فهرست مطالب مریم روستا

While extensive research has been conducted on the topic of social resilience, the precise dynamics of how a local community acts in crisis situations and the impact of what is known from the scientific literature as indicators of social resilience remain unclear. It appears that in-depth, qualitative, and phenomenological research at the local level can provide a deeper understanding of the dimensions and layers of a community's resilience. This study aims to comprehend the indicators of local community resilience in the face of crisis conditions, drawing on the experiences of the Saadi neighborhood residents in Shiraz during the 2019 flood disaster. To this end, in addition to reviewing the theoretical literature, 20 semi-structured in-depth interviews with local residents were conducted and analyzed using MaxQda software, presenting findings across eight main axes within a theoretical framework comprising 28 significant indicators affecting local social resilience. The research findings highlight the importance of "a sense of identity and belonging to the neighborhood", "internal cohesion of the local community" and "flexibility and creativity of the local community" in enhancing the social resilience of the Saadi neighborhood. Additionally, the weaknesses in "public awareness and culture-building" and "trust in urban management institutions" were evident in this community's response to the crisis. The findings of this study can inform and be applied in decision-making processes, particularly in urban management layers focusing on crisis management at the neighborhood scale.

Everyday urban experience is achieved through the process of perception and sense experience through sensory organs. Living in a multi-sensory environment is inevitable, and the experience of encountering sights, smells, and sounds makes it possible to know the environment. It seems that in different urban spaces of Iran, taking into account the native conditions of the environment and current traditions among the people, the role of sensory landscapes and its effect on the quality of the urban space requires more investigations. The main problem of the current research is the need to pay more attention to the issue of "sensory richness" and analyze its indicators and examples as one of the important qualities of the urban space, with an emphasis on the two senses of smell and taste. Based on this, the present article aims to explain the process of recognizing and analyzing an urban space with an emphasis on improving the quality of sensory richness in the two areas of smell and taste senses.

Theoretical Framework:

Regarding the sense of smell, the variety of smells, the presence of sources of smells in the environment, smells dependent and related to time, consistent smells, smells of passers-by, and smelling comfort are among the indicators that, according to sources, affect the richness of the space. There are also researches about the effect of the sense of smell in the urban space, in the context of racial, ethnic, native, historical and cultural contexts, and it shows the effect of different cultural contexts on the transmission of social meanings and values and the display of historical heritage through the sense of smell in an urban space.Regarding the sense of taste, while emphasizing the dependence and direct connection of this sense with the sense of smell, the presence of fruitful plants, local memories related to the experience of taste in space, and the presence of land uses that stimulate taste have an effect on the richness of the sense of taste.

In order to conduct this research, the "qualitative" strategy has been used to collect and analyze data. In the first step, the review of library resources was carried out with the aim of compiling the theoretical framework of the research and extracting effective indicators in the thematic area of sensory richness. After that, the indicators obtained from this part were analytically recognized and field studied in two steps in the studied sample; In the first step, the sensory perception of the environment was carried out by "sensory walking" with the help of field survey by one of the researchers as an urban studies expert. After that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 space users. These numbers were selected as available samples and the interviews were continued until reaching a kind of "theoretical saturation" and repeated answers. The data obtained from the interviews were coded in "Atlas" software and subjected to content analysis.

The findings of the interviews revealed the deep dimensions of the smell experience along the way for users. In these interviews, special users with a keen sense of smell were mentioned many times along the way. In some of these comments, the use of smell to remember the length of the route and even addressability was clearly evident. This issue, while clarifying the process of tracking odor sources by space users, shows the effect of place and the inseparable dependence of sensory experiences with place.In a deeper layer, the analysis of the interviews shows that remembering and recalling smell experiences, especially in urban spaces with historical qualities, is very tied to nostalgia and memory and has an effect on deepening the sense of belonging to a place. This issue is very important from the analytical point of view of urban space. Context—which can be a set of antecedent conditions or facts about a place or a particular event in it—plays a decisive role in the quality of the smellscapes in a place.The findings show that in the sensory experience of Hafez Street, in particular, the presence of "orange trees" as an example of the "fruitful plants" index, in addition to the possibility of simultaneously deepening the senses of smell and taste, to the perception of the "sense of time" as well as the "memorability of space" and Also, "identifying the sensory experience of the path" has also been effective. In the experience of the sense of taste along this path, as expected, the findings indicate the effect of the use of taste stimuli on the deepening of the sensory experience of space and its perception.

Among the indicators of the quality of the senses of smell and taste, "smell comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memorable uses with taste stimulation", have a greater role in the experience process of citizens' environmental perception. Also, in the analysis of the findings from the qualitative survey, it is possible to emphasize the two-way relationship between the deepening of the "sense of smell" and the memorability and identity of the place, as well as the reciprocal relationship of "perception of time" with the depth of the smell sensory experience.It seems that, especially in urban spaces with historical value, paying attention to the identity aspects of odors from natural resources or users with an identity smell or taste experience, both in the layer of future research and in the layer of executive plans, can have a multifaceted effect on improving the quality of the space and help deepen the sense of belonging to the place among the users.

This research looks at the issue of "social sustainability" from the origin of urban development and at the scale of "neighborhood" and tries to compare the indicators of social sustainability in different urban areas. The most important question posed in this research is  that; What are the indicators of social sustainability in urban neighborhoods with different forms? In the following, during the research process, we try to answer this question and achieve the goals of the research.

