فهرست مطالب عبدالله امینی

Irrigation decision support systems (IDSS) are among the approaches considered a tool in complex decision-making for water resource managers due to the enormous development of computer systems. Modernizing at different levels of water consumption can significantly increase water productivity indicators. Performing these conditions requires technological changes. The primary pillar of any IDSS system is its ability to adapt to environmental changes. This process allows the prediction model to compare predicted values with actual results and adjust automatically. IDSS systems for designing cropping patterns and optimal irrigation programs have the critical capabilities to control and manage optimal irrigation on large levels and water rights. These systems suggest the optimal cultivation pattern and dynamically provide the water consumption optimization schedule. According to previous studies, the most critical challenge of irrigation management is the limited amount of available water, which leads to the complexity of the optimal use of agricultural water in real conditions. One of the most important strategies to save Lake Urmia is to take necessary measures to reduce water consumption in the agricultural sector. One of the primary solutions to reduce water consumption in the agriculture sector is to decrease the loss of valuable and non-useful uses of agricultural water through the improvement of irrigation management. For this purpose, in the present study, the details of the adaptability of a developed IDSS system to improve irrigation management with the conditions of irrigation and drainage network, water and soil resources, climate, and vegetation in Mahabad Plain have been discussed.

To evaluate the IDSS, the downstream farms of the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network located southeast of Lake Urmia were selected. The Mahabad irrigation and drainage network consists of a diversion dam, two main canals, 11 2nd-grade canals, 69 main drains, and 10 water pumping stations. Four sites from the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network were chosen as selected sites. In each site, 20 farms were considered for monitoring the IDSS. The rest of the farms were under the control of the farmer, and only optimal irrigation programs were provided to the farmer by the IDSS. The general framework of the IDSS has been developed to achieve the goal of optimal management of water consumption in agriculture, taking into account the time and amount of water availability using international methods. The IDSS provides the optimal irrigation schedule for the cropping pattern in the farm by using online information on agricultural meteorology, water access conditions of the farm, soil, and crop characteristics, and the type of irrigation system used in the farm. The IDSS can suggest the optimal cropping pattern for farm conditions. During the crop growth period, the farmer can introduce farm events as feedback to the system. In this situation, IDSS simulates new scenarios according to the existing situation in the farm and represents the new optimal irrigation schedule for the next few days.

To adapt the IDSS for irrigation planning the physicochemical characteristics of soil and water, water right,  soil texture, crop characteristics, and etc. were considered. It is possible to update soil and water resource details during the growing season in the system. The information on irrigation systems can be loaded separately in the IDSS. According to the uploaded details, the optimal irrigation schedule was designed. IDSS takes advantage of seven-day agricultural meteorological forecasts, which leads to the maximum use of rainfall in the region and a proper matching between the provided irrigation schedule and the forecast of meteorological information in the coming days. To adapt the IDSS for irrigation planning the physicochemical characteristics of soil and water, water right, soil texture, etc. were considered. The virtual agricultural meteorological station launched by IDSS estimated the minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and sunshine hours with a good degree and relative humidity with a very good degree compared to the regional synoptic station data. Based on statistical indicators, the performance of IDSS for simulating volumetric soil moisture is evaluated as good to very good. Also, IDSS is adapted to the social conditions, the agricultural structure of the study area, and the knowledge level of farmers.

IDSS has up-to-date simulations and is suitable for providing an optimal irrigation schedule within the study area. Determining the effectiveness of IDSS in water consumption showed that the irrigation schedule provided by IDSS reduced the water consumption in the area. In farms that are under the basin irrigation system, the use of irrigation planning provided by IDSS has resulted in an average increase of 13.5% in water consumption and 8.6% in crop yield. The reason for the increase in water requirements in the basin irrigation systems is the high advance time in the farms under monitoring, and to meet the water requirments at the end of the irrigation farms, IDSS has inevitably increased the water consumption. The use of irrigation planning provided by IDSS has been able to reduce water consumption by 41% and 14% and increase the crop yield by 10.3% and 8.6% respectively in farms under drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. Therefore, the potential application of IDSS as an irrigation consultation and the degree to which this system has improved the irrigation management of agricultural farms can be used in most areas of the Lake Urmia basin. Next, it is suggested that IDSS be evaluated for other areas and crop yields, emphasizing the application of IDSS in humid and semi-humid climates.

