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Education is always one of the ways to increase peoplechr('39')s skills in life. Quality of life is also one of the most important issues in the life of people, especially the elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of healthy lifestyle education on the quality of life of elderly people in Rafsanjan.

This research is a quasi-experimental study on elderly people. Using the multi-stage random sampling method, 84 elderly people were selected and randomly divided into intervention and control groups by random allocation method. In the intervention group, a 4-session training course was conducted to increase the quality of life, and no special action was taken in the control group. Using demographic information questionnaire and standard 36-item questionnaire, the quality of life of individuals in the two stages before and after the intervention was assessed. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, chi-square, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

The mean age of the patients in the intervention group was 64.26±3.05 and in the control group 63.64±2.82 which was not statistically significant (p=0.338). There was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups before the intervention in terms of the studied variables (p>0.05), but there was a significant difference in overall quality of life (p=0.037) after intervention so that the training intervention improved the elderly’s quality of life.

According to the results of this study, teaching a healthy lifestyle to older people can improve their quality of life. Therefore, it should be a priority in the plans of the authorities.

Performance measurement with undesirable outputs is an important subject in production processes. There are papers in which works can be divided into two groups. First group develops production models which undesirable outputs are considered as inputs and in second one undesirable outputs are modeled as outputs. We provide a comparison between these two groups and we axiomatically show that production technology with weak disposability assumption is complete and correct technology.

The current study investigates performance in two-stage production systems through the measurement of capacity utilization (CU). In short-run, the degree of capacity utilization depends on the ability of decision making units to utilize fixed production factors. To develop this indicator in two-stage production processes, a modified SBM network DEA model is proposed. A numerical example is also presented to point out the applicability and effectiveness of current model.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the goals and activities appropriate for learning internship course for undergraduate students of law.

This study adopted a mixed approach. In the qualitative section, interviews were conducted with 28 people that were selected using a purposive random sampling method. The statistical population of the quantitative section of this study was a small number students in and graduates of law, 114 of them were selected by stratified random sampling method. The data were collected through semi- structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. Content validity was used to determine the validity of the interview and the questionnaire, and to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analysis the data.

The results of the research showed that in the field of goals, the priority should be given to linking academic theoretical issues with the field of work related to the field of law and the promotion of specialized skills. In the field of learning activity, the practice of specific activities, such as the writing of lawsuits and the legal regulation of contracts, and the acquisition of the practice of theoretical knowledge in the field of law, received the highest priority. The results of this research can be used as a framework in the universities internship planning process.

 Military pilots and personnel require a high level of cognitive function and mental-motor skills due to their intense occupational responsibilities to achieve safe flight. Regular monitoring of physical health factors as well as mental health parameters and corrective-therapeutic activities to improve physical and mental health in the field of air medicine are undeniable requirements.  This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational and counseling programs, improving the work environment and exercise programs on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as triglyceride and cholesterol in the military pilots and personnel.  This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the effects of exercise, educational-counseling programs (dietary and stress control) and improving the work environment on total cholesterol, triglyceride and body mass index (BMI) of the military flight pilots and personnel (n =290) selected by simple random sampling method. BMI, triglyceride and cholesterol level in the participants was exanimated by the air medicine physician in April, 2014 (before the intervention) and at the end of the study in May, 2015 (after the intervention). The results of characteristics evaluation were analyzed using Chi-square test in SPSS 20 (P<0.05).  A total of 290 military flight pilots and personnel were monitored. The results of the pre and post-intervention evaluations indicated that 20.6% and 11.3% of the all participants showed a high prevalence of triglycerides, respectively (P<0.000)) ; 21.9% and 15.6% of the all participants had high levels of total blood cholesterol (P<0.05) before intervention and after intervention, respectively. The results of the pre and post-intervention evaluations indicated that 67.7% and 46% of the all participants had a high levels of BMI (P<0.000). Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference in the frequency of subjects with high levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and BMI before and after intervention.
Discussion and  Educational counseling programs (dietary and stress control), psychological counseling, improvement of work environment and exercise programs can reduce the frequency of military flight pilots and personnel with high BMI, cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Trade-off reviews the rate of marginal substitution of inputs and outputs onto the efficient frontier. On the other hand, marginal rates of substitution (MRS) are important quantities for analysts and managers. In this paper, by changing the method of Asmild (2004), an algorithm is found that it can be used to calculate the marginal rate of the free disposal hull (FDH) model.

