مهدی فروتن

In order to monitor dust storms in Khuzestan province, statistical data were first obtained from the General Meteorological Department, and the days with dust reports with minimum horizontal visibility of less than 10 km were selected as free days. The results of zoning and the average dust concentration map by calling MODIS satellite data in Google Earth Engine revealed that the density of this phenomenon was in the western, southwestern and central regions of the province. For the synoptic investigation of this phenomenon, the most intense dust storms were selected for 9 synoptic stations and these days were analyzed by drawing synoptic maps; And the movement path and origin of this phenomenon and its density were displayed through the HYSPLIT model. The results indicated that in the majority of dust storms in the south of Iran, thermal low-pressure systems were active, and in Europe, high-pressure systems prevailed, and the slope of the pressure gradient between these two systems led to the direction of westerly currents with high wind speed at high altitudes towards the study area. And the prevailing rotating situation in the region has added to the instability of the air. The western winds have also passed through the deserts of North Africa, the north of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Syria, parallel to the Nave canal in the west of Iran, and have led the hot and dry air of these regions to the atmosphere of the region.

Examining the snow cover and recognizing the patterns of snow formation can inform the environmental planners about the behavior of this phenomenon. In this research, by calling MODIS satellite data in Google Earth Engine environment and using NDSI index, the snow cover condition of Khalkhal city in 2003-2022 was investigated. In order to model snow systems in Khalkhal city, data related to heavy snow report was received from Iran Meteorological Organization. Then, two general patterns for the snow systems of Khalkhal city were determined by the cluster analysis method on the sea level pressure values ​​on the days with snowfall. Then, by selecting a representative day from each model, the situation of sea level pressure, geopotential height, temperature, temperature wind, humidity drift, wind flow and wind speed were analyzed. The results showed that the snow deposits in the central and northern areas of Khalkhal city reach their maximum extent especially in the winter seasons. The results also showed that there are two general patterns for the transfer of cold air mass and snowfall to the study area, each of which has its own mechanisms. The first pattern is influenced by the gradient of pressure and western winds, while the second pattern is influenced by Siberian high pressure systems, air subsidence and northern winds.

Monitoring the changes and fluctuations of precipitation in geographical areas can give a better view of the behavior of this phenomenon in the coming years. The purpose of this research is to investigate the precipitation situation in Ardabil Plain (Ardabil, Bileh-Daragh, and Kolour stations) and forecast it in the coming years based on the output of CMIP6 models by the CMhyd downscaling model. Then, using R2, MAE, MSE, RMSE, and Taylor diagram, the observational data of the base period were compared with the historical data of 5 GCM models from CMIP6, and the best model was selected for each studied station. The output of the top models was corrected for skewness by linear scaling method and based on SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585 scenarios, the precipitation of 2050-2023 for each station, forecast, and its trend were drawn with the Mann-Kendall statistic. The results showed that in the eastern and western areas of Ardabil Plain (leading to the heights of Talesh and Sablan mountains), the rainfall changes were increasing (2.80 mm). In the Ardabil station, the MIROC6 model with a correlation coefficient of 0.94%, and in Bileh-Daragh and Kolour stations, the MPI-ESM1-2-HR model with a correlation coefficient of 0.88% and 0.92%, respectively, have the highest accuracy in simulating the precipitation. Also, the results of the scenarios showed that the precipitation changes in Ardabil station in the future period compared to the base period under the SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585 scenarios will be 0.24, -6.36, and -2%, respectively.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between these pollutions in urban areas and heat islands in Ardabil City. In this regard, the land use map of Ardabil City was drawn in the Google Earth Engine system by calling the data of Sentinel 2 and 1 satellites, and its overall accuracy and correctness were checked with the Kappa coefficient. In the next step, to investigate the aerosols of Ardabil City, Sentinel 5 satellite data was used and its daily trend was obtained by regression method. The skewness of aerosols was calculated for 2018-2023 and the pollution density map of Ardabil City was drawn. Then, by calling the MODIS satellite data, the temperature anomaly map and the thermal island of Ardabil City were drawn during 2018-2023, and the night LST trend in the mentioned period and the profile diagram of the night LST thermal island were obtained. By extracting the data of urban aerosol density maps with the thermal islands in ArcGis software, the correlation between temperature and the thermal island of Ardabil City was investigated. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between these two phenomena, such that the amount of daily aerosols in Ardabil City has taken an upward slope since the middle of 2021, and its negative skewness has shown an increase in pollution with high density and occurrence in inner city areas. The pollution density map also showed that the amount of aerosol has increased significantly in the inner city areas and intercity roads of Ardabil City. As a result, the temperature anomaly in urban and residential areas has increased significantly and led to the formation of a thermal island with an average temperature of 8.22 degrees Celsius, which reached its maximum in July.