Over the years, decision support systems (DSS) have emerged as valuable tools for optimizing irrigation scheduling by integrating various data sources, models, and decision-making algorithms. This research implemented and evaluated an irrigation decision support system (IDSS) that can be easily customized and adapted to different conditions and types of irrigation systems. The IDSS was tested in eight farms and gardens located in the Urmia Lake Basin during 1400-1401. This system provides farmers with the actual irrigation requirements of each crop, based on factors such as soil type, growth stage, climatic conditions, weather forecasts, farm or garden shape, water right, and irrigation system type. With this information, farmers can make informed decisions about irrigation. The investigation of two control (Irrigating by farmers) and treatment sections (Irrigating based on IDSS) revealed that implementing the irrigation scheduling provided by the IDSS in the treatment section increased water productivity by 87.3%, 20.7%, and 1.5% in drip, sprinkler, and basin irrigation systems, respectively. Results showed that using the IDSS system for fields and gardens under basin irrigation can lead to more efficient results, but optimizing the basin irrigation system, such as the length of the irrigation plots, should also be considered. Additionally, the research showed that providing an optimal and accurate irrigation scheduling to meet the crops water requirement is necessary to increase agricultural water productivity that using IDSS can be helpful in this regard.

Today, Thimerosal is used as a preservative in vaccines, pharmaceutical and ‎health products. There is limited and conflicting information about the effects of this ‎substance on the structure of cortical synapses. The aim of this study was to investigate the ‎effects of Thimerosal on genes and molecules involved in the structure and function of ‎synaptic connectivity, the number of astrocytes, and neurons in the prefrontal cortex of ‎male rats.

In this experimental study, 18 male rats were randomly divided into three groups: 1) experimental group receiving a dose of 3000 µg/kg Thimerosal on days 7, 9, 11, and 15 after birth, 2) solvent group receiving phosphate-buffered saline according to the same pattern, and 3) control group receiving no injection. In the fourth week after birth, samples from the prefrontal cortex were collected for immunohistochemical, histological, and molecular studies. One - way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test were used to determine statistically significant differences between the groups, and the data were expressed as Mean ± SD.

The results of this study revealed a significant decrease in the expression levels of Cadherin-8 (0.18 ± 0.079) and Synapsin-1 (0.36 ± 0.12) genes in the Thimerosal-exposed group compared to both control group (1 ± 0.01 for Cadherin-8 and 1 ± 0.009 for Synapsin-1) and solvent group (0.91 ± 0.097 for Cadherin-8 and 0.84 ± 0.10  for Synapsin-1) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the number of astrocytes in the Thimerosal - exposed group (10.66 ± 1.86) compared to the control group (6.43 ± 1.01) and the solvent group  (6.93 ± 1.39), as well as a decrease in the number of neurons (194.66 ± 19.59) compared to the control group (267.99 ± 10.19) and the solvent group (252.33 ± 23.06) (p < 0.01).

It seems that Thimerosal causes abnormal changes in the expression levels of genes ‎involved in the function and structure of synapses. Prolonged exposure to Thimerosal may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders.

The focus of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics is the issue of understanding, and more precisely, the way understanding occurs in our encounter with the world as a "text". Gadamer tries to phenomenologizing the understanding, to express the conditions of the possibility of understanding and how it occurs. His provocative claim is that "any" encounter with the world, is mediated by language. The process of interpretation is the same our linguistic understanding of the world. The universality of this linguistic understanding of the world is to the extent that, even when language seems to be "suspended", we still have to take refuge in language itself to discuss this inadequacy. This is one of the "mysterious" aspects of human linguisticality. Another aspect comes back to the fact that language, like the world, never fully acquiesce to "objectification" and is not given to our consciousness as a unified whole, because language is preceding any understanding. The main questions of this article are as follows: By emphasizing the interconnectedness of language and understanding, Gadamer simply is trying to remind us the same long-standing claim about the relationship between language and thinking, or does he have a more fundamental claim? Does he, by focusing on the linguistic nature of human understanding, want to show us the limitlessness of the boundaries of language, or emphasize on its limitations? In this article, while clarifying the meaning of language and understanding and their relationship in Gadamer's thought, we have tried to answer the mentioned questions implicitly by emphasizing that the significance of language in Gadamer's hermeneutics is not simply limited to putting experiences into words, but this is the mere external and concrete manifestation of the linguisticality of our understanding.