Blood flow is modeled as non-Newtonian micropolar fluid. The non-linear governing equations of continuum and momentum in the cylindrical coordinate are being discretized using a finite difference approach and have been solved iteratively ,through Crank-Nicolson method. The blood velocity distribution, volumetric flow rate and Resistance to blood flow at the stenosis throat are computed for various values of angle of tapering, amplitudes of body acceleration and Hartman number.

The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of 2Shape, Twisted File (TF) and EndoSequence Xpress (ESX) nickel-titanium rotary files at intracanal temperature (35°C). Twenty 2Shape TS1 (25/.04), 20 TF (25/.04) and 20 ESX (25/.04) files were tested for cyclic fatigue at intracanal temperature (35°C). All the instruments were rotated in artificial canals which were made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, 60° angle of curvature and a radius curvature of 5 mm until fracture occurred; the time to fracture was recorded in seconds using a digital chronometer and the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) for each file was calculated. Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction was performed to statistically analyze data using SPSS 21.0. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. NCF values revealed that the 2Shape had significantly the highest cyclic fatigue resistance, followed by TF and ESX at intracanal temperature (P<0.05). The difference was significant between the TF and ESX groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among the 2Shape, TF and ESX files with respect to the lengths of the fractured file fragments (P>.05). Within the limitations of present study, it was concluded that the cyclic fatigue resistance of 2Shape files at the intracanal temperature is higher than that of TF and ESX files.

Lipid oxidation is the main factor for degradation of fats and fat containing foods. The progression of fat oxidation can be investigated by oxidative stability tests as well as physical and chemical methods.
In this study, the possible correlation between peroxide and diene conjugated values and between anisidine and triene conjugated values in raw and roasted hazelnut samples were investigated. To test
the so called correlation the samples were stored in accelerated shelf-life conditions at 55, 65 and 75°C. The results showed that the peroxide, anisidine, conjugated diene and triene values in raw
hazelnut oil were 0.29 meq O2/kg, 0.22, 0.817 and 0.081, and for roasted hazelnut oil were 0.967 meq O2/kg, 0.456, 1.347 and 0.22, respectively. First order linear equations with high regression
coefficient (93- 99%) could describe the correlation between the peroxide and conjugated diene values and between the anisidine and conjugated triene values. The highest regression coefficient
(98%) was observed for raw and roasted hazelnuts oil was determined at 75 °C As per the lack of significant difference (P>./05) between the components of equations obtained for both raw and
roasted samples at different temperatures (at 55, 65 and 75 °C), a general equation was used to express the correlation between the defined indices. Finally, a high correlation was found between the
actual values and the predicted values related to deterioration indicators.

The treatment and hospitalization of psychiatric patients has been a dilemma for many years. Many countries have different specific legislations regarding the hospitalization and treatment of mental patients. In the current study, 4100 voluntary/involuntary psychiatric admissions and readmissions to a university hospital in Turkey were investigated, and patient groups were compared in terms of demographic variables and psychiatric diagnoses based on DSM IV-TR. The records of patients who had been hospitalized approximately 4–6 weeks were reviewed by two psychiatrists, and the patients were then divided into groups on the basis of single/multiple admissions and voluntary/involuntary admissions. The groups were compared based on psychiatric diagnoses. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis in 71.5% (n = 865) of patients with multiple admissions. The second most common diagnosis was bipolar affective disorder with 13.1% (n = 159). The rate of schizophrenia in both voluntary and involuntary hospitalizations was significant (34.5% and 54.6%, respectively). However, depression, the second most common diagnosis requiring hospitalization with a rate of 23.2% of voluntary hospitalizations, accounted for only 3.7% of involuntary hospitalizations. Males constituted almost 75% of the single admission group. This difference may result from the socioeconomic and cultural profile of Turkey, as mental disorders make marriage impossible and are hidden in females suffering from them. Different findings from different cultures on single/multiple admissions and voluntary/involuntary admissions of patients lead to the conclusion that specific legislation covering treatment or hospitalization for mental disorders is needed in every country

