induced by cold stress in chickpea. In this experiment, content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Cad, activity of diamine oxidase (DAO), and its relative gene expression (DAO) in cold-tolerant (Sel96th11439) and cold-sensitive (ILC533) chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under cold stress (4°C) as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) were studied. In tolerant genotype H2O2 content after a significant increase on the first day of cold stress decreased significantly on the sixth day of cold stress compared to control condition (up to 4.7%), while, its accumulation was observed in sensitive genotype (up to 50%). These results indicated a relative acclimation to cold stress in tolerant genotype. The Cad metabolite content (18 nmol/g FW) was observed under cold stress in tolerant genotype on the sixth day of stress. Under cold stress, in tolerant genotype increasing Cad content was accompanied with an increase in DAO activity and relative expression of DAO gene as biosynthetic pathways of this metabolite (up to 3.5- and 3-fold, respectively). The maximum activity of this route was observed in tolerant genotype on the sixth day of cold stress. In the late responses under cold stress, the accumulation of Cad in tolerant genotype led to reduced cell damage (H2O2 results) and improved cold tolerance. These indices were useful in assessment of chickpea genotypes under cold stress and breeding programs.

In order to investigate the effect of wood vinegar and humic acid on morphological and biochemical traits, antioxidant enzymes, and peppermint essential oil under water deficit stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Tarbiat Modares University. The experimental treatments were irrigation regimes at three levels (irrigation up to the field capacity and after depletion 25 (optimal irrigation), 40 (moderate water deficit stress), and 55 (severe water deficit stress) % of plant available water in the root zone, respectively) as main plots and foliar application at seven levels (humic acid (1, 2, and 3%), wood vinegar (5, 10, and 15%) and no foliar application (control)) as sub plots. The highest plant height (38.63 cm) was obtained from the treatment of using wood vinegar 15% under optimal irrigation conditions, while, the maximum leaf area index (3.01) was observed in the treatment using wood vinegar 15% under moderate water deficit stress conditions. The maximum essential oil yield was observed in the foliar application of humic acid 3% under optimal irrigation conditions with 37.48 kg h-1, and with the treatments of humic acid 2% under optimal irrigation conditions with 34.34 kg ha-1 and foliar application of 15% of wood vinegar under optimal irrigation conditions with 36.11 kg ha-1 was placed in a statistical group. An increase in water deficit stress caused a decrease in essential oil yield, so that in moderate and severe water deficit stress, 9.37% and 40.17% of essential oil yield decreased, respectively. The use of wood vinegar and humic acid increased the yield of peppermint essential oil, so that by increasing the foliar concentration of wood vinegar from 0 to 15%, the yield of essential oil increased by 81.29%, and increasing the concentration of humic acid foliar application from 0 to 3% increased the yield of essential oil by 69.28%. Considering the water limitation, the use of acid humic 3% is recommended in optimal irrigation conditions and moderate water deficit stress, and wood vinegar 15% in severe water deficit stress conditions is recommended.

In order to study the effect of planting pattern on yield and benefit indices of sesame, mung bean, and cowpea intercropping, an experiment was conducted on the Research Farm of Production Engineering and Plant Genetic Department at Shahid chamran University of Ahvaz in 2017. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block design with three replications. This treatments included different plant patterns in 15 levels: Sesame sole cropping, mung bean sole cropping, cowpea sole cropping, triple intercropping ratios: 1-2-2 (1mung bean, 2sesame, and 2cowpea), 2-1-2, 1-3-1, 2-2-1, 2-3-2 and dual intercropping ratios: 3sesame-3mung bean, 3sesame-3cowpea, 3mung bean-3cowpea, 2sesame-4cowpea, 2sesame-4mung bean, 4sesame-2cowpea, 4sesame-2mung bean. The results of this study showed that the higher total LER (1.56) was found at 3mung bean-3cowpea. In addition, based on the results of this research the intercropping planting patterns include 4sesame-2mung bean (1.21), 2mung bean-3sesame-2cowepea (1.19), 2sesame-4mung bean (1.18), and 2sesame-4cowpea (1.09) had total LER more than unity (1.0). Among the planting patterns, sesame had the highest aggressive degree (1.03), the highest relative crowding coefficient (4.64), and the highest relative intensity of competition (10.82) in the 2mung bean-3sesame-2cowepea, which indicate the superiority of sesame than two other studied plants in this planting pattern. Moreover, the results of this research showed that the two plant intercropping patterns of 3mung bean-3cowpea and 4sesame-2cowpea were significantly superior compared to the sole cropping and three plants intercropping patterns in terms of yield indices. In general, based on the results of this research, it was observed that the simultaneous intercropping of sesame with mung bean or cowpea as an example of sustainable system in agriculture that pursues goals such as creating ecological balance, more exploitation of resources, quantitative and qualitative increase in yield, and it was significantly superior to other cultivation patterns. This can be due to the positive effect of these plants together, especially in connection with the power of nitrogen fixation by legumes.

This research was done to study the grain yield stability of 11 groundnut genotypes based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at three different research stations in Guilan province, Iran, during two growing seasons of 2020 and 2021. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the main effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interactions (G×E) were highly significant (p<0.01). The principal component analysis (PCA) based on the rank correlation matrix indicated that the first two PCAs explained 76.6% of the variance of the original variables. Based on the biplot analysis, the non-parametric stability statistics were classified into four groups. The clustering of the genotypes according to the mean yield and non-parametric stability statistics showed four main clusters. The ideal genotype selection indicator (IGSI) results, calculated based on all non-parametric methods, indicated that the genotypes 178, 128, 201, 176, and 115 having the maximum IGSI values, were the most stable genotypes. In addition, according to the multi-trait genotype-ideotype index (MGIDI), genotypes 178 and 176 were introduced as the most stable genotypes, and the 115, 201, and 128 genotypes followed the next.

To prepare and evaluate test cross hybrids resistant to rhizomania and cyst nematode based on new single crosses, 48 test cross hybrids produced were evaluated in 2021 in the augmentation design along with Iranian and commercial hybrid varieties in six regions )Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz, Kermanshah, Miandoab, and Hamadan(. Genotypes mean comparison showed that BTS2015N had the highest root yield in Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz, Kermanshah, and Hamadan and an average of six locations with an average of 133.97, 114.45, 77.14, 102.80, 97.08, and 104.91 t/ha, respectively. The Wawilow cultivar also had the highest sugar content in Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz, and Kermanshah and an average of six locations with an average of 17.61, 18.31, 24.06, 19.57, and 18.62 percent, respectively. In addition, in a total of six locations, there was no significant difference among hybrids 39, 40, 31, and 35 in terms of root yield and hybrids 24 and 47 in terms of sugar content with the external control cultivar BTS2015N. In this study, new hybrids 40, 38, 23, Nika, and Bifort cultivars have the lowest ASV values with 0.062, 0.117, 0.154, 0.245, and 0.256, respectively, were considered stable genotypes in terms of root yield. Also, based on the results of the GGE biplot method, the new hybrids 13, 24, 32, 23 had the highest general stability. In this study, the BTS2015N cultivar for the environments of Karaj, Kermanshah, Shiraz, and Hamadan and the Annamira KWS cultivar for the Miandoab environment showed high specific adaptability.