The present research is practical in terms of its purpose and has used a quantitative approach and a comparative study with the help of survey and questionnaire tools to achieve its goals. The studied samples are three neighborhoods "Doctors' Cove", "Qaani" and "Ishaq Beyk", which are located in the new, middle and old contexts of Shiraz city, respectively. In order to conduct the survey, a questionnaire was developed based on the theoretical framework of the research, whose indicators can be seen in Table No. 2. In this selection, an attempt was made to select the most frequent and appropriate indicators according to the conditions of the investigated areas. For each index, two to three items were set and the survey was conducted in the months of October and November 2018 in the number of 150 people and a total of 450 people in each neighborhood. In the survey and sampling process, for each urban block, according to the area, the share of the desired questionnaire was determined and distributed and collected in the same proportion. In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire, three professors of urban planning reviewed the questionnaire and compared it with the investigated indicators, and their opinions were applied in editing the questionnaire. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, with the help of a pre-test with 30 samples, Cronbach's alpha test was used, and the result of this test was 0.846, confirming the reliability of the questionnaire. The data obtained from the questionnaire after being entered into SPSS software have been analyzed with the help of t-test and one-way variance statistical tests.

The findings from the data at this stage show that the level of "social interactions" in Ishaqbek neighborhood is higher than the other two neighborhoods. This neighborhood also has a higher level of social participation according to statistical findings. It seems that the  organic texture and the age of residence in the neighborhood have had an impact on the promotion of these two factors of social stability. On the other hand, according to the findings of this survey, this neighborhood does not have a good situation in terms of "security".Doctors neighborhood has the highest level of security among the three neighborhoods. Also, the situation of "social justice" and especially the fair access to services in Doctors' Coy is better than the other two neighborhoods. In the case of the "spirit of the local - community" factor, even though the doctors have a higher level, there is no significant difference in the statistical findings between the three areas. The "good residence" factor, which indicates stability and residential satisfaction, is higher in the doctors' neighborhood than in the two neighborhoods of Qaani and Ishaq Beyk. In total, the result and the average of the factors obtained from the descriptive findings show that Doctors' Quarter has a higher level of social sustainability factors than the other two neighborhoods. Picture number 2 also compares social sustainability factors in three neighborhoods in the form of a diagram. In the graph (number 2), the average factors affecting social sustainability are shown separately by locality. in four factors; "Sense of security", "social justice", "local community spirit" and "good living", doctors' coy was significantly better than the other two neighborhoods. In the two factors of "social participation" and "social interactions", the condition of Ishaq Beyg and then Qaani is better than that of doctors.

The results of the data analysis in this research show that more compact and organic structures, with a long history of construction and a longer history of residence and a higher population density, have better opportunities for friendship and communication with neighbors in the form of "social interactions" as well as the desire to participate in local events. And it provides the desire to solve neighborhood problems in the form of "social participation" factor. The presence of traditional cooperative groups such as religious groups or ethnic groups as well as uses such as mosques and hosseiniyehs in these neighborhoods leads to the improvement of both indicators of interactions and social participation. But the wear and tear of these tissues and the lack of variety of urban uses have challenged the feeling of security at different hours of the day and night. Also, the establishment of extra-local services in some of these contexts and the low level of local services in them has reduced access to services. The problem of access to public transportation has also fueled this issue and has overall reduced the index of "social justice" in these neighborhoods. In addition to that, the feeling of satisfaction with life in these neighborhoods has declined due to livelihood and economic problems and "good living" which is one of the effective factors in promoting social stability has decreased in this category of tissues. The establishment of local uses and night uses, as well as the expansion of public transportation, can improve the access situation and "social justice", and also improve the feeling of security in these contexts. Also, improving the physical condition of housing and establishing open and leisure spaces in these contexts can also increase residential satisfaction and improve the "good residence" factor, as well as improve the sense of belonging to the neighborhood and the "spirit of the local community" factor, and in general, improve social sustainability in these tissues help a lot.

Tactical urban planning is mentioned as an emerging movement in urban planning in which citizens’ interventions in the urban space in the form of rapid and low-cost implementation is one of its main features. It is an approach that addresses alternative urban futures based on fundamental democracy and social justice. This approach seeks to realize the active action of citizens in recovering and redesigning small-scale urban spaces and promoting a sense of belonging to urban environments. However, this subject in the internal studies has gotten less precise and in-depth investigation, so the need to develop a theoretical framework for its application in domestic urban planning is felt. It seems that in our country, like many developing countries, decision-making processes in urban areas are usually top-down. Bureaucratic procedures in preparing and implementing programs do not have the necessary flexibility, and people's participation for various reasons is still not fully realized and not enough. In this situation, carrying out or facilitating some urban projects in a tactical way can increase social capital and citizen participation, improve and enhance the quality of urban spaces, and create places in the form of active citizen agency. 