Flood as a natural disaster with the highest relative frequency of occurrence has always threatened human life. The purpose of this study was discovering the relationship between atmospheric circulation patterns and floods in the Balikhlochai watershed of Ardabil in order to prevent its dangers with an environmental approach to circulation. For this purpose, discharge data for three stations of Almas, Nir, and Gilandeh from the period 2009-2017 were obtained from the regional water department of Ardabil province. Using the ward hierarchical clustering method, two floods occurred on March 7, 2010 and December 8, 2010 were selected and analyzed. The data related to the upper levels of the atmosphere were obtained from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP-NCAR) website and combined maps of sea level pressure with geopotential height of 500 hectopascals, wind vector with precipitable water, omega with tawai and half-molar specific humidity in Gardes software were drawn. The results of the synoptic analysis showed that the dominance of the Mediterranean thermal low pressure system and the Chinese thermal high pressure system were important factors in the atmospheric disturbance, and besides that, the location of the studied area in front of the landing axis of the Eastern Mediterranean fleet resulted in rotating air movements. And the vertical air velocity of the studied area showed an unstable atmosphere. The specific humidity has also increased since the day before the flood in the lower layers of the atmosphere, and the flow of moisture from the Mediterranean Sea through the western subtropical winds on the atmosphere of the studied area has played an important role in causing torrential rains.

In order to carry out this research, the daily and three-hourly data of precipitation parameters and wind speed and direction were used for a period of 13 years (2009-2021) for 11 Ardabil synoptic stations. Percentile 95% free days were obtained for each station. For statistical analysis and consensus, the condition of choosing a representative day for each station was the simultaneous occurrence of rain and wind as a criterion, and for the sake of brevity, an event was analyzed at Meshkinshahr station. Using TRMM satellite NETCDF data, precipitation density was displayed in GIS software, and wind direction was shown using Golbad software, and synoptic maps were drawn using NCEP data. The statistical results for Meshkinshahr station showed the maximum wind frequency with 56% in the winter season. And the month of March occurred, which often entered the city from the south, but most of the rain was in spring with (41%) and May was the rainiest month. The results of synoptic analysis showed that the prevailing system over the studied area was low pressure over the Aral Lake and the rotating conditions of the air ascent followed. In the east of the Mediterranean Sea and the north of the Black Sea, high-pressure systems have formed, and with their outward movement, they have led the western currents towards the region. Also, the studied area is located in front of the descent axis in the west of Iran, and the positive rotation of the air has led to the strengthening of the divergence in the vorticosphere. The speed of the horizontal movement of the air has reached the speed of the wind and by containing the moisture of the Mediterranean Sea, it has injected 1.2 grams per kilogram of moisture into the atmosphere of the region.

