فهرست مطالب عباس ملکی

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments around the world have imposed severe traffic restrictions and presented different scenarios to reduce emissions from traffic sources. By applying the traffic restrictions caused by the Covid-19 epidemic, it was expected to see changes in the concentrations of air pollutants. Therefore, it was decided that the changes of air pollutants as one of the subsets of the environmental index of sustainable urban development during the covid-19 epidemic will be investigated. For this purpose, the aforementioned data are first collected in the four metropolitan cities: Tehran, Karaj, Ahvaz and Tabriz, and then processed and cleaned. After that, a proposed algorithm based on machine learning methods is presented. Machine learning methods decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, Bayesian network and perceptron neural network are applied to the selected features. Investigations showed that the prediction model using decision tree and random forest had the best performance for both recall and accuracy criteria. The research results showed that the effect of restrictions on the concentration of pollutants in different cities is different. Also, the results show that, in general, the application of traffic restrictions during the epidemic period did not have a significant and noticeable effect in reducing the concentration of air pollutants. Also, the studies showed that the application of traffic restrictions and consequently the possible reduction of some air pollutants are not related to the deaths caused by Covid-19.

Gully erosion is one of the most important and destructive forms of water erosion, and there are ambiguities regarding its initiation and development. The study aimed to identify the soil properties and other factors affecting gullies of South Nazar Abad in 2021. After the field survey, based on the Google Earth images, gullied area boundary draw, 32 gullies were selected, and their location was recorded with the GPS. A surface soil sample was taken from head cut wall of each gully and general analyses were done. The gullies watershed boundaries and morphological characteristics including area, perimeter, and slope were extracted from the DM obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. The general characteristics of the soil surface in the watershed of the gullies including canopy, bare soil, and residual percent were determined by 1 m x1 m plot. The gully length, width, and depth were measured and volumes were calculated. Modeling of factors affecting gullies was done using a multivariable linear regression model (step-by-step method) in MINITAB on 70% of observations. The relationship between the volume of gullies with gullies soil properties and watershed characteristics were investigated and a suitable gully development model (soil loss) was introduced. Also, in this research, 30% of the measured samples that were not used in the model construction were used for model validation. Percentage, RMSE, CRM, NSE, CD, MAE and drel statistics were used to determine model efficiency. Principal component analysis showed that EC, Na+, Cl-, K+, Erodibility, Mg++, canopy, bare soil, and SP characteristics had noticeable effect on gullies volume. Based on the results of the research and especially based on the Nash-Shutcliffe efficiency coefficient, no reliable model has been developed. Also, the presented model is valid based on the regression at the five percent significant level and according to the validation coefficients. The model with a correlation coefficient of 0.59 and four factors K+, bulk density, crop residues, and percent bare soil could explain 35% of the changes.Strengthening and restoring crop cover in the area is recommended.

The world is facing major challenges such as climate change, floods, population growth and a variety of environmental stress. All of this can directly or indirectly affect agriculture. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses and a limiting factor in the successful production of plant products around the world and has adverse effects on the morphological and physiological activities of plants. Adaptation to the effects of drought stress is the result of changes in growth, physiological and biochemical mechanisms that cause changes in growth rate, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic process and enzymatic activities of plants. Drought stress disrupts photosynthesis in plants and gradually reduces carbon dioxide uptake due to closed pores. In addition, drought stress affects the stability of cell membranes and disrupts plant water relationships by reducing water use efficiency. Plants adopt different mechanisms to deal with these conditions. Proper management is very important to prevent the adverse effects of drought stress. Today, researchers are trying to reduce the effects of drought stress by spraying with hormones or hormone-like, growth-promoting bacteria, mycorrhizae, and resistant cultivars. In this paper, we investigate the effects of drought stress on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants. Also, some crop management methods have been proposed to overcome the destructive effects of drought stress.

According to the growing trend of the LNG markets in recent years, Iran can play an important role in the global LNG markets due to its significant reserves of Natural Gas, geopolitics and access to international waters. In this study, first global LNG markets and its future are studied. Then, the effective factors and driving forces on the future of LNG in Iran are determined by various studies. By using the Cross Impact Method (CIM) with the help of MICMAC software, the driving forces are analyzed, and the important driving forces in the future of LNG in Iran are determined. Finally, using ScenarioWizard, scenarios for the future of LNG in Iran are developed.
As a result, this study concludes the future of LNG in Iran, using the "Back to the boom", "An opening to hope", "Ambiguous fate" and "Decline neighborhood" scenarios. Finally, considering the above scenarios, the importance of LNG industry, and Iran's conditions in this area, recommendations will be provided in this regard.