This study seeks to answer the three main questions “What”, “Why”, and “How” about “Tactical Urbanism” and develop a theoretical framework of this approach for its application in urban planning and urban management. In line with research objectives, based on the systematic review method, after searching for sources and selecting optimal research documents in three stages, scientific documents were selected, and the process of content analysis, code extraction, and compilation of themes based on three categories were done. Initial verification was performed on the text of these documents. In the first stage, using the method of "library studies", the subject's background is collected with the help of an online search. In March 2017, in the first phase, 76 articles, dissertations”, and scientific-research notes were downloaded by searching for the keywords “Tactical Urban Design” and “Tactical Urbanism” in Google Scholar search environment. It should be noted that the subject of tactical urban planning, due to its nature, has been reflected more in the form of practical projects. Therefore, a significant part of the textual documents available on this subject are guides or practical reports of implemented projects. After carefully reviewing the titles and summaries of these documents, 23 titles were removed due to insufficient validity, and the texts of the 53 remaining documents in the second stage were re-examined and refined. At this stage, with a quick review of the contents, 39 scientific documents were selected. 

In the category of “What” is tactical urbanism and in the theme of “Similar Concepts”, the codes of “DIY Urbanism” and “Guerrilla Urbanism”, in the category of codes related to the theme of “Characteristics”, the codes of “Low Cost” and “Temporary” and in the category of codes associated with the theme of “Nature”, the code of “Creativity and Innovation” had the most repetition. Content analysis of the category “Why” was summarized in two categories of “Underlying Factors” in the form of 14 codes and seven themes, and also the “Benefits” of this method of urban planning in the form of 25 codes and five themes. In the first category, “long and bureaucratic procedures” and “non-accountability of government institutions”, and in the second category, “realization of citizen participation in decision-making and implementation” had the most repetition. Also, in the category of “how”, the findings of content analysis are organized in the form of the themes of “actors”, “types of applications”, “how to do” and “obstacles and challenges”. Finally, in the framework of this category, the types of tactical urban planning experiences in the form of completed projects have been analyzed. They have been set in 27 instances and eight different thematic categories. In this section, “reuse of lost spaces in the city” and “public art and details of space design” have had the most repetition among the examples.The main issues underlying the expansion of tactical urban planning in the world in our country also have their examples with differences in intensity and quality. Although tactical projects are fast, sometimes temporary, and in the format of low-cost projects, they have led to significant and permanent changes in different cities in many cases. Additionally, benefiting from the active agency experience of citizens in organizing and improving the quality of urban spaces as one of the essential benefits of expanding tactical urban planning experiences emphasizes the importance of following this approach in a planned manner. Given that the actors of this approach in different countries have included a diverse range of urban agents, involving NGOs and socially active groups, especially in urban neighborhoods, accompanying and justifying them concerning the ways to advance tactical projects, their benefits, and giving examples for ideation, is recommended. Although the decision-making and implementation of these projects in many countries are followed from the bottom up, the role of city managers, on the one hand, and academic professionals and experts in the field of urban planning, on the other hand, cannot be ignored. Various examples of tactical urban planning, presented in this study as a regular framework in several specific thematic areas, while emphasizing the contextual view, are applicable in many urban spaces and neighborhoods of our country and can be used to start tactical processes and projects. At the same time, in different neighborhoods and cities, there are undoubtedly indigenous and traditional examples of effective and active agency of citizens, especially in urban neighborhoods, whose revitalization and strengthening can improve the quality of urban spaces and help achieve various benefits of tactical urban planning.

The findings of this study can be used by local managers, urban planners, urban planning stakeholders, and non-governmental organizations to carry out tactical projects by adopting a localization approach and considering socio-cultural contexts and legal potentials.

Behavioral settings, as areas of urban life, can play an important role in the civic life experience of specific user groups, including women. This study seeks to investigate the factors and components affecting the presence of women with an emphasis on "environmental perception" in behavioral settings. The present research is of applied type and its research method is descriptive-analytical. After formulating the theoretical framework with the help of reviewing previous research, the results have been tested using the "quantitative survey" method and with the help of a questionnaire and using the Likert spectrum. A case study is the Goldasht Ma'ali Abad neighborhood, and in order to survey the status of women's presence in the neighborhood's behavioral settings and the factors influencing it, 376 questionnaires were distributed and collected among women present in the neighborhood spaces. Data were analyzed in SPSS software environment using Friedman tests, correlation and regression. The findings show that the desirability of the behavioral base and the optimal perception of the urban environment have a significant effect on the presence of women in the urban space and there is a significant correlation between the desirability of the behavioral settings and the perception of the environment with strong intensity.

Padagi area is located in southern part of Sistan Suture Zone. In this area, the Eocene flysch-like rocks were intruded by Oligocene-Miocene igneous rocks as batholith, dacitic stock and dacitic to andesitic dike. The flysch is predominantly composed of altered phyllite, shale, sandstone and siltstone. The batholith is mainly an I-type granular granodiorite. The stock is associated with granodiorite porphyry, quartz-diorite porphyry, quartz-monzonite porphyry and andesite. The dikes, trending NE, are last magmatic phase, and porphyry texture. The igneous rocks in Padagi are mainly high K calc-alkaline and metaluminous belonging to continental margin post-collision magmatic arcs. The minor and rare earth elements, normalized to the primitive and the chondrite mantle, respectively, show that LREE and LILE are enriched relative to HREE and HFSE, respectively, a remarkable feature of igneous rocks related to volcanic arc. According to geochemical studies, for the Padagi samples could assume a garnet-bearing enriched asthenospheric and lithospheric sources with a partial melting of less than 5 % as parent magma generated in 80 to 100 km depth.