To check the consensus, the average temperature data was obtained from the Meteorological Department of Ardabil Province and the days with temperature below -10°C during the statistical period (1355-1400) were selected as cold days, then the trend of the time series of the frequency of freezing days with the least square error method in the model Linear regression was determined and its results showed a decreasing trend from 2010 onwards. Finally, for the simultaneous analysis of atmospheric factors, 25 January 2016 was selected as a representative through the ward hierarchical clustering method. Next, the data of the upper levels of the atmosphere were received from the website (NCEP/NCAR) and synoptic maps were drawn in Gardes. The results of the analysis of these maps showed that the Siberian thermal high pressure system played an effective role in transferring cold air from northern latitudes to the studied area. In addition to this phenomenon, the location of the study area in front of the European Ridge has resulted in negative air circulation conditions, which resulted in the strengthening of downward currents and a decrease in air temperature. Hyfran-plus statistical model was used to estimate the return periods of cold waves, and the result showed that the stationarity test (Wald-Wolfowitz) and the normal statistical distribution were more accurate in determining the return periods of cold waves. And the results of the Chi-Squared test also showed that it is possible to ensure the extraction of the results at a significant level of 5%. Finally, in order to predict changes in the temperature parameter, using the CanESM2 general circulation model, under three scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, the future perspective of the period (2020-2050) was examined. Its results showed that the model had the necessary ability to simulate the average temperature.

The type and intensity of soil erosion in a region depends on climatic conditions, lowland and elevation of the land, soil and land use, among which the importance of land use is greater than other factors due to the effective role of humans on it. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the amount of soil erosion in the Balikhlochai watershed using the RUSLE experimental model in Ardabil province. In order to carry out this research, first, the satellite image of the studied area from the year 1400 and the month of June was obtained from the US Geological Survey Center, and after atmospheric and radiometric corrections, a land use map was prepared using the supervised classification method using support vector machine. Then the RUSLE model was used to estimate the erosion rate. SPSS 21, Excel, ArcGIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to analyze and produce maps in this research. RUSLE model parameter layer including rain erosion layer, soil layer, topography layer, vegetation layer and soil protection factor as well as various statistics related to rain gauge stations, hydrometry, topographic maps 1:50000, geology 1:100000 as well as DEM (20 meters area) and GIS geographic information system and remote sensing have been used. The results of this study showed that the average amount of annual soil erosion for the whole basin ranges from -6.65 to 14.75 tons per hectare per year. Also, the investigation of regression relationships between the factors of RUSLE model and the amount of annual soil erosion showed that the topography factor (LS) with the highest coefficient of determination R^2=0.95 is the most important in the estimation of annual soil erosion using the RUSLE model.

Frost is one of the natural events whose early and late occurrence can affect different aspects of human life. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of predicting the atmospheric factors of this phenomenon with an environmental approach. For this purpose, the environmental data related to the daily minimum temperature of 2001-2017 for 9 synoptic stations located in Ardabil, Urmia and Tabriz provinces were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the whole country and the days with temperature below 0 degrees Celsius that cover 40% of the studied area in were selected and using the ward hierarchical clustering method that was applied on the average sea level pressure maps related to ice days, the classification of the free days was done. In order to determine the representative of each class using scripting in the MATLAB environment, Lund's correlation was calculated between the maps of different days of each class of 2 to 5 groups with a coefficient of 0.5; And the days that had a correlation coefficient of 0.5 and the most similarity with the majority of days of that class were introduced as the representative of the group. After determining the representative day, atmospheric data was prepared from the Nova site and maps of sea level pressure, geopotential height, wind vector, temperature of 500 hPa and atmospheric thickness were drawn in Gurdes software. The results of the 4 patterns for ice days showed that the most effective systems on the northwest of Iran were high pressure systems in Siberia, low pressure systems near the Arctic and high pressure systems in Northern Europe, and the studied areas were located in the front of Faraz and the negative circulation of air brought stable conditions. In most of these patterns, the western winds that have moved in the polar ice channel have brought cold air from the northern latitudes into the atmosphere of the study areas and caused low air temperatures.