Energy security has become intricately intertwined with state power, resulting in a complex web of interdependence among energy-producing and consuming countries. Any disruption in this network of interdependencies can have significant ripple effects on the international system. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 had a profound impact on the international system following the Cold War. Russia's substantial reserves of oil and gas have historically positioned it as the primary energy exporter to Europe, and the interconnected energy networks resulted in a significant level of interdependence. The main questions of this research are, considering the significance of energy in the dynamics between Russia and Europe, what has been the role of this prominent factor in the conflicts between Russia and Europe? And what changes did the consequences of the war in Ukraine create in the energy geopolitics of the international system? In this regard, this study seeks to find the correlation of energy in the Ukraine war within the framework of interdependence theories, and its findings indicate that energy, as a strong field of interdependence between Russia and Europe, for reasons such as ideological differences, long-standing distrust, and most importantly, the weaponized use of it by the parties not only failed to create a pluralistic security society but have also led to threatening perceptions. These perceptions have escalated to the point of war and have had an impact on international relations.

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tillage, organic fertilizers and mycorrhiza on quantitative traits and nutrient uptake in maize. The experiment was performed as a split plot with 4 replications in a randomized complete block design in August of the crop year 2017 and 2018 in Ivan city in Ilam province. Tillage at 3 levels (no tillage, tillage to a depth of 10 cm and tillage to a depth of 30 cm), organic fertilizer at 3 levels (no use, vermicompost 30 tons per hectare and bovine manure 30 tons per hectare) and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and it was by soil inoculation method (consumption and non-consumption). In a minimal tillage system, seed yield was 7053.2 kg ha-1, an increase of 21% compared to the least amount of tillage-free treatment. In the minimum tillage system and the consumption of cow manure, the highest grain yield was obtained in the amount of 8198.2 kg ha-1. The interaction of mycorrhizae and tillage on grain yield was significant. In the case of minimal tillage and mycorrhizae, the maximum grain yield was707.1 kg ha-1, which was significantly different from the treatment without tillage and deep in both mycorrhizal and non-amycorrhizal states. According to the results obtained in this study, it was found that soil application at least relative to the deep system has increased plant yield.

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments around the world have imposed severe traffic restrictions and presented different scenarios to reduce emissions from traffic sources. By applying the traffic restrictions caused by the Covid-19 epidemic, it was expected to see changes in the concentrations of air pollutants. Therefore, it was decided that the changes of air pollutants as one of the subsets of the environmental index of sustainable urban development during the covid-19 epidemic will be investigated. For this purpose, the aforementioned data are first collected in the four metropolitan cities: Tehran, Karaj, Ahvaz and Tabriz, and then processed and cleaned. After that, a proposed algorithm based on machine learning methods is presented. Machine learning methods decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, Bayesian network and perceptron neural network are applied to the selected features. Investigations showed that the prediction model using decision tree and random forest had the best performance for both recall and accuracy criteria. The research results showed that the effect of restrictions on the concentration of pollutants in different cities is different. Also, the results show that, in general, the application of traffic restrictions during the epidemic period did not have a significant and noticeable effect in reducing the concentration of air pollutants. Also, by comparing the change in air quality index with the death rate during the epidemic period, it was found that there is no relationship between them.

By applying the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, it seems that changes in the concentrations of pollutants CO, O3, NO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10 and AQI can be seen in the periods before and after the epidemic. Therefore, the changes of air pollutants and traffic restrictions are investigated as one of the sub-categories of environmental indicators of sustainable urban development in the period of 2018/01/21 to 2022/03/20 in the stations under the supervision of Tehran city. First, the data is collected, processed and cleaned. Machine learning methods including decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, Bayesian network and perceptron neural network are applied to select the effective features using the particle swarm optimization method. Investigations showed that the prediction model using decision tree and random forest had the best performance for both precision and recall criteria. The results of the research showed that the concentration of pollutants in the period of Covid-19 compared to before, is increased in some stations and decreased in others, and also the application of traffic restrictions during the epidemic did not have a significant and noticeable effect in reducing the concentration of air pollutants. Also, by examining the trend of deaths during the epidemic period, it was found that the decrease or increase of pollutants has no significant relationship with the trend of deaths caused by Covid-19.