The phenomenon of urban development has transformed existing cities and put the protection of historical heritage at the core of urban planning. However, considering the traditional concepts of heritage, which place valuable historical elements separately in a broader urban context, does not meet the goals of heritage protection to protect the character and importance of historical heritage. Thus, the change in the scale of heritage protection arose from the challenges of heritage protection, and the consequence was the emergence of the heritage urban landscape approach (HUL). The concept of integration was also considered in order to create a balance between protection and development approaches. Any new construction project in the vicinity or in the Buffer Zones of the Heritage Site potentially has visual effects on the historical heritage that allow for the evaluating and evaluation of adverse effects before and during the implementation can be providing an effective strategy to minimize or mitigate adverse effects. In order to provide a solution, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee has proposed a method of heritage impact assessment. To satisfactorily assess of these potential threats, the organization suggests the investigating impact of these threats on Outstanding Universal Value. This study seeks to application Heritage Impact Assessment Framework to evaluating the Visual-Physical Integrity of the valuable heritage complex, Zandieh's Shiraz Complex as a case study examine. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and uses a qualitative approach to achieve its goals. Inheritance effects in Zandieh's Shiraz Complex have been done by considering three criteria of lack of protection and mismanagement, sensitivity of features and severity of effects in three scales of valuable building complex; space organization; morphology and visual organization. This assessment shows that the result of the intensity of the effects for the first scale is 2.37, the second scale is 4.66 and the third scale is 5, which has seriously damaged the collection in these dimensions. Also, the priority matrix of effects shows that the first scale has low damage and the second and third scales have severe damage and have a very high priority for providing solutions.

Cultivating and teaching the concepts of the sustainable neighborhood to different groups of people has been one of the executive goals in order to achieve sustainable development in different countries. Therefore, the educational content presented in the form of sustainability topics in architecture and urban planning faculties, that are considered as the most important educational context of the concepts of "sustainable city and neighborhood" to future owners of these professions, is very important. The present study seeks to compare the perceptions of architecture and urban planning students from the sustainable neighborhood to be used in providnig the educational content of courses related to the residential complex and neighborhood design in these fields. The results of this analysis can be used in architecture and urban planning faculties to improve the different aspects of "sustainable neighborhood" for students and in architectural and urban planning projects. The main question in this regard is: What are the similarities and differences between architecture and urban planning students in prioritizing sustainable development aspects and indicators and using examples to achieve a sustainable neighborhood?

In this study, after reviewing the literature, 14 indicators in the form of 5 categories were selected as the indicators of a sustainable neighborhood. The questionnaire was comprised of open and closed questions, which were answered by 27 architecture students and 27 urban planning students at Shiraz University in one semester. The data obtained from the collected questionnaires were analyzed with two quantitative and qualitative approaches for spectral and descriptive questions. In order to analyze the quantitative data after transfering it to SPSS software, the "Friedman" and "Mann-Whitney U Test" were used to rank the indicators in each group and examine the differences between the two groups. Qualitative data were also qualitatively analyzed after their categorization and the formation frequency table.

According to urban planning students, the indicators of "vegetation and green space," "social interactions," and "attention to pedestrian-based transportation" are the most important in achieving a sustainable neighborhood, and indicators of "indigenous culture patterns," "clean energy" are the least important indicators in the lists. In the process of planning and designing a sustainable neighborhood, these students also pay the most attention and the least attention to the indicators of "pedestrian-based transportation," "providing security," and "promoting social solidarity" in the neighborhood. Architecture students mostly focused on the realization of sustainable neighborhoods according to the indicators of "privacy," "security," "social interactions," and "pedestrian transportation." According to architecture students, the indicators of "mixed user model" and "local employment" were the least important in realizing a sustainable neighborhood. In the design process, the least attention has been paid to these two indicators. These students also paid the most attention to the characteristics of "privacy," "vegetation and green space," and creating a "sense of belonging" in the design. Urban planning students focused more on functional and economical aspects in achieving sustainability, while architecture students paid more attention to the "cultural" aspects. The architecture and urban planning students both considered the indicators of "social interactions" and "security" in recognizing the social indicators of sustainable neighborhoods. Also, in the environmental aspects, "vegetation and green space" in realizing a sustainable neighborhood were recognized as important aspects and they were considered by both groups. In general, paying attention to the physical dimensions and especially the details of space design among architecture students and paying attention to functional and non-physical dimensions among urban planning students is evident in case studies. 

Although a part of the differences between architecture and urban planning students is due to the nature and the view of these two disciplines to the concept of "sustainable neighborhood," the consideration of neglected indicators and sustainable aspects in each discipline can contribute to the improvement of students' perception of the sustainable neighborhood. Therefore, paying more attention to the physical aspects and design details and the application of cultural sustainability indicators in teaching sustainable neighborhood design to urban planning students can be effective. In addition, paying more attention to the functional aspects of sustainable neighborhoods and the application of functional indicators in sustainable neighborhood architecture is effective for architecture students. In planning the course of architectural design 5 for architecture students, strengthening the "functional" and "activity" dimensions of the sustainable neighborhood according to the scale and the nature of the discipline and the practical exercises can help the the students to have a comprehensive view of the "sustainable neighborhood." Urban planning students need to further study and explain the "cultural" dimension of the sustainable neighborhood and especially its indigenous dimensions. Paying more attention to physical and aesthetic details in the design, apaprt form the general and functionalist view can lead to a better understanding of sustainable neighborhood.

