a. maleki

Throughout the preceding century, the proliferation of pandemics, including Sars, Ebola, and notably Corona, has precipitated numerous crises within the global context. In addressing such urban challenges, the exploration of urban resilience and the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions against epidemics may present a viable pathway. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to examine the influence of urban physical structure indicators on urban epidemiological resilience.

The current study was of a practical nature and was carried out in Tabriz from early April to late June 2019, utilizing data pertinent to the Corona virus. Relevant indicators were derived from an exhaustive systematic literature review. Subsequently, the identified indicators were assessed using available statistics from 41 urban districts of Tabriz, and the resultant data were analyzed through the structural equation modeling approach to ascertain the interrelationships among the variables.

The determinants pertaining to food accessibility and the inadequacies in quarantine protocols, in conjunction with access to healthcare services, demographic and residential density, as well as social and environmental pollution, exhibited coefficients of 0.537, 0.488, 0.273, 0.232, and 0.146 respectively, thereby demonstrating a substantial influence on urban epidemiological resilience.

A considerable proportion of the variations observed in the epidemic is elucidated through the analysis of the parameters related to demographic and residential density, food accessibility and quarantine inadequacies, healthcare service availability, and both environmental and social pollution.

The main objective of this paper is to develop a seven-link dynamic model of the operator’s body while working with a motorized backpack sprayer. This model includes the coordinates of the sprayer relative to the body, the rotational inertia of the sprayer, the muscle moments acting on the joints, and a kinematic coupling that keeps the body balanced between the two legs. The constraint functions were determined and the non-linear differential equations of motion were derived using Lagrangian equations. The results show that undesirable fluctuations in the ankle force are noticeable at the beginning and end of a swing phase. Therefore, injuries to the ankle joint are more likely due to vibrations. The effects of engine speed and sprayer mass on the hip and ankle joint forces were then investigated. It is found that the engine speed and sprayer mass have significant effects on the hip and ankle forces and can be used as effective control parameters. The results of the analysis also show that increasing the engine speed increases the frequency of the hip joint force. However, no significant effects on the frequency of the ankle joint force are observed. The results of this study may provide researchers with insight into estimating the allowable working hours with the motorized backpack sprayers, prosthesis design, and load calculations of hip implants in the future.

Solar energy is one of the most important sources of renewable energy, and it is used to address problems related to energy needs, including increasing fossil fuels, rising energy transportation costs, higher energy demand worldwide, and greenhouse gas emissions. Solar collectors harness the sun's thermal energy to convert it into useful and usable energy. Solar collectors are divided into several types, including parabolic trough collectors (PTCs), linear Fresnel reflectors (LFRs), solar plates, and central towers. Among these, the most common heat generation systems are linear adsorption technologies. In this study, we examine the use of LFR technology for greenhouse heating during the winter in Shahrekord.

Previous studies (Huang et al., 2014) were used for optical analysis. The Daneshyar model was utilized to calculate the amount of solar energy available at a particular location. Mathematical formulas were employed to calculate the instantaneous energy equilibrium, and a heat transfer resistance model was developed to calculate the heat loss of different parts of the collector. To create a model, the total amount of exergy must first be calculated, which can be done by using the Petlla formula given by Bellos et al. (2019).

The following results were obtained from this study:The proposed mathematical model for calculating solar energy was accurate in terms of daily and instantaneous performance. This model was valid for both clear and cloudy days, making it applicable in a variety of weather conditions.The maximum useful heat production of the current system for February was about 2.5 kW, resulting in an increased liquid temperature of 16 degrees Celsius in the heat tank.The maximum thermal efficiency of the Fresnel collector during the day was 64%, while the average daily efficiency was 56.4%.The most significant parameters that affected the production of useful energy were the position of the sun during the day and the number of cloudy days.The system was capable of heating stored water to 98 degrees per day, available for up to 14 hours.The system under consideration can be used to produce heat up to 1260 watts for 15 hours without heating the tank. The generated heat can be utilized in the food industry for steam production and industrial desalination of water.The decrease in exergy efficiency was due to the reduction in the thermal efficiency of the system and the increase in the thermal difference between the collector and ambient temperatures. Higher values can be achieved by reducing the heat losses, which is a reason to reduce the exergy efficiency of the system.