Humic acid can improve water absorption by plants by improving soil structure and water retention in soil. These characteristics have caused the use of humic acid in the soils of dry areas to be considered. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of humic acid and deficit irrigation on soil physical and biological properties under the cultivation of bell pepper. A factorial-based experiment in a randomized complete design was carried out with three levels of humic-acid (0 (HA0), 2 (HA20), and 4 (HA40) g per pot) and four irrigation levels (60 (L60), 80 (L80), 100 (L100), 120 (L120), (percent of soil moisture depletion) with three replications in the research greenhouse of Payam Noor Bojnourd University. The results showed that the best treatments for improving soil physical properties, AS (aggregate stability), and decreasing PAD (percentage of aggregate destruction)), were L80HA40, L100HA40, and L120HA40 treatments. Also, by increasing the dose of HA and increasing the irrigation level up to L80, the activity of urease, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase enzymes increased and then decreased in L100 and L120.Therefor the highest amount of urease, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase enzymes (μg NH4+-N g-1 dry soil 2h-1) 678.98, 845.54 671.30 (μg PNP g−1 dry soil h -) were observed in L80L40, which were to be 4.6, 5.9, 2.8 and 0.6 times more than L60HA0 treatment, respectively. By increasing the amount of humic acid and increasing the irrigation levels up to L100, respiration rates increased and then decreased at L120, however, microbial activity followed by respiration at L80 and L100 were not significantly different.

Political decisions and actions at the international level are formed by complex psychological mechanisms, perceptions, and misconceptions. It makes difficult to predict the outcome of political and social interactions. In International Relations (IR) and political psychology, the security dilemma, or the spiral model, which was first seriously presented by Robert Jervis, states government's actions to increase its security can lead to the adoption of security measures by creating a misperception as a threat in another government. Such an action-reaction cycle can cause tensions, escalation, and the emergence of numerous conflicts between the parties. The role of energy as one of the main drivers of socio-economic affairs, its interrelationships with countries' national security and geopolitical issues push governments pay special attention to energy security as one of their various forms of security. This research seeks to investigate the relationship between the area of energy security and the security dilemma, especially with regard to the regulators of the security dilemma from Jervis' perspective (physical-material factors and psychological-perceptual factors). In line with the physical-material factors of the security dilemma, we examine the role of energy and energy systems where they are exposed to security threats or are themselves the cause of insecurity. Also, in psychological-perceptual factors, the potential of energy security to generate misperceptions and their diverse origins is explored. A brief case study of the Russo-Ukraine war has also been examined in this regard. Finally, by conceptualizing the "Spiral Energy Security Dilemma", the domains of cooperation in the shadow of the security dilemma and the challenges of energy security are analyzed.

Diplomacy is a peaceful solution to achieve the goals and national interests of countries at the lowest possible cost, and if the principles of its use are well observed, it will achieve to the goals. nowadays, the use of cyberspace in the field of diplomacy has been considered by different countries. current study was conducted with the aim to identify the components of public-defense diplomacy of the I.R.I with an emphasis on the cyberspace in both formal and informal areas and by asking the question, what are the official and informal factors influencing the components of the public-defense diplomacy of the I.R.I with an emphasis on the cyberspace? The statistical population includes Experts who are knowledgeable about diplomacy and cyberspace issues, who are aristocracy in the defense field. This research is of applied type and has been collected in a field method through questionnaires, library documents and Internet sites. The results show that in the field of formal diplomacy to hold online defense courses, strengthen defense diplomacy and convince neighboring and rival countries from the context of cyberspace have the most effective and in the field of informal diplomacy, the dissemination of defense information by observing the principles of protection in order to deterrence, the broadcasting of defense programs on the official website of the Ministry of Defense and the critique of defense and military policies of neighboring countries and the regions, from the perspective of the statistical community in this research, have a higher priority.

The Russia-Ukraine war in February 2022 caused changes in the international system and blackened the balance of power prospects, especially in a region like Central Asia where Russia has a strong role and influence. Factors such as Russia's military conflict in Ukraine, and this country's focus on its ability to disrupt equations in its favor, which subsequently causes changes in its national and foreign policies, open paths for new questions. Such as whether the war in Ukraine and its consequences have caused Russia's role to diminish, or we can even say Russia's hegemony (especially from a security point of view) in Central Asia? In this case, is China, another influential and powerful actor in the region, going to fill the vacuum of Russian influence? Or will the countries of the region take advantage of the opportunity this time and highlight other regional actors such as India, Turkey, Iran, or trans regional actors such as the European Union in their foreign policy? In order to answer these questions, this research has tried to investigate the variables of China and Russia's sources of power and influence in Central Asia, and their changes after the Ukraine war. After evaluating the prospects of challenges and the opportunities created by this war for the influence of China and Russia in this region will provide scenarios for the future situation in Central Asia and the influential actors in the region.