Enrofloxacin is a useful antimicrobial drug for treatment of infectious diseases in the horse. The present study carried out due to the limitation of the approved route of administration of the drug (intravenous) and lack of data on its potential effects on hematological parameters in this animal species. Nine healthy mixed–bred (6 female and 3 male) horses, aged between 1-15 years, were randomly divided into three experimental groups (each 3 animals): Control group (with no drug dosing), enrofloxacin moderate-dose and enrofloxacin high-dose groups (using the bovine 5% enrofloxacin solution at 5 or 15 mg/kg body weight, respectively, every 12 hours, for three weeks). In addition to physical examination of all horses, blood samples were collected at five- time points during the study period including before (day 0), during (days 7, 14 and 21) and 4 weeks after completion of drug administration (day 49). Routine hematological tests were done on samples and data of three groups and trend of alterations of hematologic and biochemical parameters were analyzed. There were no significant changes in hematological parameters including hematocrit (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) counts, white blood cell (WBC) and differential counts, platelets, as well as total plasma protein and fibrinogen levels among three groups during 5 sampling time points. The results suggest there were no significant hematological changes due to enrofloxacin at given dosing rates but more studies are needed in this regard.

It has been shown that short-wavelength blue component of the visible light spectrum can alter the circadian rhythm and suppress the level of melatonin hormone. The short-wavelength light emitted by smartphones’ screens can affect the sleep quality of the people who use these devices at night through suppression of melatonin.
In this study, we examined the effects of covering the screens of smartphones with different filters (changing the effective wavelength of the light) on sleep delay time in 43 healthy students.
Volunteer students were asked to go to bed at 23:00 and to use their mobile phones in bed for watching a natural life documentary movie for 60 minutes. No filter was used for one night while amber and blue filters were used for other 2 nights. Photospectrometry method was used to determine the output spectrum of the light passing through the filters used for covering the screens of the mobile phones. The order for utilizing amber or blue filters or using no filter was selected randomly. After 1 hour, the participants were asked to record their sleep delay time measured by a modified form of sleep time record sheet.
The mean sleep delay time for the “no-filter” night was 20.84±9.15 minutes, while the sleep delay times for the nights with amber and blue filters were 15.26±1.04 and 26.33±1.59 minutes, respectively.
The findings obtained in this study support this hypothesis that blue light possibly suppresses the secretion of melatonin more than the longer wavelengths of the visible light spectrum. Using amber filter in this study significantly improved the sleep quality. Altogether, these findings lead us to this conclusion that blocking the short-wavelength component of the light emitted by smartphones’ screens improves human sleep.

Since the early days of human life on the Earth, our skin has been exposed to different levels of light. Recently, due to inevitable consequences of modern life, humans are not exposed to adequate levels of natural light during the day but they are overexposed to relatively high levels of artificial light at night. Skin is a major target of oxidative stress and the link between aging and oxidative stress is well documented. Especially, extrinsic skin aging can be caused by oxidative stress. The widespread use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and the rapidly increasing use of smartphones, tablets, laptops and desktop computers have led to a significant rise in the exposure of human eyes to short-wavelength visible light. Recent studies show that exposure of human skin cells to light emitted from electronic devices, even for exposures as short as 1 hour, may cause reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, and necrosis. The biological effects of exposure to short-wavelength visible light in blue region in humans and other living organisms were among our research priorities at the Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC). Today, there is a growing concern over the safety of the light sources such as LEDs with peak emissions in the blue light range (400-490 nm). Recent studies aimed at investigating the effect of exposure to light emitted from electronic device on human skin cells, shows that even short exposures can increase the generation of reactive oxygen species. However, the biological effects of either long-term or repeated exposures are not fully known, yet. Furthermore, there are reports indicating that frequent exposure to visible light spectrum of the selfie flashes may cause skin damage and accelerated skin ageing. In this paper we have addressed the different aspects of potential effects of exposure to the light emitted from smartphones’ digital screens as well as smartphones’ photoflashes on premature aging of the human skin. Specifically, the effects of blue light on eyes and skin are discussed. Based on current knowledge, it can be suggested that changing the spectral output of LED-based smartphones’ flashes can be introduced as an effective method to reduce the adverse health effects associated with exposure to blue light.