Climatic zoning and knowledge of effective climatic factors and elements can be very effective in determining climatic potentials. The purpose of this research is to pay attention to this principle in order to know the environmental capabilities and limitations and to deal with natural disasters. In this regard, the climatic zoning of Ardabil province was discussed using modern methods. First, for 11 synoptic stations of this province, 22 important meteorological parameters for the 12-year statistical period (2009-2021) were received from the General Meteorological Department. In the next step, the annual average of these variables was obtained for each station, and since their measurement scale was different, they were standardized in the Spss software environment. Then, in the same software, factor analysis was performed on these data and the output results were 5 main factors, which are: the first thermal factor with 31.89% variance, the second pressure-steam factor with 21.08% variance, the third moisture factor with 18.61 variance, the fourth precipitation factor with 14.05 percent variance and the fifth wind-radiation factor with 7.48 percent variance, which in total explained 93.12 percent of the climatic behavior of the region. In the next step, according to the output of the 5 factors, three similar climatic regions were distinguished from each other using Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis method. Also, to show the scope of activity of each of these factors, climate zoning was done in Gis software environment and using Idw interpolation method. According to the final map obtained, most of these factors were concentrated in the cities of Parsabad, Beilesawar, Nemin, Serain and Givi. According to Dumarten's climate classification, it was also recognized that the climate of Ardabil province is part of the semi-arid climate.

Coordination between the temporal changes of two distant points, which is mainly used for pressure changes, is called remote connection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the variability of temperature and precipitation parameters of Ardabil, Meshginshahr, Sarab and Harris stations from two remote connection models of North Atlantic Oscillation Index and Pacific Decades Index using Pearson torque correlation method and synoptic analysis. For this purpose, data related to the two mentioned indicators were prepared from the Nova site for the period 2009-2018. Also, for this statistical period, data related to temperature and precipitation parameters were obtained from Ardabil Meteorological Department. Then, after standardization of temperature and precipitation, using Pearson correlation method for NAO index, it was found that the temperature of all stations in June, October and February precipitation of Ardabil station had the highest significant direct correlation with 99 and 95% confidence level with this index. The AMO index also showed a direct relationship with the January temperature of Harris station with only 5% probability of error. In order to investigate the effect of these patterns on the studied parameters of NETCDF data, monthly mean sea level pressure, geopotential level of 500 hPa, temperature and rainfall water were obtained from Nova site and synoptic maps were drawn in Gardes software environment. The results showed that when NAO index is in negative phase and AMO index is in hot phase, the dominant system in the studied areas is low thermal pressure and rotational conditions prevail and temperature and rainfall increase and wetting occurs, unlike when NAO index is in phase. The AMO index is positive in the cold phase, with the dominance of high-pressure systems and rotation conditions in the study areas, the temperature and rainfall have decreased and the drought conditions have been determined.

Heavy rains every year in all parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, cause great damage to the environment and humans. For this purpose, precipitation data of 4 stations of Astara, Bandar Anzali, Rasht (airport) and Manjil from 2021-1993 were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Gilan Province. Days with heavy rainfall were selected using 95% percentile and were examined for 11/6/2018 due to the brevity of the analysis. Heavy rainfall trend was also evaluated using non-parametric methods of Mann-Kendall, Sense Stimulator and simple linear regression methods. The results of these tests showed that Astara station had a positive, ascending and significant trend, but in other selected stations, despite being ascending, The trend has not been significant. To analyze the representative's day, NETCDF data were obtained from Nova site and maps of sea level pressure, geopotential height of 500 hPa, rainwater, tavaei, wind river, humidity and Huff Müller special humidity were plotted in Gardes software. The maps show that the dynamic clockwise movement in Eastern Europe leads to the flow of westerly and northerly winds towards the study areas, and on the other hand, by placing study stations in front of the landing axis of the bipolar block, which causes rotational and upward movements of the air. And the positive values of Tavaei have proved it, and finally it has led to atmospheric turbulence. The movement of westerly winds has brought the moisture of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the atmosphere of the studied areas, especially with increasing wind speed on the day of peak rainfall has increased the amount of special humidity in the lower levels of atmosphere and rainwater.