Media in the era of network communication as a tool and platform for transmitting sound and image is the most important indicator of civilization in the current era. The speed of paradigm changes and successive developments in the world depict new scenarios for the future. In these scenarios, the boldest roles are given to the media. Today, many institutions are trying to create a sense of security in the society. The National Media Institution is one of these institutions. The national media is effective in weakening the security foundations; It can also be effective in creating and consolidating it. This media can act by removing the storm of feeling of insecurity from the mental space of people and society in such a way that while reflecting the realities, it refrains from exaggerating anomalies and shortcomings and plays a role in promoting the feeling of military security.The purpose of this article is to explain the role of the national media in promoting the sense of military security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this purpose, after carrying out library studies, a questionnaire was distributed, then the collected information was analyzed using Spss software, and the results of the research hypothesis of "national media with expert human resources, systems and equipment" technological and up-to-date and production of quality and effective programs plays a role in improving the sense of military security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Bacterial biofilm assumes importance across various contexts, including chronic human infections, dental plaque, and infections associated with foreign bodies such as catheters. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, recognized for its biofilm-forming capacity, is implicated in the onset of diverse infections. This study aims to explore the correlation between biofilm production and resistance to distinct classes of beta-lactam antibiotics.

In this cross-sectional investigation, 113 wound samples from burn patients admitted to Tehran and Ahvaz hospitals in 2020 were collected. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were identified using conventional biochemical and molecular methods. Antibiotic resistance profiles were elucidated employing the disk diffusion method, while beta-lactamase genes were identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 20 software.

Forty isolates of P. aeruginosa, all exhibiting biofilm-producing capabilities, were identified. Carbapenem resistance manifested in 16 isolates, with the predominant beta-lactamase genes being blaTEM (15 isolates), blaVIM (12 isolates), and blaCTX-M (8 isolates). The highest resistance was observed against cefotaxime, cefazolin, meropenem, imipenem, and piperacillin, with 16 strains displaying resistance to these antibiotics. In the examination of carbapenemase-producing isolates (40% of the isolates), robust adhesion capabilities were consistently observed, and none lacked biofilm formation.

Significant antibiotic resistance, particularly carbapenem resistance, was identified among P. aeruginosa isolates causing burn wound infections. The combination of carbapenem resistance with biofilm production poses a formidable challenge in managing infectious diseases. It is suggested that, in addition to combating microbial resistance, efforts should be directed towards the eradication of bacterial biofilm for effective treatment.

The exhaustibility of fossil energy sources, particularly oil and natural gas, has led to search about when these reservoirs will be depleted or when the maximum extraction from the resources will occur. In this paper, the evolution of the concept of oil peak has been analyzed. The time of Iran's oil peak will be investigated using three scenarios based on King Hubert's theory. Also, other factors such as technology, energy transition, climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic are examined as complementary topics. The results of this research show Iran's oil peak will occur in the next two to three decades. Concerning concepts such as the transition to renewable energies around the world, Iran's opportunities to make decisions and take actions are very limited. Finally, some policy recommendations based on the various aspects of the oil peak have been discussed in order to better encounter Iran's oil peak.

Today, with increasing agricultural production to meet the growing needs of the expanding population, concerns have been raised about the future of food supply for the people. Among the environmental barriers to plant growth and yield, drought is the most important factor in reducing production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhiza and gibberellin consumption and drought stress on the quantitative and qualitative yield of mung bean, experimental split factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with 4 replications during two cropping years 2017 and 2018 in Malekshahi region of Ilam province. Experimental treatments included three levels of drought stress (30, 60 and 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) as the main factor and three levels of gibberellin including (control, seed, and foliar application) and three levels of mycorrhiza (control, seed and application soil). It was factorial. Comparison of the mean of the three interactions of drought stress and gibberellin and mycorrhiza hormones showed that in 30 mm water evaporation from gibberellin pan and foliar application of gibberellin and no mycorrhiza application, the highest grain yield was obtained at 22255.4 kg ha-1. The highest and lowest polyphenol oxidase in seed treatments of gibberellin acid under 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no consumption of gibberellic acid under 30 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with values ​​of 0.87 and 0.44 μmol of distilled water per gram of fresh weight.The highest and lowest ascorbate peroxidase in mycorrhiza seed treatments under 90 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and no consumption of mycorrhiza and gibberellin acid under 30 mm evaporation from evaporation pan with values of 0.4 and 1.81 μm g-1 water weight, respectively. It was found that the difference between these was statistically significant.