MRI workers are occupationally exposed to static and time-varying gradient magnetic fields. While the 24-hour time-averaged exposure to static magnetic fields is about a few mT, the maximum static field strength can be as high as 500 mT during patient setup. Over the past several years, our laboratory has performed extensive experiments on the health effects of exposure of animal models and humans to different sources of electromagnetic fields such as cellular phones, mobile base stations, mobile phone jammers, laptop computers, radars, dentistry cavitrons and MRI. This study is to investigate the adverse health effects in MRI workers and also to assess the effect of exposure of MRI workers to static magnetic fields on their cognitive functions. In the first phase of this study a questionnaire was designed to collect information from 120 MRI personnel. The collection of data about the adverse health effects was based on self-reporting by the participants. In the second phase, 47 volunteer university students were asked to continuously move around a 1.5 T MRI scanner. Visual reaction time and working memory tests were performed on all participants before and after the experiment. Forward digit span and backward digit span were used for assessing the working memory. Furthermore, participants were asked to report the symptoms they had experienced during the movement. The first phase of our study showed increased frequencies of adverse health effects in MRI workers. In this study the rates of self-reported symptoms such as a headache, sleep problems, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, concentration problems, attention problems, nervousness and backpain were possibly affected by static magnetic field. Furthermore we found that reaction time and working memory could be influenced by the movements of the body around a MRI scanner. It can be concluded that movement through a high magnetic field can also lead to some adverse cognitive effects in MRI staff.

Accuracy in water flow measurement is always considered as one of the most important issues in water resources management. Bed and wall sediment of alluvial rivers transfer in watershed and after entry into channels, the sediment deposit behind flow measurement structure and therefore, influence their performance. Weirs are widely used to measure discharges. In excellent installations, they provide accurate measurements of discharge over a wide range of flows with a constant discharge coefficient. However, many weirs around the world are filled with sediment and require manual rating curve adjustments or dredging. Including flow measurement structures is V-notch crested weir that is more accurate because of higher sensitivity in the flow depth measurement. The relationships that have already been presented according to experimental results for discharge coefficient has been extracted and developed in without-sediment conditions.
In the present study, effect of sedimentation level and weir angle on discharge coefficient in v-notch weir was investigated, experimentally. Parameters included: flow discharge, weir angle, weir height, channel slope, and degree of sedimentation were varied. All tests have been performed by taking six weir angles (75, 90, 105, 120, 130 and 140 degree) and three weir heights which were appropriate with every angle. Four sedimentation levels consisted of no-sediment bed and the sediment levels set to one-third, two-thirds and equal to the height of the weirs. Also, four bed slops were considered as: 0, 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4%. The experiments were performed in the University of Tarbiat Modares water structures laboratory. The flume used with dimensions of 10 m in length, 0.3 m in wide, 0.4 m in height, and adjustable slope was varied from -1.5 to 2.5 percent. Framed walls were constructed with glass. The flume was equipped with a measurement traverse. Discharge rang was from 0.3 to 16.3 L s-1. In all tests weirs installed in middle of flume long (5 m after flume entrance). Sedimentation was simulated by placing coarse gravel with 2 cm diameter in an area within 1 m of the weir and at an elevation equal to the invert of the weir. In all tests, the material did not move during the experiment. For the given geometrical condition (weir angle, weir height, bed slope and degree of sedimentation), the flume was first filled with water up to the elevation exactly equal to the invert of the weir. Afterward the flow was decreased to each target value using Electro Magnetic flow meter with ±5 percent accuracy, then water level measured with point gauge that its accuracy was 0.1 mm. Approximately in each experience 12 data collected of water levels and flow discharge. Measuring of water surface elevation was repeated for statistical inference of the effect of turbulent unsteadiness on discharge measurements.
Test results indicated that increase in the weir angle, increased the discharge coefficient for all weir heights and slopes, but increase in the weir height, caused to decrease the discharge coefficient. Comparing result between the sedimentation degree and discharge coefficient indicated that increase in the sediment level, leaded to increase the discharge coefficient. Also, a direct relationship between the discharge coefficient and bed slope was observed so that the maximum discrepancy of the discharge coefficient in without and full sediment condition was related to 140 degrees weir angle and in 2.4 percent flow bed slope, which was equal to 14.8 percent. Also, the results showed that an increase in the ratio of upstream water depth to the weir height (H/P), leaded to an increase in the discharge coefficient for all experiments. These results were favorably acceptable comparing with other studies.
Ultimately, according to the experimental data, and by using SPSS software, also formation of non-linear regression, the non-dimension equation has been suggested in order to estimate discharge coefficient in v-notch weir. The equation resulted in a high correlation coefficient (R2=0.956) for discharge coefficient estimated angle, weir height, flow bed slope and sediment level. By comparing between calculated values of the discharge coefficient of suggested equation and laboratory measurement values for calibration data and validation data considering ±5 percent of the levels error observed that suggested equation has high accuracy for calculating the flow discharge. In the following, the present study suggests investigating the effect of sedimentation level on discharge coefficient in other weirs for further researches.