This paper investigated the daily performance of a linear Fresnel collector with an 18 square meter mirror field, a parabolic collector, and an insulated storage tank with a volume of 250 liters. The investigation included experimental analysis and theoretical formulation of thermal phenomena under the weather conditions of Shahrekord. The mathematical model developed for this system is based on the energy balance in the collector and storage tank. The results show that this is an efficient greenhouse heating system, with an average thermal efficiency of 56%, which is reasonable and competitive with other similar technologies. Additionally, the cost of construction and maintenance of this system is much lower than that of competitors.

Thought in Frege’s point of view is accompanied by innovations as well as ambiguities that have been examined from various points of view. But Frege's view of conventional definitions of truth and rejecting them is the main topic of this article. In his explanation of propositions containing thought and judgment, Frege doesn’t accept the conventional definitions of truth for their sequence, and in order to solve the problem of achieving the truth and value of propositions, he proposes "Thought" and tries to replace it. In order to clarify this claim, we first examine language and thought from his point of view, and then by entering into the subject of thought and discovering its characteristics, we will try to understand Frege's claim to replace it with the definitions of truth. Finally, with the plan of seven critiques, the author believes that this replacement is not possible and fruitful.

Paying attention to air flow in urban spaces is one of the most important criteria for designing space and improving thermal comfort and air quality in cities, which depending on their climatic conditions can increase the desirability and presence of people in urban spaces. This research aimed to investigate the effect of foure factors related to the morphology of urban blocks (enclosure, block volume, building density, and sky visibility factor) on changes in wind speed and air flow in urban corridors.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. To achieve the goal of the research, a hypothetical area was considered, and a three-dimensional simulation of an arrangement model of urban blocks in different heights (1-15 floors) was conducted by Envi-met software. The wind entering the area was considered at two different angles: zero and 45 degrees. To determine the intensity of correlation between independent and dependent variables, the regression method was used.

Analysis of the simulations showed that with the increase in block heights, the average wind speed and the formation of wind tunnels in the corridors increase at an angle of 0 and 45 degrees.

The average wind speed in building blocks parallel to the wind direction, is 20-30% higher than when the buildings are placed at an angle to the wind. Also, the wind speed is directly related to the enclosure, the block volume and the building density and inversely related with the sky view factor.

This paper uses a meta-analysis to comparatively evaluate the factors related to fertility attitudes, desires, and intentions in Iranian studies. The analysis is based on 26 studies, 16 of which are about fertility desires and intentions, and 10 are about childbearing attitudes. The results suggest that several factors have negative effect on fertility desires and intentions such as: education; marriage age; number of children; social-economic participation; individualism; attitude to employment; foreign media and the internet. Age; rural living; income; religiosity; social protection; number of siblings; and life quality have positive effect on fertility desires and intentions. Among these factors, individualism (-0/296) and number of children (-0/224) have the most effect. The results also suggest that income and age difference between spouses have positive effect on childbearing attitude, whereas, cultural investment, education, social-economic status, age, and virtual networks have negative effect on childbearing attitudes, in which income (0/272) and age (0/258) have the most effect. Therefore, there are a lot of social factors which play important roles in determining childbearing in Iran and therefore, social planners need to pay attention to them.

In this study, the distribution coefficient of Nickel on the Anarak nuclear repository was studied considering the effects of contaminant concentration, soil particle size, and soil/solution ratio. For this purpose, two experiments were designed. The soil sample was collected from inside the trench of the Anarak Nuclear Repository by the channel method and its characteristics was determined using ASTM method. The batch method was employed while different concentration and volume of contaminant solution was added to the soil and was stirred for 24 h at room temperature. The nickel distribution coefficient in the concentration range of 0.05-1 mg/L was determined as 13.63-997.89 mL/g with the mean value of 256.24 mL/g. Adsorption behavior of Nickel in Anarak soil is better followed by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The results indicated the contrary conversion of Kd with soil particle size and soil/solution ratio. Moreover, the results confirmed the high dependency of Kd on the contaminant concentration.