Despite some existing imagery about the future of human access to new and non-renewable energy sources, energy is a limited resource that is becoming increasingly difficult to access over time. Utilizing the experiences of developed countries in the field of optimal management and advancing strategic goals in the field of energy is one of the necessities of the country today. In this dissertation, using the meta-combined method, the experiences of the United States of America, China, Saudi Arabia, Norway, Singapore and India as countries that each have one of the advantages in resources, technology and energy governance model were extracted and categories. "Powers and Duties", "Pricing Model", "Nature of Regulatory Authority" and "Structure and Members" are extracted. this article seeks to clarify that although the regulatory bodies of selected countries are often state-owned, pricing is subject to free market rules with regulatory conditions in place. To further explain each category, suggestions were made and as a suggestion for future research, research on "comprehensive energy plan" as a strategic plan of the country in the field of improving energy efficiency has been proposed.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the main crops of the cereal family, which is widely cultivated in the world and brings energy and protein to human society. Drought is the most important non-living stress in crops and due to the decrease in annual rainfall and increase in temperature, production and cultivation of tolerant cultivars with high yield potential will be very important. While available water for agriculture is becoming more limited, the production of drought tolerant cultivars is very important and should be considered. The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of quantitative and qualitative yield and to analyze the stability of bread wheat genotypes in rainfed and irrigated planting conditions in the form of field farms in 3 crop years 2016-2017, 2017-1996 and 2017-17 in Sarableh Agricultural Research Station located in the province. Ilam was implemented.

This research was conducted as two independent experiments, each in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes planting in irrigated and rainfed conditions. The second factor also included 20 wheat genotypes. In irrigated conditions, irrigation was done according to the needs of the plant (normal) and in another experiment, only atmospheric benzoate was sufficient. In this study, yield stability was measured based on drought resistance and its effective traits in different bread wheat genotypes and quantitative and qualitative yield. Data were analyzed using SAS software version 22 for combined analysis and comparison using the least significant difference test (LSD).

The results showed that the highest grain yield in irrigated planting medium was related to SUP152 genotype (3245 kg ha-1) which was not statistically significant different from WHEAR genotype which was in the second category. The MILAN/SHA7 genotype was also in the third place. These three genotypes also had high values in terms of yield components. The highest grain protein in irrigated planting medium belonged to REEDLING # 1 genotype with 11.73% which was not statistically significant difference with FRNCL and SAAR genotypes which were in the second and third ranks. The lowest grain protein in aqueous medium belonged to WHEAR genotype. The highest grain protein was obtained in the dryland medium of GASPARD genotype (13.73%). ND643 genotype was also in the second category but there was no significant difference with the first category genotype. Gonbad genotype was also in the third category and was one of the top genotypes. The highest grain yield was obtained in the dryland planting medium related to PBW343 genotype at the amount of 2051 kg ha-1. The lowest grain yield in dryland environment was related to PAURAQ genotype at 1457 kg ha-1. PBW343 genotype was one of the best genotypes in terms of yield components in rainfed planting environment. Distribution of hybrids based on YS, YP and MP and GMP indices showed that WHEAR, MILAN, CHIBIA// PRLII, PBW343 and SOKOLL3 genotypes are in group A and are water resistant and have high grain yield in both environments. And were selected as superior genotypes for both rainfed and irrigated environments.

The stability of soil structure has a great effect on plant growth. In fact, soil structure is considered as key factor for determination of soil quality. Soil structure can influence the growth and development of plants through maintaining soil water, soil elements and air, etc. Water stress is one of the most important factors limiting the physiological and nutritional growth of plants, which will lead to a decrease in biomass and yield. Fenugreek L. (Fuenum graceum) is a plant belonging to the legume family, which is widely grown in temperate and tropical Mediterranean regions of Europe, Asia and Africa. In sustainable agricultural systems, any improvement should lead to an increase in production and a reduction in the destructive effect on the environment, which will ultimately lead to an increase in the sustainability of the agricultural system. One of these methods is the application of biofertilizers. Biofertilizers are a set of preservatives with a large number of beneficial microorganisms or their metabolic products. Mycorrhiza fungi and seaweed are two widely used biofertilizers.