Detection of the residual meat or other components of pork in halal food products particularly in Muslim countries is of prime importance. In this study, real-time polymerase chain reaction based on SyberGreen dye was used for detection of pork DNA in meats and highly processed products such as pork gelatin and gelatin-containing products. SyberGreen based real-time polymerase chain reaction was designed for an assay that can detect pork DNA in meats and highly processed pork derivatives including gelatin and gelatin containing products. The proposed method uses the newly specific primers designed by AlleleID7 software that amplify a 114 bp fragment of porcine mitochondrial D-loop region. After optimization of mixture composition and thermal program for achieving maximum fluorescence and minimum threshold cycle, standard curve of serially diluted DNA extracted from pork meat showed power for detection of 0.001 diluted DNA compared with starting DNA material with the efficiency of 92%. Specificity of this method was evaluated by testing the extracted DNA from sheep, cow, chicken and fish which had no amplification for negative control samples. To analyze the method for detecting highly processed pork derivatives, several pork gelatin powders and sheets were selected and the real-time polymerase chain reaction based on SyberGreen dye proved to successfully detect the traces of the pork residues in the samples tested.

Lycopene is a useful carotenoid pigment for human health but is very sensitive to environmental conditions. A useful method to control lycopene degradation is microencapsulation by biopolymers. This technology can control release progress of active materials and protect them in different conditions by covering and releasing them in proper place and time. In this investigation, whey protein concentrate (WPC) and maltodextrin were used to encapsulate lycopene. In order to do that, an emulsion of oily lycopene 5% with whey protein concentrate and maltodextrin was prepared. Percentage of solid materials and lycopene were 37.04% and 18.66% respectively and homogenizer speed was set on 18000 rpm. Then emulsion was dried in a spray dryer with inlet air temperature of 150 °C and air pressure of 2 bar at entrance of nuzzle funnel. In order to find the best conditions of releasing of capsules in water, response surface methodology and central composite design were used. Independent variables were pH (3, 7, and 11), water temperature (24, 62 and 100 °C) and percentage of sodium chloride (0.5, 1 and 1.5%). Results showed that alkaline pH resulted to higher rate of rehydration and release of core materials; also the highest rate of release was achieved at water temperature of 62 °C and salt concentration of 0.5%, but higher and lower temperatures and higher levels of salt resulted to a significant decrease of rehydration and rate of core release.