In this study, the separations of praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd) from model NdFeB Magnet-leaching solution were evaluated by two different mixtures, namely Aliquat 336/toluene (system I) and Cyanex 272/kerosene (system II). The operational parameters such as Aliquat 336 concentration (0.30-0.85 mol/L), Cyanex 272 concentration (0.23-0.57 mol/L), pH (2.0-5.0), organic to aqueous phase (O/A) ratio (1-3), and ammonium nitrate (AN) concentration (2.2-5.6 mol/L) were investigated. The impact of the studied parameters on the separation factor were modeled, compared, and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD). The parameters had relatively consistent impact on the extraction efficiency and selectivity of the system I but inconsistent impact for the system II. According to the optimization results of the operational selectivity, the system I was more fitted in which the extraction efficiencies of Pr and Nd were obtained 74.8% and 61.2%, respectively, and the separation factor was 2.10. The obtained values for Aliquat 336 concentration, O/A ratio, pH, and AN concentration were 0.85 mol/L, 1, 5.0, 3.9 mol/L, respectively. Finally, the stripping of metal ions from the loaded organic phase was effectively conducted with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution within a contact time of 5 minutes.

The present study aims to investigate the possibility of using wind energy in some regions of Zanjan province. The current research concentrates on computing the wind energy potential and wind power density. Furthermore, some features related to wind for two locations in Zanjan province have been obtained. Feasibility study of wind energy utilization and computing of wind power density and wind power potential has been widely (Extensively-comprehensively) conducted for Zanjan province. First, two locations in Zanjan province have been considered to analyze the data at a reasonable level of province and to avoid over-focusing on one area. Thereafter, the statistics about wind speed were achieved from the Renewable Energy Organization of Iran in ten-minute intervals and included wind speeds at the heights of 30,10, and 40 m and wind directions at heights of 30 and 37.5 m. Finally, various wind features have been investigated for given locations in Zanjan province. The results demonstrate that the annual wind speed for Soltanieh and Tarom in the height of 40 m were 4.81 m/s and 3.93 m / s, respectively. The highest value U_me and U_mp is calculated, It was observed at a height of 40 m at Soltanie, It is 11.35 m / s and 1.27 m / s, respectively. Also, the performance of several wind turbines in the mentioned areas has been investigated. Finally, a suitable wind turbine has been identified.

In this paper, three methods of nonparametric fuzzy regression with crisp input and asymmetric trapezoidal fuzzy output, are compared. It analyzes the three nonparametric techniques in statistics, namely local linear smoothing (L-L-S), K- nearest neighbor Smoothing (K-NN) and kernel smoothing (K-S) with trapezoidal fuzzy data to obtain the best smoothing parameters. In addition, it makes an analysis on three real-world datasets and calculates the goodness of fit to illustrate the application of the proposed method.In this paper, we propose to analyze the three nonparametric regression techniques in statistical regression, namely local linear smoothing (L-L-S), the K- nearest neighbor smoothing (K-NN) and the kernel smoothing techniques (K-S) with trapezoidal fuzzy data.This article is organized as follows: In section 2, we have some preliminaries about fuzzy nonparametric regression and trapezoidal fuzzy data. In section 3, smoothing methods for trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are proposed and in section 4, two numerical examples are solved.

Calculation of distribution coefficients is one of the essential provisions in the safety assessment of radioactive waste repository and safe management of radioactive waste. Due to the importance and characteristics of thorium radionuclide in radioactive waste inventory, the distribution coefficient of thorium in the alluvium soil of Anarak Radioactive Waste Repository was determined by the Batch method two parameters of thorium concentration and soil granulation were studied. Also, the Flow-Through method studied the adsorption behavior of thorium has investigated the effect of thorium concentration and soil height. The average value of thorium distribution coefficient in Anarak soil was calculated 110960 L/kg using the Batch method. The study of adsorption behavior by the Flow-Through method demonstrated high uptake of thorium in the soil due to the strong bond created between the ion and the adsorbent. The results showed that the distribution coefficient increases with the decrease of soil particle size. Regarding the effect of concentration on the thorium distribution coefficient, first, an increasing trend and a decreasing trend were observed in the test range. The results obtained in this study were compared with the results of other studies on thorium radionuclide, which showed a good agreement with other studies.

A pot experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of genotype (15 sea beet genotypes and two cultivated beets of one susceptible and one tolerant to stress), and salinity (four NaCl concentrations including 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mM) on the 35-days-old beet seedlings for 55 days. The following parameters and traits were recorded: activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, malone dialdehyde, di-tyrosine, di-hydroxy guanosine, proline, and total soluble sugars. The results showed a highly significant effect of salinity treatments on the traits studied. Moreover, with increasing stress intensity, the effects of salinity on these traits increased. At least five genotypes of sea beet were clearly superior than the cultivated beet for producing a lower constitutive level of MDA, DT and 8-OH-dG destruction biomarkers, but higher activities of SOD, CAT and GPX enzymes, and proline, total soluble sugars, and glycine betaine contents were recorded under salt stress conditions. These results strongly suggest that the wild salt-tolerant sea beet possess distinct advantages over the sugar beet counterparts for protection mechanism against oxidative damage by maintaining a higher inherited and induced activity of enzymatic/ non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Therefore, it can be concluded that under salt stress, sea beet has a significant potential for the physiological/biochemical variation in salinity tolerance, which can be exploited for improving salinity tolerance in sugar beet cultivars.