The "Biophilia Approach" as a maximization approach pursues a comprehensive integration of different dimensions of the natural environment in cities, but has been less addressed in internal research, especially from the origins of urban planning knowledge. It seems that a more detailed analysis of this concept and moving towards the development of strategies for its realization in the field of urban planning can be effective on improving the relationship between citizens and nature. The present study seeks to apply the indicators of this approach in a conceptual model to be applied in the design and planning of urban neighborhoods.

 In the first step, "library studies" and a review of scientific resources in the field of environmental design and planning by the biophilic approach have been considered. After reviewing the sources, by qualitative analysis method, the components, dimensions and characteristics of the biophilic neighborhood were classified, compiled and formed the initial research model. In the second step, "Delphi method" was used to develop and complete the model and determine the priority of the indicators. This method was performed by selecting a group of eleven members of the faculty of Shiraz University in the fields of architecture, urban planning and design and in three stages (interviews and two questionnaires). After inscription of in-depth interviews by qualitative content analysis method; dimensions, components and indicators considered by the members were added to the initial model and provided to them in the form of a Likert scale questionnaire. Then, after reviewing the interviews and questionnaires, and adding one dimension and about ten indicators to the initial model, in the "third stage", the final questionnaire was sent for the final approval of the members and the percentage of agreement or disagreement with the components of this model and the resulting data were collected and analyzed by using of Kendall coefficient.  These indicators constructed the research model in the form of 6 dimensions.

 The development of the biophilic neighborhood model has been done in six dimensions: "natural resources", "artificial environment", "neighborhood landscape", "activities", "local community" and "neighborhood people" and in the form of 26 indicators. The findings show that in terms of "natural resources"; conservation of natural resources, in terms of "artificial environment"; integration of physical environment with nature, in terms of "activities"; green transportation, in the "local community" dimension; people's participation in nature protection and in the "neighborhood people" dimension, people's emotional connection with nature have been the most agreed upon among members of the Delphi circle. In the "natural resources" dimension of resource conservation, the most important goal has been the sustainable development approach in the last two decades. In addition to environmental goals, the "Access to Resources" index is also an achievement of social justice in the neighborhood. In today's high-rise cities, access to optimal sources of airflow, uniform ventilation, adequate lighting, as well as fair access to green space and adequate vegetation in the city are very important. In the "dimension of the artificial environment" in small-scale approaches to the design of the environment, including in architecture, the emphasis is on combining the artificial environment with natural elements. Valuable examples of this indicator are available in the historical past of Iranian architecture and urban planning, the development of examples and inspiration in urban design and planning in order to realize the biophilic neighborhood is a way forward. In terms of "activities", active transportation, while reducing air pollution, will also increase the health and vitality of the residents of the neighborhood. Also, in the experience of green neighborhoods in recent years, there are successful examples of urban agriculture and communal gardens on a neighborhood scale that have very environmental, economic, social and cultural benefits, and their native patterns can be exploited in our country. In the "neighborhood people" dimension, in our historical past, indigenous knowledge and public information about the surrounding nature and its elements have been significant, especially in rural areas. Contemporary urbanization has distorted people's attention and general sensitivity to nature and reduced environmental sensitivity to the environment. This issue requires special attention of urban management and governmental and public institutions   decision-maker in the field of culture.

It seems that the application of the obtained indicators from this research with a local approach in formulating design and planning strategies of urban neighborhoods can help the process of realizing the biophilic neighborhood in our country. The characteristics of this model, while in line with previous research, show the need for localization and attention to local examples of the history of traditional architecture and urban planning. In future research, more accurate prioritization of indicators, case studies and testing in the redesign and planning of urban neighborhoods, as well as measuring the status of urban neighborhoods based on this framework, can be tracked.
 Keywords: Biophilic, Urban Design, Urban Planning, Neighborhood, Sustainable City.

In the historical study of the Muslim urban tradition, a primary features is the physical manifestation of Islam’s “social dimensions” and, in particular, the key concept of “the Ummah.” In the process of transformations induced by “globalization,” the so cial layer of cities and the physical implications of it appear to be among the layers affected by several factors. In the last two decades, the social aspect of the sustainable development, termed as “social sus tainability” and deemed by experts as the most im portant dimension and the ultimate goal of sustainability, is a concept that through a more pre cise understanding of its indices one can achieve the characteristics of a “sustainable society” to apply it to urban planning and designing. This article seeks to redefine indicators of the concept of “sustainable society” by studying the social dimensions of the tradition of urbanization of Muslims in a compara tive approach, while analyzing the “social’ effects of globalization on the city, and defining a “local” and “strategic” framework. The main research questions were: What are the most important social challenges of globalization in cities? How can the social princi ples of Islam and its emergence in the tradition of Muslim urbanization, on the one hand, and sustain able local community indicators, on the other, be used to meet the social challenges of globalization in cities? In addition to these two main questions, an other sub-question was raised: To what extent are the social principles of Islam and the principles of a sustainable local community analogous in the con ceptual framework of sustainable development? The study adopts an “interpretative” approach and uses the “quality” strategy and the “content analysis” method and “rational reasoning” to analyze the data deriving from documentary studies. After reviewing the social dimensions of globalization in cities, while adapting the spatial indices of the “sustainable community” and the socio-spatial aspects of the ur banization tradition of Muslims, a conceptual and strategic framework in line with the social challenges of globalization for use in urban design guidance documents was presented. To answer the second question, scholarly views on the principles and indi cators of a sustainable community, on the one hand, and the social principles of Islam and its manifesta tion on the historical tradition of Muslim urbaniza tion, on the other, were studied. Meanwhile, in order to answer the research sub-question, the two conceptual areas were aligned. According to this analysis, Islam’s recommendation of “strong social relationships” has the most to do with sustainable community indicators. Also, “Strong neighborhood relationships”, “Social supervision” and “Practicing Islamic social rules” as the most important social principles of Islam in exposure with social challenges of globalization was explained. This paper presents a conceptual and strategic framework for addressing the social challenges of globalization in cities using the corresponding social principles of Islam, as well as relevant indicators of sustainable local commu nity, for application in urban design and planning. In future research, quantification of these strategies will be followed up by quantitative methods of field and case studies.