This research was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications, at research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University during the year 2021. Experimental factors included five levels of irrigation I60, I70, I80, I90, I100 (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 % based on soil moisture depletion) and four levels of biofertilizer (control, vecozium algae 5 L ha-1, algae 5 L ha-1, mycorrhiza 50 g pot-1). At the end of the plant growth season (70 d after planting), the plants were harvested and characteristics such as soil moisture curve, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, organic carbon, aerial part fresh weight, total chlorophyll, electrolyte leakage and proline were measured.

The results showed that under control condition (I100), the highest total chlorophyll content, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates and organic carbon were 19.72 mg g-1 FW, 0.77 mm and 1.72 % which were recorded in mycorrhiza treated plants. Using biofertilizers under stress conditions increased fresh weight of aerial part, total chlorophyll content, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, organic carbon and soil moisture, and decreased proline and electrolyte leakage in comparison to control condition.The increase in soil moisture content due to the application of biofertilizers could be attributed to the hydrophilic properties of biofertilizers that lead to changes in soil properties. The increase in mean weight diameter of aggregate in this research could be related to the effect of fungal hyphae that develop inside the soil to form a skeletal structure and physically hold the primary soil particles together and improve soil aggregation. According to the results of this research, the amount of organic carbon decreased due to drought stress, while the application of biofertilizer alleviated this effect. The application of biofertilizers increased the growth characteristics of fenugreek plants under drought stress conditions, which could probably be attributed to their role in increasing root growth, photosynthesis rate and nutrients absorption rate. In stress conditions, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species in plant cells causes membrane damage and lipid peroxidation resulting in loss of semi-permeable characteristic of the membrane, reduction of membrane stability and increasing electrolyte leakage. Therefore, biofertilizers enhance plant resistance against stress condition by increasing membrane stability. The results of the present research showed that drought stress increases proline content in fenugreek leaves. Osmoregulation is one of the efficient mechanisms of plants to maintain cell turgescence under drought stress conditions which increases drought tolerance threshold through the accumulation of sugars and amino acids such as proline. The increase in the concentration of compatible osmolytes such as proline has been proven under the influence of environmental stresses such as drought.

The research results generally showed that drought stress causes a decrease in mean weight diameter of aggregate, organic carbon, fresh weight of aerial parts and total chlorophyll, and an increase in electrolyte leakage and proline content. Also, the use of biofertilizers under stress conditions can significantly improve plant and soil characteristics and alleviate stress negative effects.

In the anarchic international system, there is no superior authority and no coercive power to enforce law and order in international politics. Therefore, states rely on their internal capabilities to ensure their security. China needs abundant energy resources and an uninterrupted supply of energy to sustain its economic growth. It is seeking to diversify its energy import routes through pipelines. In addition, Europe has been trying to diversify its energy import routes away from Russia following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Caspian resources are an alternative for both sides. The aim of this study is therefore to examine Are the energy cooperation trends in the Caspian Basin based on interdependence towards China or Europe? The research hypothesis is that the stable growth of China's energy consumption and fewer conflicts in the eastern part of the Caspian Basin have led the Caspian countries to cooperate more with China in the energy sector than with Europe. The research findings show that China has been experiencing sustained growth in gross domestic product (GDP) and human development index (HDI) for years after its economic reforms. Moreover, Chinese energy diplomacy in the Caspian Basin can be defined within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and mutual cooperation with Caspian Basin countries. After all, the conflicts around the Caspian Sea in the west have geopolitical roots, but in the east of the Caspian Sea the conflicts have internal roots. Therefore, the current trends in the Caspian Basin have resulted in the Caspian Basin moving towards China.