The importance of precipitation in human societies and all living organisms in general, has caused this climatic phenomenon to be a fundamental issue in climate studies. In terms of geographical location of Iran due to its location in arid and semi-arid regions, the annual rainfall conditions are small, short-term and with severe fluctuations that cause floods and drought at high and low levels, respectively (Asgari et al., 2007 and Quoted from Soltani et al., 2011). Gilan province can be mentioned as one of the important areas in this country where rainfall is a prominent feature. Cloudy and rainy weather is one of the climatic features of this province. Statistical evidence shows that this province is due to the existence of high Alborz mountains in the south; During the passage of migratory rotational systems and the establishment of synchronous patterns and northern rotation, the influx of heavy and super heavy precipitation is not unreasonable; Therefore, suitable conditions are provided for the occurrence of heavier rainfall in Gilan. Ultra-heavy rainfall is one of the various geographical elements that has dangerous life and financial effects that can affect nature and humans (Azizi et al., 2011 and quoted by Zolfaghari et al., 2014). A large amount of rainfall in a short period of time leads to heavy rainfall and gradually to super-heavy rainfall. This phenomenon causes a lot of damage in most places at the time of the event, especially in low-rainfall areas (Arabi, 2000, quoting Khorshid Doust et al., 2016). There is no complete definition of heavy and super heavy rainfall that can be used equally for all different areas, because in each area, depending on the physical, local and synoptic conditions, a certain amount of rainfall can cause a flood. In the popular definition, rainfall that occurs in the region more than 30 mm per hour is called heavy rainfall. It is one of the oldest studies on heavy rainfall conducted by (AII this 1948). He concluded that at the 500 hPa level, landings within the positive rotation forward range caused more intense rainfall. (Maddox, 1978) In a synoptic comparison between the heavy floods of Rapids City and Big Thompson, it was concluded that the main cause of this type of flood is winds that blow at low levels and cause high humidity to reach these two areas. Roughness also causes climbing and eventually heavy rainfall. (Aboutaleb et al, 2007) examined the changes of the annual series of relative humidity in Jordan. Their work showed that there is a significant increasing trend in the annual series of relative humidity. (Bourdieu et al, 2007) investigated the amount of Farin wet and dry periods for the island of Sicily. (Carbolut et al, 2008) In the Samsun region of Turkey, during their studies on the trend of precipitation and temperature, they concluded that there is no significant positive and negative trend between temperature and precipitation (Sen Roy, 2009) in India to study patterns Farin rainfall has shown that the high altitudes of the northwestern Himalayas cause heavy rainfall. (Lupi et al, 2010) A study was conducted over a period of 55 years (1951-2006) of seasonal rainfall in southern Poland, eastern and central Germany. According to their findings, the trend of increasing rainfall is observed in all seasons of the year, but in Poland this trend is reversed. These characteristics are more established in winter.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the statistics and synoptic of super heavy rainfall in Guilan province, during which data related to daily rainfall (24 hours) of Astara, Bandar Anzali, Rasht (airport), Manjil stations of Guilan Meteorological Department in a period of 29 years ( 1371-1399) was extracted. In the present study, the ultra-heavy precipitations of each station have been filtered in 95% percentile according to the topographic conditions and its geographical location. Among the main methods of this research, the non-parametric method of Mann-Kendall and Sens-Eastmotor statistical tests and the simple linear regression method were examined and analyzed to prove its significance or not. Finally, 11/6/2018 was selected as the peak day of precipitation and the modeling of synoptic systems was studied. For this purpose, upper atmosphere data from the National Environmental Prediction Center (NCEP-NCAR) were used to draw and analyze the day of heavy rainfall and the day before. These maps include sea level pressure, 500 hPa geopotential level, rainwater at ground level to the upper atmosphere, Tavaei level at 500 hPa, 250 hP wind and humidity at 500 hPa, especially in Hoffmol. Gardes software was drawn.