The "low carbon" approach emerged as a goal for the economy, society and the city at the beginning of the last century. This approach has been pursued in recent years on micro scales and urban “neighborhoods”. But it seems that the scientific literature of urban planning in our country, especially at the neighborhood scale, has not been sufficiently addressed.

This study seeks to develop a theoretical model of "low carbon neighborhood", with the help of local experts and with an indigenous approach, to prioritize and evaluate its indices for application in urban planning and design strategies.

To this end, while utilizing library studies, more than 30 low-carbon scientific sources, components and indicators of the "low-carbon neighborhood" have been identified and categorized. Then, using a matrix-based questionnaire, 9 of the researchers who studied or researched in this area examined the influence of the components and indicators on the realization of low carbon neighborhood. The survey data were analyzed using the combined "Danp" method and the low-carbon neighborhood model was formulated and analyzed in the form of 6 components and 19 indices. The main components in this model are "form", "access", "user and activity", "natural environment", "facilities and infrastructure", and "local community".

The findings show that the most important components / indicators in the realization of low carbon neighborhoods are "local community" and indicators of "culture-raising and public awareness" and "public participation". In the category of "component" indices, "Contextual Fabric" and "Compactness" were identified as the most effective indices in the realization of low carbon neighborhood. In this analytical model, 'local community' and form were identified as affective factors (cause) and the other four components as affective components.

Considering priorities in achieving a neighborhood with minimal renewable energy consumption and minimal emissions -as followed in this paper- is a goal that should be seriously sought after by the academic community in decision-making.

Urban trails, which are not very old in Iran, are a type of urban spaces created with the aim of promoting the general health of citizens by increasing physical activity and encouraging to take exercises in cities. The current research aims to develop design strategies in line with enhancing the quality of such walkways. In the present study, data are collected using second desk study and semi-structured interview as well as questionnaires. To analyze the data, the strategic analysis of the internal and external factors as well as QSPM Matrix are applied. The case study was the “Health” Trail in Shiraz as the first health-oriented walkway in the city. The study population included 35 municipality experts and urban planning students. In the first stage, the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the “Health” walkway were identified after performing a semi-structured interview with the study population. In the second stage, the themes were categorized and subsequently prioritized through a closed Likert-based questionnaire assisted by the tables of internal (IFE) and external (EFE) factors. The study of the tables shows the conservative strategies as the most important strategies for the promotion of the quality of walkway. After these two stages, the conservative strategies were prioritized using QSPM matrix to organize the walkway. The findings show that having an opportunity of  being in the proximity to natural factors as two strategies, i.e. “making an appropriate space on the side of the river for visual and environmental enjoyment of being proximity to the river” and “constructing suitable walls in the periphery of gardens in Qasr e Dasht for visual and environmental enjoyment of being proximity to green spaces”, are the most important conservative strategies for promoting the quality of Shiraz’s Health trail and encouraging people to do more physical activities on this trail

In recent years, the low level of physical activity and its complications become to a challenge that are considered by health professionals. One of the aspects that is considered in this regard is to explore ways to promote health-oriented activities in the least time and at the least possible cost, during daily life. Health-oriented walkways are urban attractive pathways that, while creating   an "active connection" between urban daily destinations, also provide free physical activity and exercise in public and open spaces for people. The development of such spaces, in addition to its "functional" and "environmental" aspects, contributes significantly to improve the general health of city inhabitants. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of environmental quality components on people's acceptance of urban health-oriented walkways. This paper is an applied research and its approach is analytical-interpretive. In order to collect and analysis data; quantitative strategy, questionnaire and linear regression test were used. For this purpose, "Shiraz Health walkway" has been selected as a case study, after reviewing the literature, environmental indicators affecting the quality improvement of urban health-oriented walkways have been extracted and classified into four functional, environmental, physical-aesthetic and social categories. Then, by codifying a questionnaire in 21 items, the effect of environmental indicators as independent variables on the acceptance of these types of spaces was evaluated by 380 users of the intended walkway. The Results of data analysis by multiple linear regression test, show that "safety," " inclusiveness," and "visual qualities" have the most impact on citizens' acceptance of urban-oriented walkways. Paying attention to these indicators in strategic planning priority to improve the quality of these spaces can have an impact on promoting community health by increasing physical activity.

The presence of women as one of the most important and vulnerable user groups of urban spaces requires requirements and prerequisites. One of the most important of which is ‘safety’.The perception of women safety in urban spaces depends on many factors. Physical-spatial characteristics, economic status, political and social conditions, cultural issues, each with their own indicators, affect the level of women's safety. But, studies show that women in urban spaces with better qualities, have stronger sense of safety. This article aims to investigate the relationship between environmental indicators and women's sense of safety in urban spaces at the neighborhood scale.