Rainfall Runoff modeling especially in ungauged watersheds is almost dependent on hydro-geomorphologic data. In this regard, the effects of data and DEM resolution on deriving watershed’s geomorphologic data such as subbasins area, channels and subbasins’ slope should be well realized in modeling. In this research, HEC-HMS as the rainfall runoff model and two subbasins with different areas, geomorphologic properties and climate were selected for studying. By reducing the cell size of the DEM derived from a topo map, simulated peaks increased. For DEM cell sizes less than 100 m, the differences in simulated peak were limited to 2 to 5%. Using SRTM DEMs against the topo DEM at the scale of 1:25000, representing the effects of data resolution in rainfall runoff modeling, led to obtaining higher flood peaks at the two watersheds. Such an outcome was obtained for time to peak, hydrograph base time, and the slope of hydrograph rising limb. Change of SRTM DEM resolution affected the model output more than the case of using topo DEM. Decreasing DEMs resolution by decreasing information content of the topo DEM reduced differences in the model output when using two different sources of DEM. Furthermore, it is concluded that the extent of scale effect in modeling could not be inferred by watershed size. It was illustrated that HEC-HMS application in a watershed of more diversity was more sensitive to data resolution. Using cell size of 100 m and less could guaranty the result of the HEC-HMS application regardless of DEM origin and size of watersheds. Rainfall Runoff modeling especially in ungauged watersheds is almost dependent on hydro-geomorphologic data. In this regard, the effects of data and DEM resolution on deriving watershed’s geomorphologic data such as subbasins area, channels and subbasins’ slope should be well realized in modeling. In this research, HEC-HMS as the rainfall runoff model and two subbasins with different areas, geomorphologic properties and climate were selected for studying. By reducing the cell size of the DEM derived from a topo map, simulated peaks increased. For DEM cell sizes less than 100 m, the differences in simulated peak were limited to 2 to 5%. Using SRTM DEMs against the topo DEM at the scale of 1:25000, representing the effects of data resolution in rainfall runoff modeling, led to obtaining higher flood peaks at the two watersheds. Such an outcome was obtained for time to peak, hydrograph base time, and the slope of hydrograph rising limb. Change of SRTM DEM resolution affected the model output more than the case of using topo DEM. Decreasing DEMs resolution by decreasing information content of the topo DEM reduced differences in the model output when using two different sources of DEM. Furthermore, it is concluded that the extent of scale effect in modeling could not be inferred by watershed size. It was illustrated that HEC-HMS application in a watershed of more diversity was more sensitive to data resolution. Using cell size of 100 m and less could guaranty the result of the HEC-HMS application regardless of DEM origin and size of watersheds.

This study attempted to describe a case of subcutaneous, subconjunctival and orbital emphysema secondary to compressed air injury.
Case Report: A 5-year-old boy was accidentally injured by compressed air to his right eye. Periorbital and subconjunctival emphysema and proptosis were developed. A computed tomography scan showed periorbital subcutaneous and intraorbital emphysema around the right eye as well as intracranial and cervical emphysema. He was examined under sedation and subconjunctival air was aspirated. He was prophylactically treated with topical and systemic antibiotics to prevent infection. Emphysema had completely resolved after 3 weeks.
Conjunctival and orbital emphysema as well as intracranial and cervical emphysema can occur without orbital bone fractures and clear entrance site, and needs emergent management to save vision and upper respiratory tract.

In order to survey on the causative agents and the occurrence of suspected disease to
Streptococcosis in some farms of rainbow trout in the areas of Dasht-e-Arzhan and Kohmareh in Shiraz province, 100 specimens of live fish with symptoms similar to Streptococcosis were caught and After dissection, bacterial sampling were taken from kidney, liver and brain then cultured on Blood Agar media. Samples were stored in the incubator at a temperature of 25 -30 ° C for 48 hours. After this time, at first gram negative samples were removed by using gram stain technique and catalase test. then the supplementary biochemical tests were performed after recultivating of the samples. The results showed that the samples isolated from the two species, Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae. The occurrence of fish with clinical symptoms was 77% to S. iniae and 13% to L.garvieae and no Infection isolated from 10% of the samples.

Melanoma is a malignancy that initiates from melanocytes. Zymosan is an insoluble compound prepared from yeast cell wall and consists of protein-carbohydrate complexes. In this study, we assessed the effects of zymosan on tumor cell viability, growth and apoptosis in melanoma cell line B16F10. Melanoma cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum.
After one day, the cells were treated by zymosan with different concentrations for 48 and 72 hours. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis induction was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis using Annexin V/Propidium iodide apoptosis kit. Zymosan noticeably inhibited cancer cells growth in vitro. In addition, zymosan induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner, mainly at doses of 25μg/ml and 50μg/ml, and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Since zymosan can induce apoptosis and reduce tumor growth, it seems to be an appropriate component for cancer biotherapy and further investigation on antitumor effects of this microbial element may be beneficial.

