فهرست مطالب محمدرضا نیکویی دستجردی

In this project, the possibilities of changing the method of surface irrigation (flooding) to subsurface irrigation system (with porous PVC tubes) were studied on mature pistachio trees. This research was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three treatments and three replications. Treatments included: control (S) by flood  irrigation with 48 days irrigation frequency and the volume of 6720 cubic meters per hectare, P1 treatment, subsurface irrigation with PVC pipes with the amount of water used for irrigation control(S) and 12 days irrigation frequency and, P2 treatment, subsurface irrigation with PVC pipes with a water content of 75% of the water used to control and 24 days irrigation frequency. The results showed that among the growth characteristics, leaf area, total number of buds, percentage of fallen bud and vegetative bud were significantly affected by changes in irrigation methods. But changing irrigation methods on the most of quantitative and qualitative factors, significant effect at 5% level, as, increased the dry product from 0.8 to 1.6 Kg per tree, reduced blanking from 1.7 to 4.25 percent, increased splitting from 3.5 to 6 percent and reduced the number of nuts per ounce of pistachios from 1.3 to 2 units. While the WUP in irrigation methods of P1 and P2, increased 41.4% and 61.6%, respectively. There were no significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in subsurface irrigation treatments in most traits. The results of soil salinity in the root zone of trees in autumn (before leaching) also showed an increase in soil salinity in the soil surface and above the subsurface pipes. But, soil salinity after leaching and precipitation in the winter was appropriately (Less than 9 dS/m). Economic evaluation of this project showed that high economic justification. So, with an annual investment of about 60 million rials (as an initial investments) in Hectare to change the system, depending on the choice of irrigation method P1 or P2, respectively, earning between 7.6 to 15.2 times the initial investments, growers will receive. Therefore, considering the limitations of the pistachio producing regions in Iran, In terms of quantity and quality of available water resources, P2 method, due to a 25 percent reduction in water consumption and increasing 61.6% and 14.3% in WUP, respectively, compared to methods S and P1, is advisable.

In pistachio growing areas due to high soil pH, nutrient uptake from soil is difficult. One of the ways to solve this problem is to spray the elements that it is applied after leaf analysis and deficiency detection of each element. In this study, the effects of foliar application of different concentrations of Fe from two sources of sulfate and chelate at two different time intervals on plant Fe concentration, yield and fruit quality were investigated. Current research was carried out on four one-hectare pistachio orchards with Owhadi (Fandoghi) cultivar including two in Rafsanjan, one in Kerman and one in Anar region from Kerman province. The study was carried out as a split plot statistical design with time interval of spraying at two levels (15 and 30 days) and sub factor of different concentrations (0, 1 and 2 Kg per 1000 L of iron sulfate; 0, 1.5 and 3 per 1000 L of Fe-EDTA) of two Fe resources (FeSO4 24%, Fe-EDTA 6%) with three replications including five trees in each replicate. The first spraying was conducted on fully expanded leaves near the end of April and the early stages of fruit growth. Fresh and dry weight of pistachio, blank nut percentage, nut-splitting percentage, 100 grains weight (oz. Of pistachio), early splitting percentage, length and diameter of current year branch, number of vegetative and floral buds, floral buds abscission and leaf Fe concentration were measured and  calculated. The results showed that spraying of iron fertilizers on pistachio trees deficient in this element had positive effects on pistachio quantity and quality. In total, three times Fe spraying from Fe-EDTA 6%, chelated source (made in Iran) with concentration of 1.5 Kg per 1000 L H2O at 15 or 30 days interval had the greatest effect on improving the quantity and quality of pistachio. According to the results of this experiment, spraying of above-mentioned treatment in Fe deficient pistachio orchards increased 72 kg / ha dry pistachio yield. In addition, blank nut, nut early splitting and floral buds abscission decreased 8, 1.3 and 7%, respectively. The percentage of nut splitting increased 5% and ounce of pistachio was reduced one unit.

Nutrients have a great effect on quantity and quality of pistachio. Considering that Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) uses the nutritional balancing concept or relationship among nutrients, usage for the over growth stage and equal effect in different varieties and climates, it is postulated that this method might be more precise than other methods in the detection of nutritional deficiencies or/and excesses in pistachio trees. More than 3000 leave samples from different orchards in pistachio growing area of Kerman province were selected to determining of DRIS norms. Ten nutrients were determined in the samples which were collected from non-fruit branches in July, including of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), iron(Fe), zinc(Zn), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu) and boron(B)  according to the conventional methods. DRIS norms were determined by selected nutritional rates based on greatest variance ratio of high-yielding and low-yielding population with 2000Kg/ha as discriminating border for low and high-yielding population. DRIS indexes were presented based on determined DRIS norms. These indexes can be defining priority of nutrients deficiency in pistachio leaf. Priority of ten nutrients was determined for each pistachio orchard with low yield and as totally nutrients requirement arrangement was as Mn>Zn>K>Fe>N>Cu>P>Ca>B>Mg in pistachio growing area of Kerman province. More pistachio orchards in this study had manganese, zinc, potassium, iron and nitrogen deficiency. High NBI in low-yielding population indicate unbalancing nutrients in study areas.