Gully erosion is a destructive form of water erosion that cuse lost a significant amount of valuable soil and its control requires understanding the relationships between the characteristics that affect this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was determining the most effective variables on the gully volume and length.
Gullied area identifed with Google earth in the Jahan Abad, Buin zahra (Qazvin province), 33 gullies were selected, recorded by GPS and their morphologic characteristics including length, width and depth were measured. Surface soil samples were taken from headcut and were analyzed for texture, EC, pH, organic matter and some Anions and Cations. Indices related to the form of watershed were extracted from the digital elevation model which derived from UAV image processing. Correlation between factors, PCA and multivariate regression were performed to determine important and effective factors on gullies volume and length in MINITAB.
 Results indicated that gullies have vertical headcuts, trapezoidal cross-sections and linear general plan. The average depth of headcuts, depth at 50% of the gully length and the average gully length were 0.35, 0.47 and 13.46 m, respectively. Soil texture was loam and average soil texture components including sand, silt and clay were 38, 38 and 24%, respectively. The mean EC and pH of the samples was 11.2 dSm-1 and 8.7 respectively. Linear correlation between the total volume of soil volume and length and other characteristics showed that silt have significant correlation coefficients at 1% percent level 0.465 and 0.510, respectively. PCA with soil characteristics and watershed characteristics showed that the first and second components are close to 41% and 8 other dimensions with egen value more than one, with 84.2% are responsible for changes. Chlorine, electrical conductivity and sodium with negative effect and aggregate stability, canopy and amount of sand with positive charge in the first component have the most weight, while in the second component, sand, canopy and amount of gravel with positive effect and TNV, organic matter and saturation percentage play a more important role. The results of multivariate regression also showed that carbonate, magnesium, potassium, organic matter, saturation percentage, amount of sand, slope of gully floor, slope of inlet waterway to headcut, litter, basin primeter, respectively, effective properties on soil loss by gully in the region. Form coefficient had the greatest effect on soil loss, respectively, and were included in the prediction equation of soil loss with R2 of 0.837. Stepwise regression with the dependent variable of gully length showed that the relationship has R2 of 72.98% and is significant at the percentage level.
Factors affecting the length of the gully included the percentage of saturation, the amount of sand, specific gravity, the slope of the gully floor, the slope of the waterway entering the upstream, geravel, basin area and slope.

To investigate the effect of biofertilizers in reducing the effect of water stress in fenugreek, a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks with three replications of water stress treatments at five levels and biofertilizer at four levels in a pot in the greenhouse. The characteristics of shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll (a and b), electrical conductivity, pH, aggregate stability, urease enzyme, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase of the soil were investigated. The results showed that under no stress conditions and mycorrhiza fertilizer,  the most shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, mean diameter weight and urease enzyme were 4.12 g/pot, 0.75 g/l, 13.25 (mg/g leaf wet weight), 0.77 mm and 89.94 (mg/g leaf wet weight), respectively. Mycorrhiza fertilizer under stress conditions increased shoot dry weight, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, b, soil electrical conductivity, aggregate stability, urease enzyme, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase, while it decreased soil pH compared with not using biofertilizer in these conditions

One of the important issues in the current situation of the country, is the fair distribution of energy subsidies among different segments of society. For many years, Iran has always been one of the countries with the largest share of payments in the distribution of energy subsidies (ranked first in the world in 2020), but due to the purposefulness of the subsidy distribution system, not only has the distribution of wealth not been done fairly and efficiently, but also it has led to reduction in the general government budget, increasement in energy consumption (energy intensity’s increasement), energy rationing, energy smuggling, increasement in environmental pollution, and decreasing in energy efficiency in recent years. Liberalization of energy carrier prices and redistribution of the resulting resources is one of the approaches that is always mentioned as one of the ways out of this situation, but if it is not accompanied by social satisfaction, it can lead to irreparable costs similar to the events of recent years. But the key to solving the problem lies in answering the question: how much energy subsidy each consumer is eligible to receive? Answering this important question brings to mind an important tool called rating to measure the eligibility of consumers to receive any facilities, including energy subsidies. In the present study, relying on the rating literature, which is more than one hundred years old in the world economic system, a new system under the title of Intelligent Energy Subsidy Distribution System or Energy Subsidy Distribution System based on rating is introduced and the necessary indicators for measuring consumers are explained. Indicators are divided into three categories: financial indicators (ten items), energy economic indicators (six items), and environmental indicators (six items). Undoubtedly, the government, as one of the beneficiaries of the system, plays an important role in defining and explaining this system and the necessary executive instructions.

In recent decades, the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and urban and industrial wastewater for irrigation has caused growing concern about heavy metals pollution in the environment and agricultural soils. Soil pollution with heavy metals and moisture stress are the main threats to food security in the world. Drought stress is considered one of the most severe abiotic threats to the food security of the world, and management methods to conserve irrigation water, such as deficit irrigation, are being developed and are among the solutions to improve the efficiency of water consumption. Tomato is one of the most popular agricultural products in the world due to its high nutritional value, as well as being a source of antioxidants, fiber, vitamins, potassium, phenolic compounds, lycopene, and beta-carotene. Given its high water requirement, it is necessary to use strategies in arid and semi-arid regions of the world to compensate for water scarcity and the resulting drought stress without reducing yield. Biochar, as an organic soil amendment, can be effective to reduce the effects of water deficiency and change the activity of plant enzymes grown in an environment contaminated with heavy metals, especially cadmium. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rice husk biochar and deficit irrigation on matric potential and biochemical characteristics of tomato plants in soil contaminated with cadmium.