The problem of the limitedness and unlimitedness of language boundaries about the reality of things has a long history. In this perspective, with the assumption of language as a "mirror", the question has always revolved around how language can "represent" things as they are. However, based on his philosophical hermeneutic principles, Gadamer largely overcomes the common distinction between word and thing (even between language and thought) and places the distinction in the language itself and our linguisticality. In this regard, he appeals to the "inner word" implied in the Christian tradition and the expressed word in the philosophical tradition in order to show the limitedness and unlimitedness of language boundaries. In this article, while reviewing some of Gadamer's important insights on language, we try to use a descriptive-analytical method to show how and why he goes beyond the aforementioned distinctions. What are the hermeneutic results of Gadamer assuming the distinction between the inner and the expressed word? We will also show that by assuming the inner word, which we can speak only with "stuttering", Gadamer somehow places his project in the Kantian epistemological tradition. Of course, it has some difficulties.

One of the oldest theories about the nature of art is the theory of "imitation". For the first time, Plato discussed the theoretical foundations of this theory from a philosophical point of view. What is central in the Platonic position regarding the nature of mimesis is the existential distance between the original and the copy. This approach has caused different reactions in the history of philosophy. In the contemporary era, Hans-Georg Gadamer has evaluated the issue of mimesis and the Platonic approach based on his philosophical hermeneutics. Contrary to Plato, he does not place the status of copy in a lower position compared to the original, rather, the copy itself can play the role of the original in terms of "increase in being". Based on this attitude, instead of measuring the copy based on the original, it is the copy that can transform our perspective about the original itself and even ourselves. According to this, the work of art, even if it is a copy of something, can still cause "recognition". In this article, while describing Gadamer's anti-Platonic position on the relationship between the original and the copy, we will evaluate his attitude and show that, despite his emphasis on the independent being of the copy, he sometimes unintentionally returns to the Platonic position.

Dewey's book "Art as Experience", can be considered as a manifesto of pragmatist aesthetics, in which Dewey uses the insights of Darwinian theory of evolution and his pragmatist principles through focusing on the concept of "experience" and aesthetic experience, to bring art back to the everyday life of human beings in today's world. Although, Dewey's view of experience in its general sense, as an interaction between human and his/her environment, has a Darwinian basis, but as Dewey's analysis shows, especially in his describing about the aesthetic experience, the concept of experience goes beyond the Darwinian conception and takes cultural and social dimensions. In this article, meanwhile reviewing the meaning of experience in Dewey's thinking and the relationship between aesthetic experience and the experience in its general sense, we try to show the connection between art and life by relying on Dewey's views in "Art as Experience". In addition, we attempt to demonstrate, most of the examples that Dewey cites as the basis of aesthetic experiences are positive life experiences, and by doing so, he unintentionality ignores negative experiences and reduces the circle of aesthetic experience to pleasant experiences.