To investigate the effects of rice husk biochar application on the various physiological and biochemical characteristics (fresh and aerial parts dry weight, plant height, percentage and essential oil yield,and  content of chlorophylls, carotenoids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under different irrigation regimes, a factorial pot experiment with different levels of biochar (0, 3, and 6 t.ha-1) and irrigation (100% of full irrigation (control), 60, 80, and 120% of full irrigation) was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Lorestan University in 2019. The results showed that the highest and lowest of aerial parts fresh weight were obtained in the 3 t.ha-1 biochar + 120% of full irrigation (24.2 g.pot-1) and 3 t.ha-1 biochar + 60% of full irrigation (13.3 g.pot-1) treatments, respectively. At the 60% of full irrigation level, the dry weight, height, essential oil yield, and N and P concentration of the plant aerial parts significantly decreased by 39.8, 33.3, 26.2, 17.2, and 8.7%, respectively compared to the control; while the essential oil percentage and K concentration of aerial parts had an increasing trend. The amount of a, b, and total chlorophyll, and carotenoids decreased under the water stress conditions. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the 6 t.ha-1 biochar + 100% of full irrigation treatment. The application of 6 t.ha-1 biochar increased the fresh and aerial parts dry weight, plant height, percentage and essential oil yield, photosynthetic pigments, and N, P, and K concentration of aerial parts compared to the no biochar application, significantly. The results showed that the 6 t.ha-1 biochar + 120% of full irrigation treatment increased most of the traits studied. However, due to the importance of peppermint in terms of essential oil production, the highest essential oil percentage was obtained at the highest level of water stress.

In this paper, strengthening of RC beams with self-consolodating concrete (SCC) jacket containing glass fiber (GF) and fiber-silica fume composite gel (FSCG) were investigated. FSCG can use as a substitute for a part of the cement that contains silica fume powder, polypropylene fibers, superplasticizer, concrete waterproof, and some other admixtures. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed jacket, twelve beams were strengthened and a control beam was made. The variables included the amount of glass fibers consumed in the jacket (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25% by volume) and the amount of FSCG gel (0 and 7.5%), respectively. Fresh and hardened concrete properties and flexural capacity of RC beams were investigated. The use of FSCG in RC jackets can compensate well for the deficiency in strength due to the GF entry into the concrete matrix. High affinity of these materials improve the cohesion between cement and GFs. RC jackets containing GF and FSCG increased the beams' energy absorption capacity by about 89 to 463%, depending on the percentages of GFs. RC jacket containing GF and FSCG delays the growth of the primary crack and it can significantly increase the maximum load. Also, GFRP sheets have poorer performance compared to the proposed method due to separation from the surface of the strengthened beams, and their load-bearing capacity and energy absorption are lower.

To investigate the effects of different levels of drought stress, and foliar application of zinc nanofertilizer and salicylic acid on the yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), a split-plot factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the village of Sultanabad, Razan city in Hamadan province in two years, 2018 and 2019. The main factor included the irrigation regime at three levels of irrigation after 50 (no stress), 75 (moderate stress), and 100 (severe stress) mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan and the sub-factors consisted of foliar application of zinc nanofertilizer at two levels (without fertilizer and zinc nanofertilizer spray) and salicylic acid at four levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 mM). The drought stress decreased the number of umbels per plant, number of umbellules per umbel, number of seeds per umbellule, 1000-seed weight, and grain yield and increased the percentage of essential oil. The highest number of umbellules per umbel was obtained in the severe drought stress treatment with the application of zinc nanofertilizer and salicylic acid with a concentration of 4 mM. The application of zinc nanofertilizer under no stress, moderate, and severe drought conditions increased the grain yield by 14, 5.3, and 4.5%, and the essential oil content by 6, 2.9, and 9.9%, respectively. The concentration of 6 mM salicylic acid had the highest essential oil percentage (2.8%).