The soil sample was collected at a depth of 30 cm from the Faculty farm. Rice husk was used to prepare Biochar. To produce biochar, oven-dried remains of the rice husk were placed in an electric furnace at a temperature of 400°C for 4 hours with a temperature increase rate of 5°C per minute. This research was performed in a factorial-based experiment in a randomized complete block design using three levels of rice husk (0 (B0), 3 (B3), and 6 (B6) ton/ha) and seven irrigation levels (50 (L50), 60 (L60), 70 (L70), 80 (L80), 90 (L90), 100 (L100), and 110 (L110) percent) with four replications in cadmium-contaminated soil with a total of 21 treatments in 84 pots. Tomato seedlings (Hirad variety) were cultivated in the greenhouse, and after 21 days, the seedlings were transplanted to the main pots. After mixing soil and biochar and adding the mixture to the pots, the pots were fully saturated. Soil moisture was adjusted at the field capacity level, then two tomato seedlings, 10 cm tall in the aerial part, were planted in each. In order to prevent nutritional stress, the amounts of required nutrient elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were calculated based on the soil test results, and 500, 150, and 200 kg per hectare of urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate were added, respectively, to the soil of the pots before transplanting tomato seedlings. The application of different irrigation levels started three weeks after transplanting the seedlings to the main pots, after ensuring the complete establishment of the plants; it continued once every three days for 120 days until the end of the growth period. Then, the results of rice husk biochar application and different levels of water application on soil matric potential, biochemical characteristics and water use efficiency of tomato plants in cadmium contaminated soil were investigated. The data were analyzed using version 9.2 of SAS, and the graphs were drawn in Excel. Duncan's test was used to compare means, and the significance level was set at 0.05.

Studying the matric potential of the soil under the influence of biochar treatments showed that the matric potential increases FC, PWP and PAWC with the increase of biochar application in the B6 treatment. The moisture content of treatment B6 increased by 28.50% and 123.48%, respectively, compared to B3 and B0 in PAWC. The results showed that the Cd concentration absorbable to soil decreased with increasing irrigation and biochars application. The lowest cadmium concentration was observed in the B6 treatment at the irrigation level of 110 %. However, soil available cadmium values in the L90B6, L100B6, and L110B6 treatments were not significantly different. According to the results, the amount of cadmium in treatment B6 in L90, L100, and L110 decreased by 24.3%, 27.9%, and 34.2%, respectively, compared to treatment B6 in L50. Ion exchange can be one of the reasons for the stabilization of heavy metals in the soil due to biochar application. In addition, properties of soluble solids and vitamin C of tomato fruit increased significantly by reducing irrigation levels and increasing of biochar application. So, the properties of soluble solids and vitamin C of tomato fruit were 68.9% and 65.3% higher in L50B6 treatment compared to L110B0 treatment, respectively. On the other hand, catalase enzyme activity decreased significantly with increasing irrigation levels and biochar application. The catalase enzyme increase in L50B0 treatment compared to L110B6 treatment reached its maximum and was 1.2 times. The highest values of total chlorophyll and carotenoid were obtained in L110B6 treatment, which were 29.4% and 93.8% higher than L110B0, respectively. The best water use efficiency was observed in L90B6 and L100B6 treatments with 65.23 and 63.14 kg/m3, respectively, and the difference between them was not significant. Although the duration of the research was short and the experiments were conducted immediately after the end of the tomato growing season (after 4 months), but the biochar obtained from rice husk improved the physical conditions of the soil. Indeed, by reducing soil cadmium toxicity, biochar, especially in the B6 treatment, made the plant immune to cadmium stress. The B6 treatment at the irrigation level of 90% (L90B6) was recognized as the best treatment in terms of optimal maintain soil moisture, minimum cadmium concentration in the soil, and minimum water consumption during stages of the plant growth. Therefore, biochar application can be an economic solution to improve soil water retention, plant biochemical characteristics, and water use efficiency under water stress conditions in arid and semi-arid regions and soil cadmium contamination.