This research has been considered as an applied research regarding the purpose and has used a descriptive-interpretative approach in the method. In line with this approach, a library method was used to collect documentary data and a quantitative survey using a questionnaire to collect field data. Environmental indicators affecting women's sense of safety were extracted from previous studies and after the refining, by selecting the frequency of indicators, 25 indicators were selected and classified into four dimensions: physical, spatial, functional, visual- perceptual, and social. Subsequently, the effect of the selected indicators in the Sahl-abad neighborhood of Shiraz- as the case study- was evaluated using a 14-item questionnaire with a Likert scale among 370 women living in this neighborhood. Sampling was done in a randomized manner over a period of three weeks among women aged 15-60 years old in the neighborhood. The results of the scan were analyzed by sequential logistic regression.

  The results of data analysis show how improvement of each indicator would affect sense of safety in women. The indicators which have greatest impacts are the ‘lighting situation’ in the physical-spatial dimension (107.3%), the improvement of ‘neighborhood fame (95%)’, ‘legibility and clarity of the paths (88.6%)’ and ‘sense of belonging to the neighborhood (77.8%)’ in the perceptual dimension.
In the social aspect, findings showed that the effect of the ‘socialization of space’ index on the woman’s sense of safety was not significant. The lack of significant effect of this index, despite its emphasis on previous research, may be due to the lack of sociable spaces in Sahel-abad neighborhood and, consequently, the lack of experience and understanding of these spaces by the responding women and their inability to assess its impact on the sense of safety. In the category of ‘functional’ indicators, the ‘presence of street vendors’ had a negative impact on women's sense of safety. The presence of vendors or informal retailers, while in many cases contributing to the vitality of the space and the realization of the nightlife of urban spaces, in some cases, such as this neighborhood, does not provide a safe and favorable social environment for women. It also seems to have a negative impact on women's sense of safety. In this category, attention to ‘walking’ has a significant impact on women's sense of safety. This issue is especially important at the neighborhood level, and its realization should be addressed in planning, functional, visual, and physical aspects.The high share of the impact of indicators in the ‘visual-perceptual’ category states the importance of the visual and especially the perceptual dimension in the design and planning of urban spaces. The ‘perceptual’ aspect of women's safety is in many cases more important than its objective, and consequently, as the results of this statistical analysis show, mental and perceptual indicators and their empowerment in urban spaces can have a significant impact on improving women's sense of safety.The significance of the ‘mental’ aspect of safety on the one hand and the effect of the ‘perceptual’ dimension of space on the sense of safety, is expressed for designer and urban planners to focus on ‘identity-perceptual dimensions’ in the design and planning of urban spaces, especially in the ‘neighborhood’ scale.The article’s suggesting strategies to promote the women’s sense of safety are enhancing the lightning situation of public spaces, paying more attention to creating defensible urban spaces in urban design and urban planning, enhancing the legibility and clarity of the paths by environmental strategies, enhancing the vitality of public spaces along with vehicles and pedestrian accessibility, and reducing environmental pollution.

Over the past few decades, numerous articles and scientific books have been published on the theoretical foundations of urban design. However, in reality, ‘the quality of urban spaces’ as the most important concern of this field and profession has not yet been put into practice in many cities and especially in our country. Operationalization of urban design knowledge is feasible through the formulation and preparation of frameworks, requirements, and indicators in the legal texts of the country as upstream documents and development guidance programs. In order to investigate the status of ‘urban design’ in Iran's urban planning laws, this paper analyzes the content of the decisions made by the Supreme Council of Urbanism and Architecture of Iran from 1964 to 2016. To this aim, the most important ‘themes’ and ‘positions’ of urban design that were mentioned or emphasized in the council's resolutions were considered. For this purpose, the text of the decisions made during the mentioned period was first carefully read. Using an interpretive-analytical approach and the qualitative content analysis method, the decisions that were somewhat related to urban design issues were extracted and then the content related to urban design was examined in these 87 drafts. Analysis of the data indicates that while the smallest attention was paid to urban design in the decisions of the council (less than 5%), the highest degree of emphasis was on ‘designing zones and axes for the development of tourism’ and ‘attention to the textures and monuments’ with 7.48% and ‘urban landscape design’ with 6.95%, respectively. Among the positions, the surrounding areas of ‘monuments and memorials’ with 19.81% and ‘historical textures’ with 16.03% have received further attention compared to other urban positions in the council's resolutions. In sum, this study is indicative of a small share of attention paid to ‘urban design’ and ‘relevant documents’ in the decisions made by the Iran’s Supreme Council for Urbanism and Architecture.