Thimerosal (THIM) is one of the most important and inexpensive preservatives in many pharmaceutical and health products. The current knowledge on the impact of this substance on fetal neurodevelopment and incidence of behavioral and tissue defects is very controversial. Here we investigated neonatal administration of THIM on behaviors and cerebellar tissue, which are important in movement, balance, and sensory integration and which are more typically altered in Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ASD. The experiments were directed on 40 young adult male and female Wistar rats, in groups of 10, which were randomly divided into four groups: groups 2 & 1: male and female experimental groups (which received THIM (300μg Hg/kg), Intramuscular injections (im) on postnatal days (15 ,11 ,9 ,7) and groups 3 4 &: male and female control groups (which received saline in the same pattern). On the fourth week after birth, rats were examined with open field test and in the 8th post natal week, three-chamber paradigm test was conducted on the animals. After the end of the behavioral tests, histological studies wer e perfromed. Adult male and female rats, which were exposed to THIM, demonstrated impairments of locomotors activity and their social affiliation, social memory, and novelity reduced (p<0.001). During freezing, grooming, as the stereotyped behavior, increased significantly (p<0.05). The results of histological studies showed a significant decrease in the number of purkinje cells in the groups treated with THIM (p<0.001). These data document that probably the early postnatal THIM administration causes lasting neurobehavioral and histological impairments and these conditions could contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Medicinal plant of Aloe vera L. are used in food, healthy, cosmetic and medical industry. Pot sowing is one of the production methods of this plant. In this conditions evaluation of different urea level on yield and yield component in pot sowing essential. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in five levels of nitrogen fertilizer as urea (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1) with three replications (10 pots for each replication) in the greenhouse in 2010. In this experiment, traits such as leaf length, of width, thickness, number and shoot number, total biomass, weight and percentage gels were studied. Analysis of variance based on the effect of nitrogen on total biomass, weight of gel, leaf width and number was significant at the one percent level and characteristics of the gel percentage and leaf length at the level of five percent was significant. But effect of nitrogen on leaf thickness and number of shoot traits, was not significant. The highest biomass production was obtained at 50 kg.ha-1 N with 1039 g per pot. The highest gel weight (839 g) was obtained at 50 kg N. Gel percentage production was 72.7% at this level of nitrogen application and did not have significant difference with 100 kg N treatment.

The main subject of this paper is to scrutinize the concept of "play" in Gadamer’s aesthetics. The main question is to what extent Gadamer’s concept of play, in the realm of art and aesthetic, can goes beyond subjectivistic consequences of modern aesthetics (especially the Kantian reading). Generally, here, the claim is that Gadamer has succeeded partly in going beyond the subjectivistic consequences of modern aesthetics. So first we investigate the implications of this concept regarding some philosophers and then the comments of some con and pro of the attitude of this writing are presented. Then, after presenting the brief overview of modern aesthetics and its consequences (aesthetic consciousness and differentiation), Gadamer’s alternative (the concept of play) in order to avoid modern aesthetics subjectivistic consequences is investigated.

The principle of sufficient reason is one of the most significant philosophical principles. Arthur Schopenhauer, the well-known German philosopher, has emphasized on this principle and taken it as the entrance key element to his philosophical system. He tries to characterize the limits and conditions of application of this principle, and to avoid the inappropriate use of this principle outside the phenomenal reality domain. In his philosophical system, this principle governs the relations between phenomena and objects. Furthermore, the mentioned principle is not equal to the principle of causality, but it is more general than that. For the principle of causality is only one of the four forms of the principle of sufficient reason. This paper tries to discuss the content, application domain and importance of this principle in Schopenhauer ׳s philosophy.

Arthur Schopenhauer, the German idealist, is well-known for his atheism, pessimism, misogyny and fluent style. Additionally, the notion of the genius is significant in his thought. It is important to discuss the notion within Schopenhauer's whole system, because it can not be well grasped without fully understanding his system. The main purpose of this paper is to show briefly the genius ׳s position and its relation to art and artist in Schopenhauer ׳s thought. Finally, it will be noticed that some of Schopenhauer ׳s ideas on the relationship between the genius and the artist are controversial.

Leibniz initially believed in the absoluteness of time and place, but later he changed his idea. His true and final view is that time and place are relative and subjective concepts, whereas Newton believed that they are absolute and have a real and objective existence independent of other phenomena. In his correspondence with Samuel Clark, he refers to the weak points of the views of Newton and Clark and presents several philosophical and theological arguments to reject them. Time and place are treated in his philosophy ontologically, and their existence is relative. Epistemologically speaking, these concepts correspond to phenomena and depend on external phenomena and objects. From a psychological point of view, these concepts are formed in the mind through observing the relations among objective phenomena. Time and place are attributes of phenomena rather than monads or simple substances.In contrast to Newton's idea, the existence of an empty place or vacuum is impossible and in contradiction to Leibniz's accepted principles. He has presented some metaphysical and theological arguments on rejecting this issue in most of his works.