The external post-tension technique is one of the best strengthening methods for reinforcement and improvement of the various steel structures and substructure components such as beams. In the present work, the load carrying capacity of the post-tensioned tapered steel beams with external shape memory alloy (SMA) tendons are studied. 3D nonlinear finite element method with ABAQUS software is used to determine the effects of the increase in the flexural strength, and the improvement of the load carrying capacity. The effect of the different parameters, such as geometrical characteristics and the post-tension force applied to the tendons are also studied in this research. The results reveal that the external post-tension with SMA tendons in comparison with the steel tendons causes a significant improvement of the loading capacity. According to this, using SMA tendon for the reinforcement of the tapered beams causes a decrease in weight of these structures and as a consequence causes economic benefits for their application. This method can be used extensively for steel beams due to low executive costs and simplicity of the operation for post-tension.

The presence of fibers in concrete specimens has an effective role on how the specimens were failed. In this study, the effects of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the workability, mechanical and, durability properties of SCCs containing glass fibers were investigated. Glass fibers contents of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % by volume of concrete and aluminium oxide nanoparticles contents of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 % by weight of cement were used. The properties of fresh concrete were evaluated according to EFNARC consideartions. The mechanical properties were evaluated by compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. The durability of the specimens was also measured using water absorption tests, water penetration depth and, electrical resistivity. Combined use of 2% aluminium oxide nanoparticles and 1% glass fiber has increased the compressive and tensile strengths of SCCs by 59% and 119.2%, respectively. Aluminium nanoparticles have a very high specific surface area and their reactivity causes them to react rapidly with calcium hydroxide to produce silicate-hydrate gels. Therefore, calcium hydroxide crystals are reduced and the cavities in the cement gel are filled and the compressive strength is increased. The use of aluminium oxide nanoparticles along with glass fibers reduces the water absorption rate compared to the sample without these materials. This is one of the effective properties of aluminium oxide nanoparticles, which increases the resistance to adverse environmental factors by reducing water absorption.

Kinetic of the photo-oxidation of phenol in aqueous alkaline and neutral buffer solutions was studied and compared by irradiation of visible light in the presence of tetra-cationic porphyrins and their zinc metal ion photo-sensitizers. The porphyrins 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3- methylpyridinium)porphyrin (TMPyP(3)); 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methylpyridinium)porphyrin (TMPyP(4)); 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-N,N,Ntrimethylanilinium)porphyrin (TAPP) and their zinc ion complexes were used in this study. In the dark conditions, none of the porphyrin compounds showed any effect on the reducing of phenol. The results showed that the rate of the photo-oxidation of phenol in alkaline medium has been increased in the presence of these photo-sensitizers. Among them, the rate of photo-oxidation by TAPP was more than the other ones. In neutral medium, the rate of the photo-oxidation of all of the compounds have been shown approximately similar behavior. It was found that the dominant pathway of phenol degradation occurred in the reaction with molecular singlet oxygen (1O2). Kinetic parameters of the phenol reaction with 1O2 were estimated. According to the equation (lnA/A0 = kobs t) and by plotting lnA/A0 against time, the rate of the reaction was obtained first order.

Students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder suffer from a variety of cognitive and behavioral problems. Research shows that language plays a role as an intermediary in cognitive and behavioral control in this disorder. The present research aimed at comparing the verbal performance in different kinds of categories of this disorder and also comparing it with normal students. The sample of this research consists of 240 people. 180 individuals (90 girls and 90 boys) were selected from among the students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who had referred to the education department-affiliated clinic in the city of Shahriar in academic year 2017-2018 and the subjects of the control group were randomly selected from among the normal students (30 girls and 30 boys) and the data were collected using Wechsler's neuropsychological scale. The results showed that students with attention/ hyperactivity disorder generally have a lower verbal comprehension than normal students; moreover, it was found that from among the three categories of this disorder, the hyperactive-impulsive group showed the significantly lowest performance. Accordingly, it can be concluded that verbal comprehension plays an important role in the regulation of students' cognitive and behavior and should be emphasized in therapeutic interventio.