Sever shivering is the most common adverse effect of spinal anesthesia during and after operation that causes physiologic complication. One of the drugs that could decrease operative shivering is ketamine.
The aim of this study is the effect of ketamine to reduce shivering, during spinal anesthesia.
This prospective randomized, and double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 355 patients of candida different surgeries with spinal anesthesia in Bu-Ali and Velayat Hospitals in Qazvin (2017). Patients were randomly divided into experimental (n=175) and control (n=180) groups. For the experimental and control groups, ketamine (0.2 ml/kg) or an equal volume of distilled water were administered with intravenous infusion pumps immediately after initiating spinal anesthesia, respectively. Then degree of shivering checked by anesthesiologist with visual scale during surgery.
Findings: The rate and intensity of shivering at ketamine group significantly decreased compared to the control group. Shivering during surgery was less than in men, urological surgery and age (20-40 years) in both groups.
Adding ketamine to drug’s pump in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia could be effective method to control shivering during operation.

Miranda-Filho et al. in their recently published paper entitled “Cancers of the brain and CNS: global patterns and trends in incidence” provided a global status report of the geographic and temporal variations in the incidence of brain and CNS cancers in different countries across continents worldwide. While the authors confirm the role of genetic risk factors and ionizing radiation exposures, they claimed that no firm conclusion could be drawn about the role of exposure to non-ionizing radiation. The paper authored by Miranda-Filho et al. not only addresses a challenging issue, it can be considered as a good contribution in the field of brain and CNS cancers. However, our correspondence addresses a basic shortcoming of this paper about the role of electromagnetic fields and cancers and provides evidence showing that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), at least at high levels and long durations, can increases the risk of cancer.

A large body of evidence now indicates that the amount of mercury released from dental amalgam fillings can be significantly accelerated by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) such as common mobile phones and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Studies performed on the increased microleakage of dental amalgam restorations after exposure to RF-EMFs have further supported these findings. Although the accelerated microleakage induced by RF-EMFs is clinically significant, the entire mechanisms of this phenomenon are not clearly understood. In this paper, we introduce “Triple M” effect, a new evidence-based theory which can explain the accelerated microleakage of dental amalgam fillings after exposure to different sources of electromagnetic radiation. Based on this theory, there are saliva-filled tiny spaces between amalgam and the tooth. Exposure of the oral cavity to RF-EMFs increases the energy of these small amounts of saliva. Due to the small mass of saliva in these tiny spaces, a small amount of energy will be required for heating. Moreover, reflection of the radiofrequency radiation on the inner walls of the tiny spaces causes interference which in turn produces some “hot spots” in these spaces. Finally, formation of gas bubbles in response to increased temperature and very rapid expansion of these bubbles will accelerate the microleakage of amalgam. Experiments that confirm the validity of this theory are discussed.

Bee pollen, results from the agglutination of flower pollens with nectar and salivary substances of the honeybees. Honey bees save the pollen in the pollen bag at the third clause of their legs. At the entrance to the hive, pollen is trapped in pollen trap and beekeeper collects it. One of the functional properties of bee pollen is antioxidant activity due to its proteins and phenolic compounds. In this study, effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of bee pollen’s proteins on its anti-oxidative activity and optimization of hydrolysis conditions was evaluated. In this regard, phenolic compounds, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing power and ferrous ion chelating properties of pollen were measured (respectively 4.1 µg/ 100 g, 31.86%, 1.89, 4.9). Bee pollens hydrolyzed by Alcalase at 2 to 5 hours and concentration of 1to 2%. Treatments determined by RSM. Anti-oxidative factors of hydrolyzed pollen were evaluated. Results showed that maximum amount of reducing power of hydrolyzed pollen received at 2 hours by enzyme concentration of 2%. Maximum amount chelating activity was 31.71% received at 1.38 hours of hydrolysis; effect of enzyme concentration on chelating activity was insignificant. Maximum amount of DPPH free radical scavenging activity received at 2-3.5 hours and enzyme concentration of 1-1.5%. Chelating and DPPH free radical scavenging activities of bee pollen increased to respectively 26% and 23.65% after hydrolyzing.