فهرست مطالب مهدی اعظمی

Considering that pontoon breakwaters are among the most common floating breakwaters, which have many advantages over other types of fixed breakwaters, therefore, in the present study, the performance of the rectangular section of this structure under the conditions of Caspian Sea waves has been studied. In this study, ANSYS AQWA software was used, and the analyzes were carried out in the form of hydrostatic analysis and time history analysis by applying the 20-year average wave conditions of the region and time history analysis under the conditions of regional limit waves. In order to validate and calibrate the model, McCartney's 1985 laboratory data has been used. The results of the research show that in the conditions of hydrostatic analysis, the highest amount of displacement occurred in the Heave movement and the lowest amount of displacement occurred in the Surge movement, which is very insignificant. The displacement in Heave movement under the wave period of 6 seconds has the highest value (1.6142 m) and the lowest value in the period of 2 seconds. Also, in the same condition, the analysis of the amount of rotation around the Z and Y axes is very small compared to the rotation around the X axis. Even the maximum values of the rotation around the Y and Z axes are less than the minimum rotation around the X axis with a value of 6.7504e-05 (°/m) which occurs in a period of 2 seconds.

Breast cancer is an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in different areas of the chest. Research about the causes of breast cancer is crucial. Finding cancers risk factor can lead to identification of women at risk, prevention strategies, and screening for early detection of disease. In this paper, we tried to survey the risk factors that lead to the creation of this common cancer; moreover, the specific solutions to each of the factors have been taken into account and followed.
Methods and Materials: This review article has been analyzed based on the usage of research papers, Google scholar motor engine information as well as ncii cancer data bases and books related in this field.
Researchers have submitted further evidences about the relationship between some of the chemical used in home environment and breast cancer. Although there are not conclusive evidences to prove the role of certain chemicals for increasing the risk of breast cancer, there are many reasons for increasing concerns in this area that will be discussed in details.
Discussion and Breast imaging, as a way to reduce the risk of this problem has been suggested to those women who are at risk of this disease. Despite, the complications that are derived from them have been criticized. About this disease, the early prevention or detection is more effective than the treatment. Specifically, those women who have a family history of this disease and those whose lifestyle’s are in a way that makes them more at risk of breast cancer, the examinations and tests should be done on a regular basis in order to cure this diseases at the early stages.

Patients with chronic renal failure and hemodialysis, due to leukocyte dysfunction and reduced number, impaired immunological responses such as phagocytosis and chemotaxi and also, complement dysfunction are susceptible to opportunistic infections. In the field of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections in patients on hemodialysis are few studies and with the same goal, this study was conducted. 330 stool samples from hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure were collected. After recording the patient profile in questionnaire, different tets with specific laboratory methods was performed on each sample. The prevalence of intestinal parasites and fungi in hemodialysis patients were 23.9 and 36.1 percent, respectively. Endolymax Nana (6.4 percent) and Geotricum Candidom (10.9 percent) were the most common fungi and parasite in dialysis patients. The highest rate of intestinal parasites and fungi were reported in the age groups of 65-51 years (29.7 percent) and over 65 (60.3 percent), respectively. Between age and prevalence of intestinal parasites and fungi was statistically relationship (P= 0.002 and P = 0.004, respectively). There was no significant relationship between gender and the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (P = 0.184), while the relation of incidence of fungal infections and gender was significant (P = 0.028). There was significant relationship between the prevalence of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections and the duration of dialysis and health status (P < 0.05) but with Location subjects no significant relationship was found (P > 0.05). The most common digestive symptom was constipation and then, abdominal bloating was reported. Considering that the prevalence of intestinal parasitic and fungal infections in patients undergoing hemodialysis is high, general physisians and specialists recommend that before different drugs prescribed, the patient parasitic and fungal infections of the intestines should be evaluated. Furthermore, the microscopic examination of stool culture and component tests of patients with chronic renal failure undergoing kidney transplantation should be considered.

Cryptosporidium is an important enteric parasite which causes diarrheal illness in humans and animals worldwide. With attention to the role of cryptosporidium in producing diarrhea and mortality in immunocopromised patients and children under 5 years of age, the present study was designed to identify the prevalence of cryptosporidium and potential risk factors in Isfahan province. This descriptive study was done in Isfahan province from October 2003 to April 2004. A total of 642 children under 5 years of age, immunocompromised patients and high risk persons selected randomly and their stool samples were studied microscopically using Sheater's Sucrose Flotation technique and stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. The overall prevalence of cryptosporidium was 4.7% (30 samples). The prevalence rates of infection were 4.6%, 3.5% and 5.4% in children under 5 years of age, immunocompromised patients and high risk persons, respectively. The highest prevalence of infection (6.2%) belonged to 1-2 years old children in the group of under 5 years of age, 3-4 years in immunocompromised patients group and 5-10 years in high risk persons group (10%, 6.2% and 14.8% respectively). Cryptosporidium is significantly prevalent in children under 5 years of age, immune­compromised patients and high risk persons in Isfahan province. Therefore, health policy makers have to design a plan to identify and treat infected subjected with cryptosporidium; thus as a result the transmission of the disease can be prevented in the society.

Cryptosporidiosis is prevalent world wide, causing a variety of problems ranging from acute, self-limiting diarrhea to fatal cases in immunocompromised persons, particulary those with acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS). Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium is made by identification of oocysts in stool specimens. The detection is most commonly made by the acid-fast staining method followed by microscopic examination which has low specificity and sensitivity.

In the present study, we evaluated diagnostic utility of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA), which detects Cryptosporidium-Specific antigen (CSA) in 204 unprocessed stool specimens obtained from patients less than 3 years of age.

When compared with the routine screening procedure applied in this field study (screening by acid-fast staining and microscopy after concentration of positive results by IFA), both sensitivity and specificity were 98%. Of the 139 specimens negative by microscopy, 13 (9.3%) were positive by EIA, 11 of which were confirmed by inhibition with antibody to Cryptosporidia-specific antigen.

The EIA is an important tool for identifying Cryptosporidium in fecal specimens in field studies since it is sensitive, specific, simple to use and unaffected by the presence of a preservative.