Chronic diseases are one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in this age. Adopting a healthy lifestyle is one of the best ways to cope whit these types of diseases. The aim of this research was to study The structural – capital determinants of healthy lifestyle among patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) before the disease. The research method is a  survey and regarding time, it is cross-sectional. The sample size was 412 patients (including 239 men and 173 women). The results of "Structural Equation Modeling" showed that the collected data, the structural model with exogenous variables "socioeconomic status", "life condition" and "health relevant capital" confirmed to an acceptable extent.  The total effect of these three variables on a healthy lifestyle was equal to 0.46. In other words, 0.46 of healthy lifestyle changes the among patients can be explained by these three variables and 0.54 of unexplained variance is related to the variables out of the equation.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of social support and sport consumption in explaining women’s sport participation. The study was conducted using survey and the data were collected through questionnaires. The population consisted of women of 19 years and above. The sample, consisted of 500 women, was selected using multi-stage random cluster sampling. To analyze the data, the researchers used regression and Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS software. The results of the study showed that women participated in professional sports (15%), regular sports (18.8%), health-oriented sports (17%), recreational sports (15.2%), and irregular exercises (8%). Additionally, 26% of women follow no sport activities. The mean sport participation of women was 125 minutes per week with a range of 10 to 600 minutes. The results showed that social support and sport consumption can explain respectively 53 and 46 percent of the variance in sport participation. Together these two variables explained 62 percent of this variance.

It is impossible to explain the treatment patterns from the medical sciences point of view alone. The selection of treatment method could be mostly influenced by the cultural and social variables. Due to the high importance of fertility in some countries, particularly in our traditional culture, the infertile people try to use different treatment methods to treat their infertility ranging from traditional methods to modern ones. This study was done in Mazandaran province by the use of a mixed method. Applying a theoretical sampling, we selected our sample and employed in-depth face-to-face interviews with 28 infertile women and afterward we transcribed them. Then, the categories such as pilgrimage, treatment prayer, the person whose prayer is granted, and prayer writer were extracted from the interviews. After that, we did a survey and interviewed with 95 customers of the infertility centers of Mazandaran province using a random sampling method. The findings of the survey revealed that treatment prayer (21%) and pilgrimage (16%) had highest frequencies while seeing the local practitioner and believing in magician (2%) had the lowest frequency. In the end, based on the factors such as education, age, infertility time, place of residence, and family's income, the possibility of choosing each treatment method was examined.

The objectives of this study were to determine the energy use efficiency and economical potential of sugar beet production in Miandoab city, West Azerbaijan province in 2011-12. Fields were classified into three groups as group I (less than 1 ha), group II (1-2 ha), and group III (more than 2 ha). Inputs and outputs data were collected from growers using questionnaire and interview methods. Results showed that the total energy input for the groups I, II and III was 40700, 46868, and 48646 MJ ha-1, respectively and the total energy output was 565488, 857657, and 1081920 MJ ha-1, respectively. Energy use efficiency for the groups I, II and III was 13.89, 18.30 and 22.24%, respectively. The total cost of sugar beet production for the groups I, II and III was 40570, 42315 and 47996 thousands Rials ha-1, respectively. The benefit-to-cost ratio for the groups I, II and III was 1.02, 1.42 and 1.56, respectively. Results of this study showed that larger farms had better energy use efficiency and economic performance.

Tractor operators get exposed in a wide range of vibrations, so that they lead to discomfort and long term or permanent disorders. One solution for this problem is decreasing transmitted vibration to the driver by selecting a suitable seat cushion. Therefore, an ergonomic seat cushion was designed for Iranian operators especially and compared with the available seat. Both of seat cushions were analyzed in the frequency range of 3 to 66 Hz in four excited vibrations of 5.0, 1, 5.1 and 2 m/s2 for three groups of drivers with masses of 55, 70 and 85 kg by using finite element method. The results of this study showed that the ergonomic seatpan cushion can provide more comfort and convenience for the driver in excited vibrations range and this seat cushion can be a suitable alternative to the available seat-pan cushion. However, the investigation of the output vibration magnitude on the seat backrest regions showed that the available seat backrest provides more comfort and convenience for the driver in comparison with the ergonomic seat cushion. Therefore, the combination of the ergonomic seat-pan cushion and the available seat backrest can improve the efficiency of the available seat cushion of the tractor to reduce transmitted vibrations to the driver.

In this paper، we investigate the superconducting proximity effect for a superconductor with three types of singlet، OSP and ESP triplet pairings in contact with a clean ferromagnetic region. Using the quasiclassical Green’s function approach، we calculate the superconducting pair amplitude function in terms of the characteristic parameters of the system and compare penetration of these superconducting correlations inside the ferromagnetic region. We show that the ESP triplet correlations have a long range thermal penetration compared with the singlet and OSP triplet correlations inside the ferromagnetic region.