Social life is one of the most important human needs which should be addressed in the context of urban life. As a science which is considering the organization of public environment of human life, municipal engineering should comprise the necessary measures to respond to these human needs. The concept of “social sustainability” has its foundation in human needs and in “sustainable development” framework while makes sustainable society as a proper perspective of a human society. From the beginning of conceptual framework of “sustainable development” which is propounded from the ending years of twentieth century, the social sustainability has been considered as one of its triplet aspects. Although the concept of “social sustainability” is propounded in social sciences, the achievement of this goal and, subsequently, a “sustainable society” requires an interdisciplinary movement. Moreover, considering promotion in social sustainability in the format of urban planning policies and strategies have been less considered in urban plans and programs. The issue that how the urban planning knowledge and profession can help promotion in social sustainability in the city and its concentration area which is urban public fields is essential and requires exploration and compilation of scientific responds. Meanwhile, in an environmental context, the environmental sciences, such as municipal engineering, play a significant role toward attainment a sustainable society. Regarding to this aim, codification of indicators in municipal engineering which influence on promotion of sustainable society, provides a framework for urban designers and planners. Since creating “urban place” is one of the most important concerns of urban designers and planners, and “place” is a special meaningful case of “space” which compounds with human norms and values, these indicators are noted in this research as “place indicators”. Therefore, the intended purpose of “place indicators of social sustainability” are qualitative indicators which, firstly, consider the conceptual context of “place”, and secondly, define the social sustainability and influence on its promotion in
urban spaces. The purpose of this paper is finding out a model of indicators to be served as a conceptual framework in urban designs and plans to promote social sustainability. To develop this model and achieve precise and refined indicators, the “Delphi Method” and “Shannon Technique” is used in this paper. Two main questions of this study are (1) which the effective place indicators are in promoting the social sustainability; and (2) How we can develop a model of these indicators with Delphi Method. The Delphi method is a structured communication technique or method, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts. To answer to questions
by Delphi Method, the viewpoints of ten municipal engineers are gathered in two stages through interviewing and surveying. A semi-structured interview, in the first stage, was held. In this interview, at first, it is tried to deliberate the experts’ approaches in “social sustainability” and its relationship with municipal engineering, and then detect the most
effective factors in promoting the social sustainability in their viewpoint, and afterwards, share the results with them to cognize their opinion. In these interviews, the agreements of experts with local approach to social sustainability, and the difference with the global one, is also studied. After the first stage, and analyzing the interviews, the effective indicators
in promoting the social sustainability, or the so-called, “space codes” are extracted out of the viewpoint of these ten experts. Common codes are excluded by corresponding with the place codes extracted from the resources, and finally, 23 codes are determined as effective codes in social sustainability. These codes, then, in second stage of Delphi Technique,
are checked again by ten experts in form of close questionnaire with 5 Likert Scale. Hereafter, the data gathered from questionnaire is analyzed by Shannon Technique to carry the prioritization and weighting procedure. Being more precise regards to frequency of data. Findings show that the most important category of effective place indicators in promoting the social sustainability is “safety” which includes safety, security and privacy of urban areas. The second important one is “activatability” which includes diversification of activities, commixture of control, user confounding, accessibility, proper utilities, and local mosques and bazaars. Accordingly, “skeletal integrity” provides the lowest effect among the indicators. Experts believe that among the single indicators, “diversification of activities” and “accessibility” have the highest effect, and “identity” has the lowest effect on social sustainability. Finally, the place indicators model is developed and presented, while it influences on social sustainability promotion. This model includes 21 indicators in 5 major category: security, activatability, identity, people-orientation, and skeletal integrity. The weight and the order of indicators’ order in each category is presented.

Title “sustainable society”, was first time propounded in the format of the conceptual framework of sustainable development as the final objective of social aspect of sustainable development. By now, many researches have studied this point that what specifications and characteristics a sustainable society should have and how urban planning can help creation of a sustainable society. However what have been ignored is local relation of these specifications in the shadow of the dominant ideology and the cultural bed of our society. It is clear that using each global pattern in local coordinates requires some changes proportioned to the cultural field of that place. According to this, using global pattern of “sustainable society” in the bed of Islamic culture requires redefining specifications of a sustainable society from the view of Islamic ideology. Therefore, the main problem of current writing is the way and how the indicators of sustainable society in Islamic ideology affect the urban planning tradition of Muslims. According to this, the main questions of this paper can be explained as: “what are the indicators of a sustainable society in the view of Islam”? and “what effects have had these indicators on urban planning tradition in the cities of Muslims”? The objective of this paper is to achieve a conceptual pattern from sustainable society in the bed of Islamic culture in a way that it can be used in promotion of urban plans and programs by the Islamic-Iranian approach. For this, while investigating the texts and documents in two fields of Islamic ideology and tradition of Muslims’ cities, the codes relating to social sustainability were extracted and categorized by help of “content analysis” method. Then the proportion of Islam’s social principles and its effects on urban planning tradition of Muslims was explained in a matrix. At the end, the conceptual framework of paper which responds to the primary questions and in which the process of design and planning of an urban planning place provided by emphasis on social principles in Islam’s ideology are compiled.

Love and hate is a central theme of both epics of Iliad and Shahnameh. However، Ferdowsi opts for amity، rather than love، when he portraits a love affair. Hatred and revenge،that bring about fame، honor، sense of appreciation and amazement،are incentives of war in Shahnameh. Love of Helen in Iliad is the cause of war and revenge and drives the story for ten years، while love is the source of delight and togetherness in Shahnameh. The present study is a comparative investigation of Shahnameh and Iliad and argues that،compared to Shahnameh،revenge is prominent in Iliad. This is reflected in reporting violent and furious scenes of bloodshed in different parts of Iliad. Love in most cases is metaphysical in Iliad; i. e. it is a love between gods and human beings. On the contrary، love is embodied in social life and human relations in Shahnameh.