Heavy rain resulting from atmospheric patterns, depending on the extent of activity and the time period of its occurrence, has adverse events and consequences such as floods. The present study was conducted in order to synoptic analysis of 171.5 mm heavy rainfall (March 19, 2017) leading to flood in Minoodasht city. The view of this study is a circular to environmental and first, the amount of rainfall at Minoodasht station was determined and by receiving upper atmosphere data from the website of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP / NCAR) and analyzing them, the causes of heavy rainfall was revealed. In order to study the synoptic conditions, using the Gardes software, sea level pressure maps were drawn, and in the upper atmosphere, geopotential height, wind vector, vorticity, omega, thickness, eddy and humidity (500 hPa level) were studied. The results of map analysis showed that during heavy rains, high pressure systems were formed in Mongolia and southern China and were caused a pressure gradient & strong front with prevailing low pressure system in Minoodasht. In the upper atmosphere, the presence of cut-off low-pressure blocking has been placed as a barrier to the west winds and has caused the flow of west winds to the study area. In addition, the high thickness of the atmosphere in the study area and the dominance of the amount of negative eddy, led to air instability and the presence of positive virtuosity cores and negative omega, indicates an unstable atmosphere on the days in the study area. Also, the inflow of moisture from moisture sources such as the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea has provided special conditions for severe rainfall.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination of the myelin sheath of axons. MS leads to defects or limitations in the transmission of neural impulses. Prevalent comorbid conditions in MS patients include mood and emotional disturbances, with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, as the most frequent illnesses. Pain is commonly experienced in these patients. According to studies, pain significantly affects their mental health and quality of life. The present study aimed to compare the effects of Compassion–Focused Therapy (CFT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) on distress tolerance and pain management in patients with MS.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of the study included all women with MS, who referred to the Mashhad Welfare Organization Disability Recognition Commission in the first three months of 2017 to receive the Welfare Organizationchr('39')s services. Participating in the study was voluntary. The study sample included 45 women with MS. Fifteen participants were randomly assigned to the control and 30 in the experimental (15 in the DBT and 15 in the CFT groups) groups. The study inclusion criteria were as follows: having at least a high–school diploma degree, being aged from 20 to 50 years, the lack of mental and personality disorders (approved by a clinical interview), not joining other therapeutic programs, no receipt of individual counseling or pharmacotherapy, and voluntarily attending treatment sessions. The study exclusion criteria were having psychological and personality disorders (approved by a clinical interview), consuming psychedelic drugs, co–participating in other therapeutic programs, receiving individual counseling or pharmacotherapy, abstaining from two intervention sessions, and the lack of cooperation in the medical sessions. The experimental groups participated in 12 group therapy sessions. DBT was developed for 12 sessions of 75 minutes (once a week), i.e., conducted on the study subjects per the manual of DBT of Linehan. CFT included 12 sessions of 75 minutes (once a week) based on Gilbertchr('39')s guide. The study participants completed the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons, Gaher, 2005), and the Pain Medication Questionnaire (Rosenstile, Keefe, 1983) before and after the interventions. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics; Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) in SPPSS.

The ANCOVA results confirmed the effect of CFT and DBT on distress tolerance and pain management (p<0.001) in the studied subjects. The collected data suggested a significant difference between the effects of CFT and DBT on the dependent variables of distress tolerance and pain management (p<0.001). The DBT method was more effective than CFT on distress tolerance and some subscales of pain management, including attention restoration, pain catastrophizing, and increased activity. CFT was more effective than DBT on some of the pain management subscales, including pain reinterpretation, self–talk, pain ignorance, as well as prayer and hope (p<0.001).

DBT has a clearer structure than the CFT and simultaneously applies behavioral and accreditation techniques. DBT also includes dialectical principles and techniques (e.g., self–observation), i.e., associated with change maintenance. A feature of MS patients is the lack of well–functioning when being distracted from their emotions. Through the DBT process, by combining mindfulness exercises with behavioral exercises, MS patients experience to observe their depressed mood and physiological, behavioral, and emotional consequences without judgment. Besides, in addition to attempting to accept the existence of this state and its tolerance, they learn the mechanism of the passage of this state. Furthermore, by practicing these exercises, they shift to an automatic style of mind. Conducting these exercises will ultimately lead to a distraction from undesirable emotions, such as depressed and anxious moods.

Searching for the criteria of Islamic settlement in current situation of Iran is seen as an important issue in Iranian urban planning. One of them that is rarely taken into account by designers and housing planners is the Islamic house as a productive unit. The mission of this research is to find suitable kinds of production from Islamic point of view for conducting at home via searching Islamic basics and instructions. Then by referring to modernism as a key factor that has shaped the social context of contemporary Islamic world, situation of domestic production in it is reviewed and its undesired effects on home culture and design of Islamic world is considered. So the essential question of this study is the status of production and productive activities in traditional Islamic houses, the nature of modernistic view of the subject and contemporary condition of Iran and Islamic world. Here after general study of the matter in both traditional and modern era, an inquiry is conducted among house-wives of the city of Qom. The samples were selected intentionally upon their religious life-style to study that how Islamic view of home-based production is pursued in contemporary religious society. A composed questionnaire of closed and open questions was prepared and distributed among 35 families who partially known by research group. Some analyzes were about productive activities advised by Islamic holy texts such as weaving and keeping productive animals at home or those that could be seen in direct line with them such as home-based foods. One important analyze was due to meaningful differences between productive life-style of dwellers of apartment houses and those who lived in row houses with front-yards. This showed a considerable difference among them as front-yard houses showed much more potential for productive activities. Another main difference was seen between age-groups of 20-40 years old and 40-60 ones that the recent one were more active in home-based production. Some main analyzes were concentrated on kitchen space as modern center of production at home. The main phenomenon is that there is huge concentration of works in space in modern houses. The transformation from traditional wood hearth kitchens to modern open kitchen, although is viewed by some as a progressive process towards elimination of placing women as second gender, but could be interpreted more reasonably as a restrictive change in woman territorial claim on home area; this means that her mere functional presence at home was only limited to have lunch cooked and other jobs of her at home were conducted in lively spaces of home even with neighbor women; and this cannot be seen as servant-type works but as lively jobs of everyday; there, her freedom to choose jobs places around the house made her territorial claim on home very stronger. It is also true about working times of the kitchen while it was active one time a day for pre-modern wife, now it should be active almost all day long. Changing temporal division into spatial one that restricts women’s claim to kitchen, is main cultural result of modern housing in this respect, but even in this circumstances, the above mentioned religious force has yet strong effects. Sacredness of productive space of kitchen was asked through some different questions. A sign of sacredness in perception of kitchen for Iranian housewives has been old custom to separate food disposals from other debris especially in terms of using independent swage system (even specified swage well) for dishwashing which might consist of some remainders of food (specially bread and rice). It was asked in the questionnaire to make comparative statements about certain topics and this separation of swages was one of them. Only in two cases, it was seen unimportant. If we add to this the fact that 13 of 15 emphasized on necessity of not turning back to Holy Direction of Mecca (Qiblah- although it is not regarded in new house designs), it can be concluded that even now kitchen has some strong aspects of sacredness in imagination of these Muslim housewives. In summary, findings of the research show that domestic production is of great value in Islamic thought and this role has been manifested in the form of specialized home spaces (from temporal and spatial configurations made by productive activities) and modernity has confronted with this subject via two contradictive approaches (optimization of domestic work or omitting any productive work from home space). Since the second approach was the one preferred by modernists, results of modern culture for Islamic society brought about non-productive domesticity. But this does not mean that now there is no home-based production in contemporary Islamic societies. It is an important reality as well as an idealistic goal that should be considered in architectural design of future which could be realized by identifying of all required or desired home-based productive activities, appropriation of house designs for incorporation of them and making architects, designers and housing planners aware of their role and responsibility in materializing this idea to fulfill this need of dwellers.

The introduction of Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling (RP&RT) Technologies in past two decades has caused great changes in manufacturing and production procedures. Investment casting as a process for production of complex metal parts from various alloys is one of the areas that application of RP and RT should be concerned. Gas turbine blade as an investment cast part with geometrical and dimensional complexity and close manufacturing tolerances has been investigated in this research,. As a result 3D-CAD model that has been evolved from reverse engineering of a blade, was used in Stereolithography for manufacturing of the master models. Then, Epoxy and RTV rapid mould tooling used for wax production mould making. At last the results of application of these methods and application of metal die for wax model production has been assessed and compared based on parameters such as time, cost, surface roughness, and dimensional accuracy.